Revisiting recent findings on gated communities and racial homogeneity

2021 ◽  
pp. 239980832110389
Author(s):  
Daniel S Scheller
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Gated Communities ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Gated Community ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Housing Type

This paper seeks to determine the propensity of racial minorities to live in gated communities. A recent study by Plaut in this journal finds that nonwhites are more likely to live in gated communities than whites for both renters and homeowners. Such a finding would indicate a major change in housing patterns. I replicate and build upon her study by including multiple years of data, disaggregating the nonwhite variable into its important racial components, and then interacting race with specific housing type (multi-family units vs. single family units). I find that her potentially innovative results are statistical artifacts. For homeowners, the results generally indicate that nonwhite individuals are not more likely to own a home in a gated community, especially for single family detached units. At best, they are no more or no less likely than white residents to own a home in a gated community. Minority renters are sometimes more likely to indicate that they live in a gated community, but generally only for multi-family rental units. Differences between African American and Latino gating patterns are also discussed.

scholarly journals Relationship between Land Use Mix and Walking Choice in High-Density Cities: A Review of Walking in Seoul, South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 810
Author(s):  
Eun Yeong Seong ◽  
Nam Hwi Lee ◽  
Chang Gyu Choi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Neighborhood Environment ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
General Belief ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Land Use Mix ◽  
Family Housing ◽  
Mixed Land Use ◽  
Major Factors

This study confirmed the general belief of urban planners that mixed land use promotes walking in Seoul, a metropolis in East Asia, by analyzing the effect of mixed land use on the travel mode choice of housewives and unemployed people who make non-commuting trips on weekdays. Using binomial logistic regression of commuting data, it was found that the more mixed a neighborhood environment’s uses are, the more the pedestrians prefer to walk rather than drive. The nonlinear relationship between the land use mix index and the choice to walk was also confirmed. Although mixed land use in neighborhoods increased the probability of residents choosing walking over using cars, when the degree of complexity increased above a certain level, the opposite effect was observed. As the density of commercial areas increased, the probability of selecting walking increased. In addition to locational characteristics, income and housing type were also major factors affecting the choice to walk; i.e., when the residents’ neighborhood environment was controlled for higher income and living in an apartment rather than multi-family or single-family housing, they were more likely to choose driving over walking.

scholarly journals Comfort within Budget: Assessing the Cost-Effectiveness of Envelope Improvements in Single-Family Affordable Housing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3054
Author(s):  
Renata Tubelo ◽  
Lucelia Rodrigues ◽  
Mark Gillott ◽  
May Zune
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

In Brazil, the delivery of homes for low-inc ome households is dictated by costs rather than performance. Issues such as the impact of climate change, affordability of operational energy use, and lack of energy security are not taken into account, even though they can severely impact the occupants. In this work, the authors evaluated the thermal performance of two affordable houses as-built and after the integration of envelope improvements. A new replicable method to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of these improvements was proposed. The case study houses comprise the most common affordable housing type delivered widely across Brazil and a proposition of a better affordable housing solution, built in Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, integrating passive design strategies to increase thermal comfort. The findings reveal a potential for improving indoor thermal conditions by up to 76% and 73%, respectively, if costs are not a concern, and 40% and 45% with a cost increase of 12% and 9% if a comfort criterion of 20–25 °C was considered. Equations to estimate costs of improvements in affordable housing were developed. The authors concluded that there is a great scope for building envelope optimisation, and that this is still possible without significant impact on budget.

Normalized Heterotopia as a Market Failure in a Spatial Marketing System: The Case of Gated Communities in India

2020 ◽  
pp. 027614672095738
Author(s):  
Himadri Roy Chaudhuri ◽  
Sujit Raghunathrao Jagadale
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Gated Communities ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Gated Community ◽  
Marketing System ◽  
The West ◽  
Marketing Systems ◽  
Deliberate Strategy

This article explores the spatial marketing system in India. It highlights a case where market failure is institutionalized through the normalization of heterotopia in the consumption of gated communities (GCs). We build on the earlier work by Bargends and by Sandberg on spatial marketing systems to discuss the consumption of exclusive space. We find that the gated community leads to heterotopic relations, fantasized living and, the pursuit of identity through spatial purification. This research contributes to macromarketing research by offering three theoretical interpretations of our qualitative study of residents of a gated community in India. First, spatial inequality is found to be a defining process in this spatial marketing system. The creation of such disparities is a deliberate strategy by dominant consumers to ‘other’ the outsiders. This spatial segregation is seen as a market failure. Secondly, branded space emerges as a trope for decoupling with local lower class surroundings through a process of postcolonial mimesis. In the process of imitating the West, residents engage in self-captivity and voluntary seclusion to achieve spatial purification. Thirdly, we extend marketing systems theory by locating spatial purification-related processes and mechanisms at the heart of marketing systems formation and adaptive change.

scholarly journals PRIORITIZING THE PHYSICAL SECURITY ELEMENTS OF GATED COMMUNITY HOUSING USING THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS (AHP)

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zurinah Tahir ◽  
Jalaluddin Abdul Malek
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Gated Communities ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Gated Community ◽  
Physical Security ◽  
The Future ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Principal Elements

The concept of gated community housing is a feature of contemporary housing development. Housing developers promote this concept through an emphasis on security in gated housing. House owners today favour fenced-in residences, not only for their homes, but also for the entire housing development, including recreational areas and other facilities. The aim of this study is to prioritize the elements of physical security in a gated community housing development. The methodology employed a quantitative approach using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in ascertaining the weightage for each element deemed important in the planning of secure gated community housing, with focus on the elements of access, fencing, CCTV installation, lighting, guardhouse and landscape, which are the principal elements that serve to enforce security in the protected community. The results of this study showed that two principal elements, namely access to the property (entry/exit points) and protective fencing, were deemed the most important in providing security in gated community housing. Accordingly, these aspects should be accorded particular attention in the planning of gated communities in the future and be factored into the strategy to enhance security.Gated community housing and guarded neighbourhoods employing such a strategy would be quite effective in providing security to residents.

The cooperative-collective sharing arrangement of gated communities in Malaysia

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainur Zaireen Zainudin ◽  
Khadijah Hussin
Keyword(s):  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Gated Communities ◽  
Gated Community ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Internal Governance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Operational Mechanism ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discover the operational character of gated communities in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on a small case study conducted in Iskandar Malaysia, an economic development region located in the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. In the case study, 12 housing developers were interviewed, involving 32 gated communities altogether. The investigation covered the identification of the governing document used in operating a gated community, the operational purposes and scopes, the arrangement for collection of maintenance fee, and the internal governance within the gated communities. Findings – From the analysis, it was found that two types of gated communities exist in the case study areas, namely the strata gated community scheme, and the gated community scheme (GACOS). The operational mechanism for the former is through a set of rules enforced by the government. Meanwhile, the latter is based on the arrangement set up either by the developer, where legal agreement is applicable, or through the consensus among homeowners. However, despite these differences, both mechanisms share the same intention, that is to operate the gated community based on cooperative-collective sharing arrangement. Research limitations/implications – Despite the vulnerability of GACOS enclosure components, the case study revealed that the number of GACOS is still bigger than the strata gated community scheme. Since this perspective is lacking in this paper, it is suggested that more studies are conducted to explain the reasons behind the indicated phenomenon. Originality/value – The most important contribution of the paper is to highlight the importance of gating experience that is heavily influenced by the local policy setting to determine the survival of a gated community; thus, demonstrating how different they are from each other.

scholarly journals Building the Digitally Gated Community: The Case of Nextdoor

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahim Kurwa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black People ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gated Communities ◽  
Gated Community ◽  
White People ◽  
Fair Housing ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
Residential Space

The neighborhood is a historic and contemporary site of the assertion of white racial and economic domination, particularly over Black people. Although there is strong evidence that whites continue to prefer racially segregated neighborhoods, fifty years of fair housing jurisprudence has made it more difficult to openly bar non-white residents. Among the many strategies used to protect white domination of residential space is the coordinated surveillance and policing of non-white people. In this paper, I show how Nextdoor, a neighborhood-based social network, has become an important platform for the surveillance and policing of race in residential space, enabling the creation of what I call digitally gated communities. First, I describe the history of the platform and the forms of segregation and surveillance it has supplemented or replaced. Second, I situate the platform in a broader analysis of carcerality as a mode and logic of regulating race in the United States. Third, using examples drawn from public reports about the site, I illustrate how race is surveilled and policed in the context of gentrification and integration. Finally, I discuss implications, questions, and future issues that might arise on the platform.

Minority Success in Non-Majority Minority Districts: Finding the “Sweet Spot”

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Lublin ◽  
Lisa Handley ◽  
Thomas L. Brunell ◽  
Bernard Grofman
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Congressional Elections ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Minority Population ◽  
Sweet Spot ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
Legal Challenges ◽  
Minority Candidate ◽  
State Legislative

AbstractThough African-American and Latino electoral success in state legislative and congressional elections continues to occur almost entirely in majority-minority districts, minorities now have new opportunities in districts that are only 40–50% minority. This success can primarily be explained in terms of a curvilinear model that generates a “sweet spot” of maximum likelihood of minority candidate electoral success as a function of minority population share of the district and the proportion of the district that votes Republican. Past racial redistricting legal challenges often focused on cracking concentrated racial minorities to prevent the creation of majority-minority districts. Future lawsuits may also follow in the steps of recent successful court challenges against racially motivated packing that resulted in the reduction of minority population percentage in a previously majority-minority district in order to enhance minority opportunity in an adjacent non-majority-minority district.

scholarly journals Gated communities in Bahrain: historical and urban geographies

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-167
Author(s):  
Zia Salim
Keyword(s):  
Community Development ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Global South ◽  
Gated Communities ◽  
Gated Community ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Arab Gulf ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Gated Developments

Residential gating is a notable element in cities worldwide, but notable gaps exist in studies of residential gating in smaller cities and the Global South. This article examines the historical and urban geographies of residential gating in the Arab Gulf, using a case study from Bahrain. This research adds new nuance to studies of gated communities by presenting a case study from a smaller city in the Global South and integrating observations and interviews. The results explain the reasons for gated community development in Bahrain and provide insight into gated communities’ built and social environments in Bahrain. The article concludes that in ordinary cities, understanding urban development in general, and gated developments in particular, demands attention to their spatiotemporal contexts. Attention to these contexts can provide new insights that contribute to efforts to interpret and theorise contemporary urbanisation processes.

REFUGEE CAMPS AND GATED COMMUNITIES AS A SOLUTION FOR HOUSING

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Büşra Özaydin Çat
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Refugee Camp ◽  
Gated Communities ◽  
Gated Community ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
World War ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Today the World has a biggest crisis of refugee since The World War II. Refugee is a person who is depressed due to his/her religion, race and ideas or who defect to another country with fear of being oppressed. The refugee camps are high intensity places which provide refugees housing and other social and physical needs. On the other hand today in the capitalist and global cities the most important places for housing are gated communities. The scope of this study is to examine the social and physical similarities of refugee camps and gated communities. Within this framework when we look at some definitions of the concept of gated community, we can see the imitation of refugee camp. In this study, firstly the concept of housing/dwelling and the concept of security which is the most important reason of emerging of gated communities and refugee camps will be analyzed. Then physical and social resemblances of gated communities and refugee camps will be examined. For identifying physical similarities being surrounded by wall or fence, location of the gated communities and refugee camps in the city, their outbuildings like market, pharmacy and their intensity will be analyzed. For social similarities the sense of belonging of refugees and residents and their relations with city will be examined. The results of these will be summarized and evaluated.

Where do community-dwelling older adults with disabilities live? Distribution of disability in the United States of America by household composition and housing type

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 1227-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARRIE HENNING-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
The United States ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Apartment Building ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Family Home

ABSTRACTThere is limited research on the living arrangements of older adults with disabilities, especially research that combines household composition and housing characteristics. This paper addresses that gap with two complementary sets of logistic regression models: first, estimating the odds of disability by household composition and housing type and, second, estimating the odds of disability by living arrangement within gender and age sub-groups. Data come from the 2012 American Community Survey (N = 504,371 respondents aged 65 and older), which includes six measures of disability: cognitive, ambulatory, independent living, self-care, vision and hearing. Living alone, with children or with others was associated with higher odds of any disability, compared with living with a spouse only. Compared to those living in a single-family home, living in a mobile home or other temporary structure, or large apartment building was associated with higher odds of disability. Having a disability was associated with lower rates of living with a spouse only, alone, in a single-family home or in a small or mid-sized apartment building and higher rates of all other living arrangements. Sub-group analyses revealed differences in the relationship between living arrangements and disability by gender and age group. This information provides a baseline from which to observe trends in living arrangements and disability for older adults in the United States of America.

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