scholarly journals Local Network Regressions

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311984575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter McMahan ◽  
Adam Slez ◽  
John Levi Martin
Keyword(s):  
Local Network ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Exploratory Technique ◽  
Shed Light

The authors propose and illustrate an exploratory technique to shed light on the degree to which bivariate relations between individual-level variables themselves vary over a network. The authors discuss limitations and possible extensions.

scholarly journals Securing Operational Capability for Exceptional Circumstances: How Do Professional First Responders Respond to the Unexpected?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6418
Author(s):  
Ossi Heino ◽  
Joanna Kalalahti
Keyword(s):  
Police Officer ◽  
First Responders ◽  
Shopping Mall ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Rescue Operation ◽  
Operational Capability ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
First Case ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Ambiguous Situations

Complexity and uncertainty are framing the modern world, whilst also affecting issues on security and sustainability. There is a need to prepare for known threats and identified risks, but also to improve the ability to cope in situations that are difficult to recognize or describe beforehand. What is at stake—both at the organizational and individual level—is the ability to make sense of uncertain and ambiguous situations. Analyzing two empirical cases, this study aims to shed light on the abilities of experts, who have acted in very challenging situations, in which deviating from established procedures and abandoning politeness have been necessary to respond effectively. The first case deals with a threat of serious violence faced by a police officer. The second case focuses on the actions of an executive fire officer during a rescue operation after an explosion at a shopping mall. This paper concludes by arguing that pre-established procedures require experts to reflect on their usability in exceptional situations as relying on them could also have detrimental effects.

Christianity, Plurality and Vernacular Religion in early Twentieth-Century Glastonbury: A Sign of Things to Come?

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 302-321
Author(s):  
Marion Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Considerable Heterogeneity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Vernacular Religion ◽  
Important Time ◽  
To Come ◽  
Shed Light

This essay focuses upon a significant place, Glastonbury, at an important time during the early twentieth century, in order to shed light on a particular aspect of Christianity which is frequently overlooked: its internal plurality. This is not simply denominational diversity, but the considerable heterogeneity which exists at both institutional and individual level within denominations, and which often escapes articulation, awareness or comment. This is significant because failure to apprehend a more detailed, granular picture of religion can lead to an incomplete view of events in the past and, by extension, a partial understanding of later phenomena. This essay argues that by using the concept of vernacular religion a more nuanced picture of religion as it is – or has been – lived can be achieved.

scholarly journals Isolated individuals and groups show opposite preferences toward humidity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Calvo Martín ◽  
Stamatios C. Nicolis ◽  
Isaac Planas-Sitjà ◽  
Jean-Christophe de Biseau ◽  
Jean-Louis Deneubourg
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractCockroaches, like most social arthropods, are led to choose collectively among different alternative resting places. These decisions are modulated by different factors, such as environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity) and sociality (groups size, nature of communications). The aim of this study is to establish the interplay between environmental conditions and the modulation of the interactions between individuals within a group leading to an inversion of preferences. We show that the preferences of isolated cockroaches and groups of 16 individuals, on the selection of the relative humidity of a shelter are inversed and shed light on the mechanisms involved. We suggest that the relative humidity has a multi-level influence on cockroaches, manifested as an attractant effect at the individual level and as a negative effect at the group level, modulating the interactions.

Workplace Location and ICTs Substituting Travel

2010 ◽  
pp. 205-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greger Henriksson ◽  
Minna Räsänen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Time Service ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relations Of Power ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter is based on the assumption that keeping the number and length of business and commuting trips at reasonable levels could contribute to reaching targets of environmental sustainability. The authors highlight a couple of options for reducing or avoiding business trips and commuting through workplace location or improved use of communications. They present case studies concerning travel and communications, carried out by using diaries and interviews. They also present relevant literature on social practices and sustainability goals in relation to use of ICT. The aim is to shed light on variation in the use of travel and communications on an individual level in work life. The case studies illustrate that such variation is mainly due to the concrete practices involved in execution of professional duties and roles. Duties that involve a clearly defined end result or product being delivered regularly by the member of staff are correlated to clearly defined needs for communications. Less clearly defined end results of the work duties seem to make it harder for the individual to plan and perform communication and travel in a more energy saving way. The difference in professional duties can thus be expressed in terms of clarity and maturity. Another factor that affect who can replace travel with ICTs is relations of power, e.g., when a purchaser dictates the terms for a subcontractor concerning how and where to “deliver” his working time, service or product. The importance of clarity, maturity and power aspects means that professional practices need to be studied at a detailed level to find out who could substitute ICTs for travel and how this could be done.

scholarly journals Beneficial Effects of Salt on Halophyte Growth: Morphology, Cells, and Genes

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Yuan ◽  
Yanyu Xu ◽  
Bingying Leng ◽  
Baoshan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Growth Morphology ◽  
Tolerance Mechanisms ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractHalophytes can survive and complete their life cycle in the presence of ≥200 mM NaCl. These remarkable plants have developed various strategies to tolerate salinity and thrive in high-salt environments. At the appropriate levels, salt has a beneficial effect on the vegetative growth of halophytes but inhibits the growth of non-halophytes. In recent years, many studies have focused on elucidating the salt-tolerance mechanisms of halophytes at the molecular, physiological, and individual level. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms, from the macroscopic to the molecular, underlying the successful growth of halophytes in saline environments to explain why salt has beneficial effects on halophytes but harmful effects on non-halophytes. These mechanisms include the specialized organs of halophytes (for example, ion compartmentalization in succulent leaves), their unique structures (salt glands and hydrophobic barriers in roots), and their salt-tolerance genes. We hope to shed light on the use of halophytes for engineering salt-tolerant crops, soil conservation, and the protection of freshwater resources in the near future.

scholarly journals Boldness and exploration vary between shell morphs but not environmental contexts in the snail Cepaea nemoralis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Dahirel ◽  
Valentin Gaudu ◽  
Armelle Ansart
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Response ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cepaea Nemoralis ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Shed Light

Understanding the maintenance of among-individual behavioral variation in populations, and predicting its consequences, are key challenges in behavioral ecology. Studying the association between repeatable behaviors and other traits under selection may shed light on the underlying selective pressures. We used the model snail Cepaea nemoralis to examine whether individual behavior is associated with shell morph, a key trait that has been extensively studied in the context of thermal tolerance and predator avoidance, and which is known to be under strict genetic control in this species. We quantified proxies of boldness and exploration in snails of three morphs coming from two habitats with different thermal contexts. We show that both behaviors were repeatable at the among-individual level (within-state Rboldness = 0.22 [95% credible interval: 0.15, 0.29]; Rexploration = 0.20 [0.15, 0.25]). Behavior was associated with shell morph, with the darker morph (five-banded) being consistently shyer and slower to explore. There was no evidence that thermal environment of origin influenced behavior. Snails became faster when test temperature increased; we found no evidence morphs differed in their thermal response. Boldness and exploration were correlated among individuals, forming a syndrome (r = 0.28 [0.10, 0.46]). We discuss what these results may tell us about the type of selection exerted by predators. We also detail how our results hint to a genetic link between shell morph and behavior, and the evolutionary implications of such a link. Finally, we discuss how our findings combined with decades of evolutionary research make C. nemoralis a very valuable model to study the evolution of behavior in response to environmental changes.

Cooperation and Altruism

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sloan Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Herbivore Damage ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cryptic Coloration ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Shed Light

People have always been fascinated by cooperation and altruism in animals, in part to shed light on our own propensity or reluctance to help others. Darwin’s theory added a certain urgency to the subject because the principle of “nature red in tooth and claw” superficially seems to deny the possibility of altruism and cooperation altogether. Some evolutionary biologists have accepted and even reveled in this vision of nature, giving rise to statements such as “the economy of nature is competitive from beginning to end . . . scratch an ‘altruist’ and watch a hypocrite bleed”. Others have gone so far in the opposite direction as to proclaim the entire earth a unit that cooperatively regulates its own atmosphere (Lovelock 1979). The truth is somewhere between these two extremes; cooperation and altruism can evolve but only if special conditions are met. As might be expected from the polarized views outlined above, achieving this middle ground has been a difficult process. Science is often portrayed as a heroic march to the truth, but in this case, it is more like the Three Stooges trying to move a piano. I don’t mean to underestimate the progress that been made—the piano has been moved—but we need to appreciate the twists, turns, and reversals in addition to the final location. To see why cooperation and altruism pose a problem for evolutionary theory, consider the evolution of a nonsocial adaptation, such as cryptic coloration. Imagine a population of moths that vary in the degree to which they match their background. Every generation, the most conspicuous moths are detected and eaten by predators while the most cryptic moths survive and reproduce. If offspring resemble their parents, then the average moth will become more cryptic with every generation. Anyone who has beheld a moth that looks exactly like a leaf, right down to the veins and simulated herbivore damage, cannot fail to be impressed by the power of natural selection to evolve breathtaking adaptations at the individual level. Now consider the same process for a social adaptation, such as members of a group warning each other about approaching predators.

scholarly journals Punishers Benefit From Third-Party Punishment in Fish: Fig. 1

Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 327 (5962) ◽  
pp. 171-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichola J. Raihani ◽  
Alexandra S. Grutter ◽  
Redouan Bshary
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Female Partner ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Complex Behavior ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Labroides Dimidiatus ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nonhuman Species ◽  
Shed Light

In cases where uninvolved bystanders pay to punish defectors, this behavior has typically been interpreted in terms of group-level rather than individual-level benefits. Male cleaner fish, Labroides dimidiatus, punish their female partner if she cheats while inspecting model clients. Punishment promotes female cooperation and thereby yields direct foraging benefits to the male. Thus, third-party punishment can evolve via self-serving tendencies in a nonhuman species, and this finding may shed light on the evolutionary dynamics of more complex behavior in other animal species, including humans.

The Politics of Choice Reconsidered: Partisanship, Ideology, and Minority Politics in Washington’s Charter School Initiative

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-92
Author(s):  
Loren Collingwood ◽  
Ashley Jochim ◽  
Kassra A. R. Oskooii
Keyword(s):  
School Choice ◽  
Charter School ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Ballot Initiatives ◽  
Minority Politics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Shed Light

Charter schools enjoy support among Republican and Democratic lawmakers in states and Congress, but little research has examined their support among the electorate. We take advantage of Washington’s 2012 charter school ballot initiative—the first voter-approved charter initiative in the United States—to shed light on the politics of school choice at the mass level. Because in-depth, individual-level voter data are often unavailable in state-level elections, we leverage extensive precinct- and district-level data to examine patterns of support and opposition toward the charter school initiative, focusing on how partisanship, ideology, and demographic factors serve to unify or divide voters. Our analysis reveals that the coalition of supporters cut across usual partisan and demographic cleavages, producing somewhat strange bedfellows. This finding has important implications for the strategies advocacy groups may consider as they seek to expand or limit school choice programs via ballot initiatives as opposed to the statehouse, and provides suggestive evidence regarding the evolving shapers of voter support for school choice and ballot initiatives more generally.

scholarly journals Behavioral Dishonesty in the Public Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmus Leth Olsen ◽  
Frederik Hjorth ◽  
Nikolaj Harmon ◽  
Sebastian Barfort
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Core Questions ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract We investigate the usefulness of the dice game paradigm to public administration as a standardized way of measuring (dis)honesty among individuals, groups, and societies. Measures of dishonesty are key for the field’s progress in understanding individual, organizational, and societal differences in unethical behavior and corruption. We first describe the dice game paradigm and its advantages and then discuss a range of considerations for how to implement it. Next, we highlight the potential of the dice game paradigm across two diverse studies: prospective public employees in Denmark (n = 441) and prospective public employees in 10 different countries with very different levels of corruption (n = 1,091). In the first study, we show how individual-level behavioral dishonesty is very strongly negatively correlated with public service motivation. In the second study, we find that widely used country-level indicators of corruption are strongly correlated with the average behavioral dishonesty among prospective public employees. The results illustrate the importance of the validated dice game paradigm to shed light on core questions that link micro- and macro-level dynamics of dishonesty and corruption in the public sector.

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