scholarly journals Extracts of endophytic fungi from leaves of selected Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants exhibited antioxidant activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutiat Ibrahim ◽  
Elizabeth Oyebanji ◽  
Muinah Fowora ◽  
Ayobami Aiyeolemi ◽  
Chiamaka Orabuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Ethnomedicinal Plants ◽  
Fungal Extracts

Abstract Background Plants with an ethnobotanical history are known to harbor diverse group of endophytic fungi, which constitute major natural sources of bioactive compounds. In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of endophytic fungi from eight Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants. Endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of Acalypha ornata, Albizia zygia, Alchornea cordifolia, Chrysophyllum albidum, Ficus exasperata, Gomphrena celosioides, Millettia thonningii, and Newbouldia laevis. Methods Endophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of selected plants via surface sterilization. Isolated fungi were identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS-rDNA) sequence analysis. Pure fungal strains were subjected to fermentation process on solid rice medium and metabolites extracted using ethyl-acetate. Fungal crude extracts were screened for antioxidant activity using 2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and reduction of ferric ion assays. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was used to identify the major chemical constituents in active fungal extracts. Results A total of eighteen fungal endophytes with fungal codes CU (061 and 062); ZA (161, 162, 163, and 164); LO (261); CA (041, 042, and 043); FE (081, 082, and 084); GE (091); MO (211 and 212); and NA (021 and 022) were isolated from the eight ethnomedicinal plants A. ornata, A. zygia, A. cordifolia, C. albidum, F. exasperata, G. celosioides, M. thonningii, and N. laevis respectively. ZA 163 and MO 211 fungal extracts showed significant (p < 0.05) radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 50.53 ± 0.01 and 86.69 ± 0.02 μg/ml respectively. Fungal extract CA 041 demonstrated significantly (p < 0.01) higher iron chelating activity than standard gallic acid with absorbance values of 0.803 and 1.107 at 250 and 500 μg/ml concentrations respectively. Pyrogallol, phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-, phytol, dl-alpha-tocopherol, alpha-tocospiro, oleamide, methyl stearate, oleic acid, palmitic acid, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, urs-12-en-24-oic acid, 3-oxo-, methyl ester, lup-20(29)-en-3-one, and lupeol were detected in the selected active extracts. Conclusion These results showed that leaves of the selected Nigerian plants harbor diverse group of endophytic fungi, which can be potential antioxidant resource. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals Production of eugenol from fungal endophytesNeopestalotiopsissp. andDiaporthesp. isolated fromCinnamomum loureiroileaves

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chutima Tanapichatsakul ◽  
Sarunpron Khruengsai ◽  
Sakon Monggoot ◽  
Patcharee Pripdeevech
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Fungal Extracts

Endophytic fungi, which colonize within a host plant without causing any apparent diseases, have been considered as an important source of bioactive secondary metabolites containing antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The aim of this research was to isolate the endophytic fungi ofCinnamomum loureiroiand then to screen their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. A total of 11 fungal endophytes were isolated from healthy leaves ofCinnamomum loureiroibelonging to six genera:Botryosphaeria,Colletotrichum,Diaporthe,Fusarium,Neopestalotiopsis, andPestalotiopsis. All isolated strains were cultured and further extracted with ethyl acetate solvent. Antimicrobial activity of all crude endophytic fungal extracts was analyzed using disc diffusion assay against six bacterial and two fungal pathogens. Crude extracts of strains MFLUCC15-1130 and MFLUCC15-1131 showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens. Activity againstBacillus cereusandStaphylococcus epidermidiswas notable, showing the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration at 3.91 μg/mL. Antioxidant activity of all crude endophytic fungal extracts was also evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. Significant antioxidant activity was detected in the crude extracts of fungus MFLUCC15-1130 and MFLUCC15-1131 with IC50of 22.92 ± 0.67 and 37.61 ± 0.49 μg/mL, respectively. Using molecular identification, MFLUCC15-1130 and MFLUCC15-1131 were identified asNeopestalotiopsissp. andDiaporthesp., respectively. The major chemical constituents produced by both crude extracts were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Eugenol, myristaldehyde, lauric acid, and caprylic acid were the primary antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds in both crude extracts. This is the first report of eugenol being a biologically active compound ofNeopestalotiopsissp. andDiaporthesp. fungal endophytes. Eugenol has been reported as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents with agronomic applications. Thus the two newly-isolated endophytes may be used for eugenol production, which in turn can be used in a variety of applications.

scholarly journals Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Melastoma malabathricum and Chromolaena odorata by DPPH radical scavenging method

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
N.H. Ismail ◽  
Amira N.H. ◽  
S.N.H.M. Latip ◽  
W.Z.W.M. Zain ◽  
S.N.A. Aani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Dpph Radical ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Melastoma Malabathricum ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Melastoma malabathricum and Chromolaena odorata are classified under broad-leaved weeds that are widely spread in the open land area. Melastoma malabathricum is commonly known as ‘‘senduduk’’, and C. odorata is locally known as “Pokok Kapal Terbang”. Both weeds are categorized as potential weeds as they have high nutritive value and are rich in chemical compounds. This study aimed to determine their chemical constituents and possible potential for antioxidant activity as these weeds have been reported to possess antioxidant properties. Screening of the plants was performed using standard methods and revealed the existence of various secondary metabolites such as saponins, terpenoids, phenols, tannins, and flavonoids of both weed extracts. Antioxidant activity was validated by the DPPH radical scavenging assay of M. malabathricum and C. odorata crude ethanol extract. The IC50 values for the percentage radical scavenging effects for the extracts were determined. The IC50 value of M. malabatrichum extract was 81.116 μg/mL, C. odorata was 312.903 μg/mL, Vitamin C was 31.023 μg/mL and BHA was 71.521 μg/mL respectively. The study showed that the antioxidant activity of M. malabatrichum was more potent and better than C. odorata.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Chemical Stability and Dermal Delivery of Cordyceps militaris Extracts by Nanoemulsion

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pachabadee Marsup ◽  
Kankanit Yeerong ◽  
Waranya Neimkhum ◽  
Jakkapan Sirithunyalug ◽  
Songyot Anuchapreeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Skin Irritation ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Cordyceps Militaris ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Dermal Delivery ◽  
The Stability

This study aimed to develop nanoemulsions for enhancing chemical stability and dermal delivery of Cordyceps militaris extracts. C. militaris was extracted by maceration and infusion. The extracts were investigated for cordycepin, phenolic, and flavonoid content. The antioxidant activity was investigated by in vitro spectrophotometric methods. The irritation profile was investigated by hen’s egg-chorioallantoic membrane test. Nanoemulsions were developed using high-pressure homogenizer. C. militaris extract was incorporated into the nanoemulsion and investigated for safety, release profile, permeation, and skin retention. The results demonstrated that water extract (CW) contained the significantly highest content of cordycepin, phenolics, and flavonoids, which were responsible for antioxidant activity. CW was the most potent antioxidant. CW possessed comparable 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition to l-ascorbic acid (96.9 ± 3.1%) and alpha-tocopherol (87.2 ± 1.0%). Consequently, ten mg/mL of CW was incorporated into nanoemulsions composing of sugar squalene, Tween® 85, and deionized water. Nanoemulsion, which had the smallest internal droplet size (157.1 ± 2.6 nm), enhanced the stability of CW, had no cytotoxicity effect and no skin irritation, released the most CW (0.9 ± 0.0% w/w after 24 h), and delivered the highest CW into the skin layer (33.5 ± 0.7% w/w). Therefore, nanoemulsion was suggested for enhancing the stability and dermal delivery of CW.

scholarly journals Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Solanum spirale

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukanya Keawsa-ard ◽  
Boonsom Liawruangrath ◽  
Saisunee Liawruangrath ◽  
Aphiwat Teerawutgulrag ◽  
Stephen G. Pyne
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Octadecanoic Acid ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Hexahydrofarnesyl Acetone ◽  
First Time ◽  
Mcf 7

The essential oil of the leaves Solanum spirale Roxb. was isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed for the first time using GC and GC-MS. Thirty-nine constituents were identified, constituting 73.36% of the total chromatographical oil components. ( E)-Phytol (48.10%), n-hexadecanoic acid (7.34%), β-selinene (3.67%), α-selinene (2.74%), octadecanoic acid (2.12%) and hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (2.00%) were the major components of this oil. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated by using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay. The oil exhibited week antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 41.89 mg/mL. The essential oil showed significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 43.0 μg/mL and 21.5 μg/mL, respectively. It also showed significant cytotoxicity against KB (oral cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and NCI-H187 (small cell lung cancer) with the IC50 values of 26.42, 19.69, and 24.02 μg/mL, respectively.

scholarly journals The Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oils of Marrubium vulgare Growing Wild in Eastern Algeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abderazak Abadi ◽  
Abdellatif Fahima
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Marrubium Vulgare ◽  
Eastern Algeria

The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The constituents were identified by their mass spectra and Kovats’ indices. Fivety (50) components in the oil of M. vulgare were identified. The results demonstrated that the major components of the essential oil were: 4,8,12,16-Tetramethyl heptadecan-4-olid (16.97%), Germacrene D-4-ol (9.61%), α- pinéne (9.37%), Phytol (4.87%), Dehydro-sabina ketone (4.12%), Piperitone (3.27%), δ-Cadinene (3.13%), 1-Octen-3-ol (2.35%) and Benzaldehyde (2.31%). The antioxidant activity of the oils was assessed by measurement of metal chelating activity, the reductive potential, the free radical scavenging (DPPH) assay. The antioxidant activity was compared with that of synthetic antioxidants: butylated hydroxyanisole (BHT), and the essential oils. The results showed as the Essential oil of M. vulgare was evaluated for its antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram negative pathogenic bacteria: Listeria monocytogene, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Salmonella enterica.

scholarly journals Evaluation of endophytic fungal fractions of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. Nees leaves for in vitro free radical scavenging and hepatoprotective activity

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Smita Kishor Puri ◽  
Prasanna Vasantrao Habbu ◽  
Preeti Venkatrao Kulkarni ◽  
Venkatrao Hanumanthrao Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Rdna Sequencing

Fungal endophytes are the microbes residing in internal tissues of the plant forming symbiotic, mutualistic, communalistic and trophobiotic relationship. Endophytes from medicinal plants are considered as essential source of secondary metabolites accompanied by interesting biological/pharmacological activities. In this study, an effort was made to isolate, characterize endophytic fungi from leaves of Andrographis paniculata and to screen the fungal fractions for in-vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity. Two fungal endophytes (APLF-1 and APLF-2) from Andrographis paniculata were isolated and fermented to get chloroform (A1C, A2C), ethyl acetate (A1EA, A2EA) and n butanol (A1nB, A2nB) extracts. All the endophytic fractions of APLF-1 and APLF-2 were assayed for free radical scavenging properties against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical and reducing power. Fractions of APLF-2 showed good scavenging activity compared to APLF-1 extracts. Further, A2EA and A2nB were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. A2EA (50 mg/kg &100 mg/kg) and A2nB (50 mg/kg &100 mg/kg) reversed the elevated biochemical parameters with respect to CCl4 treated group (p<0.001). The LPO, SOD and CAT levels were also restored by A2EA and A2nB (100 mg/kg p.o). APLF-1 and APLF-2 were studied for rDNA sequencing by PCR technique. The endophytic fungi, APLF-1 and APLF-2 were identified as Diaporthe sp. A25 and Preussia sp. PPV3.6 respectively based on their morphology and molecular characterization. The presence of polyvalent secondary metabolites in A2EA and A2nB were confirmed by HPTLC analysis. Keyword: Endophytic fungi; Hepatoprotective; Antioxidant; Andrographis paniculata; Diaporthe sp. A25; Preussia sp. PPV3.6

scholarly journals Assessment of Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Fresh and Dried Rosehip (Rosa canina L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana PAUNOVIĆ ◽  
Ana KALUŠEVIĆ ◽  
Tanja PETROVIĆ ◽  
Tijana UROŠEVIĆ ◽  
Dušica DJINOVIĆ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
The Impact

This work aimed to evaluate the nutritional and functional properties of rosehip from Serbia. In respect to that, the content of twenty-three elements in the rosehip along with the soil were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated. The total dry matter, water activity, and the contents of vitamin C, total phenolics and flavonoids were determined. The antioxidant ability of fresh and dried samples was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The obtained extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry techniques. In addition, assessment of the impact of thermal treatment on the chemical composition of rosehip was observed. The study revealed that the most abundant elements in rosehip were K, Ca, Mg, P and S with 2963.0, 1820.0, 709.0, 495.0 and 289.8 mg/kg, respectively. The highest BAF values in the system rosehip/soil were for S, K and P. Contents of ascorbic acid, total phenolics, total flavonoids and the antioxidant activity were reduced after the drying process by 56.3%, 20.4%, 31.3%, 21.9%, respectively. Nevertheless, dried rosehip was still a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant activity. The presented results support traditional use of rosehip as food with health and nutritional benefits.

scholarly journals FOURIER-TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES AND EVALUATION OF TOTAL PHENOLICS, FLAVONOIDS, AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CLEOME GYNANDRA

2019 ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAMYA KUBER BANOTH ◽  
ASHWINI THATIKONDA
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Cleome Gynandra ◽  
Dpph Radical Scavenging

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the nature of chemical constituents, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of Cleome gynandra and their functional groups with the help of phytochemical, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, colorimetric assay, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Methods: C. gynandra of the Cleomaceae family is an annual herb. The dried leaves were powdered and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus by different solvents. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents present in the extract of C. gynandra, FTIR spectrum was scanned at the range of 4000-400 cm−1. The extracts were subjected to the colorimetric assay in triplicate manner to quantitative determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid content. Gallic acid and rutin used as standards to determine the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging method. Results: Phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of C. gynandra revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, steroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and tannins. FTIR spectrum showed intense bands at 3679.18, 3616.63, 3317.34, 2943.67, 1634.01, 1360.20, 1036.71, and 778.04 cm−1 corresponding to N-H2, O-H stretch, aliphatic C-H stretch, C=O, C-H benzene, C-O stretch, and C-Cl. The total phenolic content was found to be 8.39 ± 0.0952 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and 66.76 ± 0.0333 mg rutin equivalent/g. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract was showed more scavenging activity compared to ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions. Conclusion: The present research work creates a platform to screen many bioactive chemical constituents present in C. gynandra to treat various diseases.

scholarly journals Volatile Variability and Antioxidant Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil as Affected by Elevation Gradient and Vegetal Associations

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1279-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SABBAHI ◽  
A. EL-HASSOUNI ◽  
A. TAHANI ◽  
A. EL-BACHIRI
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Rosmarinus Officinalis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dpph Assay ◽  
Radical Scavenging Capacity ◽  
Scavenging Capacity ◽  
Essential Oil Yield

The essential oil yield, volatile profile and antioxidant activity, of 37 samples collected from the Rosmarinus officinalis shrubs growing wild in the different ecosystems of the provinces of Taourirt and Jerada (Oriental region in the east of Morocco), were studied in order to determine the effect of the habitat and how the vegetal associations are influencing the volatile variability of their essential oil. The essential oil compositions were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The yield of the essential oil extraction ranged from 1.09 to 2.81 %. The major components found were 1.8-cineol (37.71-65.02 %), camphor (6.09-27.49 %), α-pinene (3.08-9.98 %) and β-pinene (2.83-11.7 %). The interpretation of these results revealed that the variability is attributed to varieties and genetic background rather than the ecosystems. The antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay which revealed a strong radical scavenging capacity for all the samples with some variability which can be explained by the variability of the content of monoterpenes oxygenated.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTIOXIDANT, CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIBACTERIAL STUDY OF CAPPARIS CARTILAGINEA DECNEFROM YEMEN

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Bushra Abdulkarim Moharram ◽  
Hassan M. Al-mahbashi ◽  
Riyadh Saif Ali ◽  
Faten Ali Aqlan
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Objective: To investigate phytochemicals and biological activities of Capparis cartilaginea extracts.Methods: The methanolic extracts of leaves, stem and twigs of C. cartilaginea were screened for their phytochemicals. The essential oil of the leaves was hydrodistilled by a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The leaves extract of C. cartilaginea was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory effect, using formalin-induced paw edema. The leaves, stem and twig extracts were assessed for their antioxidant activity, using free radical scavenging assay, cytotoxic activity, using 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and antibacterial activity, using the microdilution method.Results: All extracts of C. cartilaginea contained alkaloids, carbohydrates, protein, coumarin, phytosterols, bitter principles, phenols and tannins. The essential oil of the leaves was mainly composed of isopropyl isothiocyanate (69.4%), butane,1-isothiocyanate (26.97%) and isobutyl isothiocyanate (3.26%). The leaves extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, significantly inhibited paw edema at the 3rd h (49.1%, 54.0%, respectively) and this effect was comparable to that of diclofenac (58.87%). The leaves extract showed the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 91.71 µg/ml. The twigs extract exhibited the highest cytotoxic activity against human lung carcinoma (A549) with IC50 of 57.5 µg/ml. The leaves and stem extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 5.0 mg/ml. Conclusion: The leaves extract of C. cartilaginea is a potential source of bioactive compounds that could have a role in anti-inflammation. Twigs extract of the C. cartilaginea possesses a potential cytotoxic effect on human lung cell line.

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