scholarly journals Potential of shea fruit-based ingredients for the feed industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ntiamoah Donkor ◽  
Richard Mosobil ◽  
Eunice A. Abaah ◽  
Cephas Kanati ◽  
Fortune Akabanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Shea Butter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fruit Pulp ◽  
Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Maize Meal ◽  
Formulated Feed

Abstract Background The cost involved in feeding poultry is very high especially in most developing countries. To this end, the effectiveness of the fruit pulp of Vitellaria paradoxa (shea), an agro-industrial by-product that is discarded in the processing of the nut for shea butter extraction was investigated on twelve poultry birds assigned to three groups A, B and C (control). Dried samples of the fruit pulp were analysed for their nutrients. Results Proximate analysis of the shea fruit pulp revealed a carbohydrate content of 41.14%, crude fibre 26.62%, crude protein 10.34%, ash 9.23%, crude fat 3.55% and 9.13% for moisture. It also contained essential minerals such as Ca (587 mg /100 g dw), Na (138.30 mg /100 g dw), Mg (1358 mg /100 g dw), K (771.5 mg /100 g dw), Fe (29.88 mg/100 g dw), Zn (40.31 mg/100 g dw) and Cu (8.11 mg/100 g dw). Heavy metals such as Cd, Mn, Pb and Cr were below detectable limits. Measured parameters were live body weights and some selected blood chemistry tests. Broilers in groups A and B fed on shea fruit pulp formulated with maize meal showed a significant growth performance in weight (p < 0.05) as compared to group C fed on maize meal only. Selected blood chemistry tests carried out included Ca, Na, K, Albumin, Triglyceride and Chloride. Statistical analysis showed that formulated feed had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on blood chemistry values of broilers, however, there was an insignificant effect (p > 0.05) in the control group, fed on maize meal only. Conclusion The fruit pulp of Vitellaria paradoxa could be considered a good source of macro and micronutrients and could be used as a supplement in poultry feed.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF RESTRICTED DIETS ON THE GROWTH AND MEAT COMPOSITION OF BROILERS

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-77
Author(s):  
A. Memon ◽  
G. M. Baloch ◽  
M. Khaskheli ◽  
T. A. Qureshi
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Meat Composition ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

The trail on effect of restricted diets on the growth and meat composition of broilers was conducted at Department of Animal Nutrition, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan. fifty poultry feed ingredients were randomly selected and 30 least cost ingredients were purchased and analyzed for proximate analysis. After proximate analysis, three rations were formulated from 14 ingredients designated as Ration 1 (17% CP and 2900 ME), Ration 2 (21% CP and 2800 ME) and Ration 3 (24% CP and 2700 ME). After ration formulation, 45, day old chicks were purchased and reared for each ration for six weeks. Chicks of each ration were further divided in three groups i-e A, B and C having 15 chicks each. The chicks of each group were also divided in three replicates having 05 chicks. Group A was reared as control, group B was restricted to feed for 04 hours in brooding to rearing stage and group C was  restricted to feed for 08 hours daily in brooding to rearing stage. Results revealed the initial weight of a day-old broilers was non-significant (P<0.05). Significantly higher (P>0.05) feed consumption (2218.74 g) was observed in group B2, water consumption  7095.3 ml , and final body weight  1134.76 g in B3 , weight gain 1086.61 g (B3), carcass weight 716 g (B3), dressing %  63.10% (B3), FCR 1.853 (B3). Significant (P>0.05) maximum meat moisture content 72.87% was noted in  group B3, meat  protein 13.77% in B3, fat % 4.78% in C1, and ash 1.85% in B2. The better per bird profit gain of Rs. 89.71 was recorded in B2. It was concluded that the broilers can be restricted their feed (containing 24% CP and 2700 ME) for 04 hours daily in brooding to rearing period for better growth and meat composition but per bird profit margin was low due to high cost of production therefore, broilers can be reared economically on ration 2 containing 21% CP and 2800 ME and their feed can be restricted for 04 hours daily. 

scholarly journals MICROFLORAL COMPOSITION OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT OF BROILER CHICKENS EXPOSED TO FEED FORMULATIONS FROM FERMENTED CASHEW APPLE RESIDUE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
M. A. Oyetayo ◽  
F. I. Akinnibosun ◽  
S. E. Omonigho
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Intestinal Content ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Cashew Apple ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Formulated Feed

Broiler feed was formulated from fermented cashew apple residue (CAR) and its effect on the intestinal microflora balance of the birds was evaluated. CAR was subjected to fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum before being incorporated into the feed. The feeds were formulated by substituting maize with CAR at three levels: 100:0 (Diet A), 50:50 (Diet B), and 70:30 (Diet C) maize to CAR. Forty Day-old chicks were placed on the formulated feed for 6 weeks until they reached table size weight (2.2-2.5 Kg). The results indicated a slight difference in the colour and formation of the faeces of the experimental birds and there were no significant differences in the feed intake of the treatment groups and the control during the trial period. There were no significant differences in the feed conversion ratio (1.531±0.02 to 1.710±0.01) and the total weight gain (2.226±0.08 to 2.355±0.10) of the experimental groups and the control. Further, there was a higher level of lactic acid bacteria in the intestine of the groups fed with the feed containing fermented CAR recording 3.8 x 107 and 2.9 x 107cfu/g compared with the controls (2.2 x 107cfu/g). Also, the total Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli and Salmonella counts in the intestinal content of the birds fed with the formulated feed containing the CAR were significantly lower than those found in the control group. These suggest that the cashew apple residue does not have negative effect on the intestinal microflora balance of the birds therefore, it may be used in the poultry feed formulation since it is cheap and available in large quantities during maize scarcity.

scholarly journals Nutritional, haematinic and biosafety evaluation of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) leaf extract on albino rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (13) ◽  
pp. 313-329
Author(s):  
Benjamin O. Gabriel ◽  
MacDonald Idu
Keyword(s):  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Erythroid Cell ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Acute Study

This study evaluates the nutritional, Haematinic and biosafety of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Solanales: Convolvulaceae) aqueous leaf extract on albino rats. Proximate and mineral compositions were determined using standard methods. Haematinic activity of the plant was done using graded doses; 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride to induce anaemia. A modified method was used for acute and sub-acute toxicological evaluations. Results from the study showed that aqueous extracts of I. batatas had significant increase in RBC, HCT, Hgb, MCV, MCH and MCHC at 7.19+/-0.45, 46.13+/-0.08, 13.43+/-0.27, 82.40+/-0.92, 24.15+/-1.24 and 37.78+/-0.20, respectively, when compared with the control group. Acute study showed no pathological behaviour with absent mortality. Sub-acute study of the spleen, heart, liver and kidney showed a mild activation of local immune system. The extracts recorded 89.14% scavenging property compared with 94.3% ascobate in antioxidant study. Proximate analysis had 31.56% of moisture content, 16.25% of protein, 7.64% of ash, 0.37% of crude fibre, 0.19% of fat and 43.99% of carbohydrate. Investigation of calcium, magnesium, Iron, potassium, phosphorus, sodium and zinc were 28.03, 339.61, 15.87, 4.61, 35.90, 4.21 and 0.08 mg/kg others were not detected. This may be due to stimulating mechanism of Myelo-Erythroid cell ratio in bone marrow or antioxidant effect. Result thus validates ethno-botanical uses of I. batatas for the treatment of anaemia.

scholarly journals Nutritional value of Shea Butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) seed Meal (SBSM) as affected by different days of Natural fermentation

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
S E Alu ◽  
E A Randa
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Shea Butter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Monogastric Animal ◽  
Gross Energy

A laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the effect of fermentation duration on nutrients and antinutrient composition of shea butter seed meal, SBSM. 500g of the wet unprocessed SBM was cooked for 1 hour after which it was cooled and divided into 5 portions. The first portion was tagged T1 and oven-dried. The remaining 4 were bagged in different air-tight polythene bags and allowed to ferment for 3, 4, 5 and 6 days and each treatment was labeled as T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. At the end of the processing, each treatment was replicated and the samples analyzed. Crude protein and ether extract were significantly (P<0.05) improved as the days of fermentation increased. The values increased from 10.33 and 2.76% to 15.58 and 4.50%, respectively at day 3 fermentation. However, the values reduced as fermentation entered day 5 and 6. Fermentation of SBSM for up to day 4 (T5) and 5 (T6) gave the best (P<0.05) result for crude fibre (14.37 and 14.78%), whereas fermentation for as early as 3 days gave same result for ash as compared to those of day 4 (4.48%), 5 (3.29%) and 6 (3.11%), respectively. Similarly, fermenting SBSM for up to 4 days gave significantly (P<0.05) the highest value for gross energy (3.13 kcal/kg) whereas that of day 5 produced the highest value of NFE (63.51%) but similar to that of day 2 (61.98%). There was no significant (P>0.05) variation in the value recorded for DM across the treatments. Consistently, the best (P>0.05) result obtained for all the minerals evaluated were on the fourth day of fermentation except for days 3 (0.06%) and 6 (0.04%) which were comparable to both the control (0.09%) and day 4 (0.09%). Fermenting SBSM for up to day 4 gave the best (P>0.05) result for potassium (0.36%), calcium (0.18%) and phosphorus (0.36%). However, the treatment did not (P<0.05) affect the concentration of magnesium. Saponin and phytic acid were significantly (P<0.05) reduced due to fermentation for 3 to 4 days but were increased (P<0.05) beyond this duration of fermentation. However, there was no variation (P>0.05) in the results obtained for tannin (0.001 – 0.003%), oxalate (0.0010 – 0.0014%) and flavonoids (0.005 – 0.006%). The vitamins analyzed namely A, B6 and α- tocopherol were consistently improved (P<0.05) from the beginning of the time of fermentation up to day 4 but reduced (P<0.05) beyond this period of fermentation. Monogastric animal farmers can therefore, ferment SBSM for at most 4 days and conveniently feed their animals as a replacement for conventional energy source.

scholarly journals Potential Application of Cornelian Cherry Extract on Broiler Chickens: Growth, Expression of Antioxidant Biomarker and Glucose Transport Genes, and Oxidative Stability of Frozen Meat

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Doaa Ibrahim ◽  
Amira Moustafa ◽  
Aya Sh. Metwally ◽  
Mohamed A. Nassan ◽  
Karima Abdallah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Antioxidant Genes ◽  
Cornelian Cherry

The use of natural plant extracts in poultry feed could improve their productivity as well as the oxidative stability of stored derived meat. The roles of cornelian cherry extract (CCE) in growth, cecal microbes, and meat antioxidative markers of broiler chickens were evaluated. A total of 500 Ross 308 broiler chicks were fed diets supplemented with CCE (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg of diet) for 38 days. The highest levels of weight gain and feed utilization were observed in a group fed 200 mg/kg of CCE. Maximum upregulation of glucose transporters—1 and 2 and sodium-dependent glucose transporter genes—were found in the group fed 200 mg/kg of CCE. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium colonization increased as the CCE levels increased. The greatest upregulation of antioxidant genes (glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase) in breast meat was observed in groups fed CCE (200 and 400 mg/kg). Dietary CCE significantly delayed the lipid oxidation of breast meat compared with that of the control group. The total phenolic content, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrihydrzyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and reducing power in meat improved with higher levels of CCE. Dietary CCE improved the growth, performance of broilers, and meat antioxidant stability after 90 days of storage.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of broiler chicks with Salmonella Typhimurium from pigeon (Columba livia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1919
Author(s):  
Átilla Holanda de Albuquerque ◽  
Régis Siqueira de Castro Teixeira ◽  
Débora Nishi Machado ◽  
Elisângela De Souza Lopes ◽  
Ruben Horn Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Fecal Samples

Several cases of animal and human salmonellosis caused by the Salmonella serotype Typhimurium have been reported. In animals, subclinical infection favors pathogen dissemination through feces. In this context, the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) with an asymptomatic condition may play an important role in the transmission of salmonellosis, through the elimination of contaminated feces in commercial aviaries or in poultry feed facilities, causing economic losses to the poultry industry and presenting a risk to public health. This study aimed to evaluate the mortality, clinical signs and the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium in the feces and organs of chicks previously inoculated with bacteria isolated from a pigeon. One-day-old chicks were distributed in two experimental groups (G1 and G2) of 32 birds each, and a control group of six birds. Two inocula of 0.4 and 0.7 mL with 105 and 106 colony forming units were used in G1 and G2 birds, respectively. At 1, 4, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) fecal samples were pooled from each cage and individual cloacal swabs were collected. At 14 dpi, all chicks were euthanized and samples were collected from the liver, spleen, lung, cecum and intestine for microbiological analysis. Mortality was only observed among G2 birds (6.25%). Most birds presented clinical signs of diarrhea at 4 dpi and no symptom as observed at 14 dpi. The results from cloacal swabs demonstrated bacterial elimination in 68.8% and 53.1% of G2 and G1 birds, respectively at 1 dpi. Additionally, fecal samples had elevated bacterial shedding in all four periods of observation , with a higher excretion at 4 dpi (62.5%) for both groups. Among G2 birds, 74.2% were positive for the pathogen in the intestine; G1 birds presented the lowest rate of lung infection (29%), and both groups had more than 50% positivity for liver and caeca. The results revealed that infected chicks with a Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from pigeons may host the pathogen in several organs, and simultaneously present diarrheic disorders with significant levels of bacterial excretion in feces.

Effects of dietary oil palm, plantain and Calopogonium spp. leaves on performance and sensory values of rabbit meat

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
J.N. Ingweye ◽  
J. Mfon ◽  
G.A. Kalio ◽  
F.I. Ologbose
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Weight Gains ◽  
Better Than

Performance and organoleptic indices of rabbits fed plantain, oil palm and calopogonium leaves was assessed using 48, eight weeks old bucks. They were allotted to four groups of 12 animals and three replicates of four animals each. Group A (control) was fed calopogonium leaf while groups B, C, and D were fed plantain leaf, oil palm leaf, and 50% oil palm + 50% plantain leaves, respectively. Animals consumed fixed amount of commercial pellets while forages and water were given ad libitum. Completely randomized design, one-way analysis of variance was used. Proximate analysis of pellets and forages as well as feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were assessed. At the end of the experiment, meat from one rabbit per treatment was used for sensory evaluation by 20 semi-trained panelists using 7-point hedonic scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Significant means were separated using Least Significant Difference. Crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, nitrogen free extract and ash contents of the leaves ranged from 25.11±1.50 (calopogonium) to 4.90±0.92 (oil palm), 38.40±2.12 (oil palm) to 15.38±0.07 (plantain), 9.71±0.01 (plantain) to 2.30±0.01 (oil palm), 47.80±0.56 (oil palm) to 32.27±0.02 (calopogonium) and 11.93±0.02 (plantain) to 2.99±0.01 (oil palm), respectively. Groups A and B had the highest (p<0.05) final weight and weight gains while groups A, B and C had the highest (p<0.05) forage intake. Feed conversion ratios of groups A and B were better (lower) than others. Forages had no effect on meat colour and texture. Groups B and D meats tasted better than others. Group D meat aroma was better than those fed single forages. Meats from groups C and D were the juiciest while meats from groups A, C and D were the most acceptable. Consideration of final weights, weight gains, feed conversion ratio and taste of meat would require that plantain leaves be used to feed meat rabbits. Keywords: Organoleptic indices, Dry season feeding, Forage

MINERAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIVE ANALYSIS OF BULBINE ABYSSINICA A. RICH. USED IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIONS AND COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti ◽  
Anthony Jide Afolayan
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Manganese Zinc ◽  
Medicinal Value ◽  
Tea Leaf

Background: B. abyssinica is a succulent member of the genus Bulbine (Asphodelaceae). It occurs from the Eastern Cape, through Swaziland and further north to Ethiopia. The species is used in traditional medicine to treat rheumatism, dysentery, bilharzia, cracked lips and diabetes. The tea leaf is used to treat cough, vaginal and bladder problems. Whereas B. abyssinica has ethno medicinal value, not much data concerning its phytonutrient, macro and micro element composition can be found in literature. Materials and Methods: Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the nutritional quantitative composition of the plant using standard procedures. Results: The proximate analysis revealed the carbohydrate, crude fibre, moisture, ash, crude protein and crude fat contents as 74.8%, 8.9%, 8.8%, 8%, 7.7% and 0.6%, respectively. The species showed high levels of oxalates and phytic acids, moderate levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and phenols, while tannins were in low levels. Vitamin A, C and E contents were 12, 12.3 and 22.1 mg/100g, respectively. Amongst the mineral elements investigated, potassium and calcium were in high levels. Magnesium, iron, sodium, aluminium and phosphorus were moderately present, while manganese, zinc and copper where in low amounts. These vitamins and mineral elements were within their recommended daily allowance in humans. Conclusion: The amount of these phytochemicals suggests the plant can serve as nutritional supplements which are vital in maintaining good health status. These findings also suggest the potential role of B. abyssinica in the treatment of infections and some chronic diseases, especially diabetes mellitus.

Safety of a novel galacto-oligosaccharide: Genotoxicity and repeated oral dose studies

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 619-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kobayashi ◽  
N. Yasutake ◽  
K. Uchida ◽  
W. Ohyama ◽  
K. Kaneko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Kluyveromyces Lactis ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Effect Level

A series of safety tests were undertaken on a novel galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) produced from lactose by a two-step enzymatic process involving Sporobolomyces singularis and Kluyveromyces lactis. Bacterial reverse mutation and chromosomal aberration tests, with or without metabolic activation, were performed. These tests showed no mutagenesis in the Ames assay or in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, and no chromosomal aberrations in cultured fibroblast cells from Chinese hamster lungs (CHL/IU). Micronuclei were not induced in the reticulocytes of mouse peripheral blood following oral administration of GOS. In a 90-day repeated oral dose toxicity study in rats, GOS was administered at 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. There were no GOS-related changes in clinical signs, body weight, water intake, feed intake, urinalysis, ophthalmology, haematology, blood chemistry, organ weights, gross pathology or histopathology in any of the treatment groups compared to the control group. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of GOS was at least 2000 mg/kg/day in both males and females.

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