A multi-analytical study of historical coated plaster surfaces: the examination of a nineteenth-century V&A cast of a tombstone

AbstractA multi-analytical study was designed to characterise historical coated plaster surfaces. The method was applied to investigate the surface coatings of the nineteenth-century plaster cast of the tombstone of the Presbyter Bruno that belongs to the Victoria and Albert Museum collection. At first, selected samples of the object were examined with Visible Light Reflectance and Ultra-Violet Fluorescence Optical Microscopy (VLR- and UVf-OM respectively) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) demonstrating a consistent stratigraphy featuring a bulk, an interface and an uppermost layer. The latter layer appeared to consist of an aged coating and dirt. Overpainted and repaired areas of the object generated samples that had additional layers on top of the aforementioned stratigraphy. A layer that seemed to be an additional surface varnish or a coating that had not been absorbed to the bulk has been observed in a couple of samples. Elemental characterization was carried out with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and further analyses were performed with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy with focal plane array (FPA) imaging which confirmed that the bulk of the object is made of gypsum plaster containing mostly silicate and carbonate inclusions. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and pyrolysis-GC/MS with extraction methods based on n-propanol followed by pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA), tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) and 3-trifluoromethylphenyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (m-TFPTAH) were performed to detect organic media. The results suggest that the organic medium used for the surface coating is a diterpenic resin that contained silicon, aluminium and traces of other inorganic elements. The organic medium of overpainted areas was based on alkyd resins and the in-paints were characterised as a blend of silicon and barium at varied concentrations. This multi-analytical approach can generate a better understanding of manufacturing, component materials and conservation issues of coated plaster objects.

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Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Muktashukti Pishti and Muktashukti bhasma and Comparative Evaluation of their Relative Oral Bioavailability

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i31b31680 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Shweta Kamble ◽

Anita Wanjari ◽

Bharat Rathi ◽

D. Rajput

Keyword(s):

Oral Bioavailability ◽

Comparative Evaluation ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Standard Group ◽

Distribution Analysis ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Rate Of Absorption

Background: Shukti (Oyster) is a very commonly occurring calcium form. It is rich source of calcium & minerals. As per text it can be converted into two forms which are bhasma (calcinated ash) and pishti (powdered form without agni).These forms may have different rate of absorption. This needs to be studied. Aim: To study Pharmaceutico-analytical study of Muktashukti pishti & Muktashukti bhasma and comparative evaluation of their relative oral bioavailability. Materials and methods: The two formulations will be prepared from shukti (oyster). By triturating with Gulabjala Muktashukti pishti will be prepared and by traditional puta method Muktashukti bhasma will be prepared. The prepared formulations will be assessed for Bhasma Pariksha mentioned in Ayurveda. Organoleptic characters, physicochemical parameters and Particle size distribution analysis, SEM-EDX (Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) will be evaluated. To assess the relative oral bioavailability of Muktashukti pishti & Muktashukti bhasma study will be conducted in healthy volunteers and will be compared with the standard calcium supplement. The study will be conducted in between two test groups and standard group. Observation and results: The analytical parameters will be assessed and compared in Muktashukti bhasma and Muktashukti pishti. For relative oral bioavailability Blood serum calcium will be assessed in all three groups. By applying unpaired “t” Test, One-way ANOVA the statistical significance can be measured. Conclusion: The pharmaceutical & analytical study of Muktashukti pishti and Muktashukti bhasma will provide the standard parameters and clinical comparative evaluation with standard will generate evidence for better bioavailability.

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Der Einfluß der Inaktivitätsosteoporose auf die szintigraphische Darstellung knöcherner Verletzungen im Bereich des Handgelenks

Nuklearmedizin ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1629482 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 28 (04) ◽

pp. 124-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. Spitz ◽

N. Clemenz ◽

K. Tittel ◽

H. Weigand

Keyword(s):

Bone Scintigraphy ◽

Plaster Cast ◽

Scaphoid Bone ◽

X Ray ◽

The Third ◽

High Level ◽

Clinical Conditions ◽

Rate Of Accumulation

In addition to its established oncological indications the sensitivity of bone scintigraphy is of steadily increasing significance in traumatology. Inactivity- induced osteoporosis plays a major role during the immobilization period in the plaster cast. In the region of the joints remodelling intensity may reach such a high level that the non-injured bone shows a higher rate of accumulation than the fracture. This process already begins between the third and fourth week of immobilization. The highest uptake is found after fracture of the scaphoid bone at the end of twelve weeks of immobilization. Control scintigraphies at intervals of several days are indicated to differentiate between various clinical conditions (pseudoarthrosis, activated osteoarthrosis, algodystrophy in case of doubtful x-ray results).

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Chemical Recycling of WEEE Plastics—Production of High Purity Monocyclic Aromatic Chemicals

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9030530 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 530

Author(s):

Tobias Rieger ◽

Jessen C. Oey ◽

Volodymyr Palchyk ◽

Alexander Hofmann ◽

Matthias Franke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Purity ◽

Fractional Distillation ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Chemical Recycling ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

X Ray ◽

Benzene Toluene ◽

Halogen Content ◽

Methyl Styrene

More than 200 kg real waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) shredder residues from a German dismantling plant were treated at 650 °C in a demonstration scale thermochemical conversion plant. The focus within this work was the generation, purification, and analysis of pyrolysis oil. Subsequent filtration and fractional distillation were combined to yield basic chemicals in high purity. By means of fractional distillation, pure monocyclic aromatic fractions containing benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX aromatics) as well as styrene and α-methyl styrene were isolated for chemical recycling. Mass balances were determined, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) measurements provided data on the purity and halogen content of each fraction. This work shows that thermochemical conversion and the subsequent refining by fractional distillation is capable of recycling WEEE shredder residues, producing pure BTEX and other monocyclic aromatic fractions. A significant decrease of halogen content (up to 99%) was achieved with the applied methods.

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Analytical study of Buddha sculptures in Jingyin temple of Taiyuan, China

Heritage Science ◽

10.1186/s40494-020-00471-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xiaojian Bai ◽

Chen Jia ◽

Zhigen Chen ◽

Yuxuan Gong ◽

Huwei Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Ancient China ◽

X Ray ◽

Unique Style ◽

Scanning Electron

AbstractWith exquisite design and unique style, the painted sculptures of Tutang Buddha and two attendants Buddha in Jingyin Temple are precious cultural heritages of China. The sculpture of Tutang Buddha, which was carved from a mound and painted by ancient craftsmen, was rarely found in ancient China. However, due to natural and human factors, the sculptures were severely damaged. Obviously, they require urgent and appropriate protection and restoration. In this study, samples taken from the sculptures were analysed through multiple analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM) and granulometry. The analysis results enable us to infer the techniques used by the craftsmen in making the sculptures and provide a reliable evidence for the conservation and future protection of these and similar sculptures.

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Bacterial cellulose films with ZnO nanoparticles and propolis extracts: Synergistic antimicrobial effect

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-54118-w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Alexandra Mocanu ◽

Gabriela Isopencu ◽

Cristina Busuioc ◽

Oana-Maria Popa ◽

Paul Dietrich ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effect ◽

Bacterial Cellulose ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Antimicrobial Effect ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Zno Nps ◽

X Ray ◽

Cellulose Films ◽

Trolox Equivalent

AbstractThis study aimed to obtain possible materials for future antimicrobial food packaging applications based on biodegradable bacterial cellulose (BC). BC is a fermentation product obtained by Gluconacetobacter xylinum using food or agricultural wastes as substrate. In this work we investigated the synergistic effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and propolis extracts deposited on BC. ZnO NPs were generated in the presence of ultrasounds directly on the surface of BC films. The BC-ZnO composites were further impregnated with ethanolic propolis extracts (EEP) with different concentrations.The composition of raw propolis and EEP were previously determined by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS), while the antioxidant activity was evaluated by TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). The analysis methods performed on BC-ZnO composites such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermo-gravimetrically analysis (TGA), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) proved that ZnO NPs were formed and embedded in the whole structure of BC films. The BC-ZnO-propolis films were characterized by SEM and X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) in order to investigate the surface modifications. The antimicrobial synergistic effect of the BC-ZnO-propolis films were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans. The experimental results revealed that BC-ZnO had no influence on Gram-negative and eukaryotic cells.

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Maximizing Anhydrosugar Production from Fast Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus Using Sulfuric Acid as an Ash Catalyst Inhibitor

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal8120609 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 609 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dongyan Zhang ◽

Yuyang Fan ◽

Anqing Zheng ◽

Zengli Zhao ◽

Fengyun Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rank Order ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Fast Pyrolysis ◽

Value Added ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Pyrolysis Gas ◽

X Ray ◽

Theoretical Yield ◽

Pure Cellulose

Anhydrosugars, such as levoglucosan (LG), are high value-added chemicals which are mainly derived from fast pyrolysis of pure cellulose. However, fast pyrolysis of raw lignocellulosic biomass usually produces a very low amount of levoglucosan, since alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) present in the ash can serve as the catalysts to inhibit the formation of levoglucosan through accelerating the pyranose ring-opening reactions. In this study, eucalyptus was impregnated with H2SO4 solutions with varying concentrations (0.25–1.25%). The characteristics of ash derived from raw and H2SO4-impregnated eucalyptus were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pyrolysis behaviors of raw and H2SO4-impregnated eucalyptus were performed on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). TG analysis demonstrated that the H2SO4-impregnated eucalyptus produced less char than raw eucalyptus. Py-GC/MS analysis showed that even small amounts of H2SO4 can obviously improve the production of anhydrosugars and phenols and suppressed the formation of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones from fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus. The rank order of levoglucosan yield from raw and impregnated eucalyptus was raw < 1.25% H2SO4 < 1% H2SO4 < 0.75% H2SO4 < 0.25% H2SO4 < 0.5% H2SO4. The maximum yield of levoglucosan (21.3%) was obtained by fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus impregnated with 0.5% H2SO4, which was close to its theoretical yield based on the cellulose content. The results could be ascribed to that H2SO4 can react with AAEM (e.g., Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and lignin to form lignosulfonate, thus acting as an inhibitor to suppress the catalytic effects of AAEM during fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus.

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X-RAY AND ULTRA-VIOLET INDUCED MUTATIONS IN NEUROSPORA*

Journal of Heredity ◽

10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a104978 ◽

1941 ◽

Vol 32 (11) ◽

pp. 405-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

CARL C. LINDEGREN AND GERTRUDE LINDEGREN

Keyword(s):

Ultra Violet ◽

Induced Mutations ◽

X Ray

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Observations of TiO2 Surfaces Using Totally Reflected X-ray In-plane Diffraction Under UV Irradiation

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-751-z3.47 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 751 ◽

Author(s):

T. Horiuchi ◽

H. Ochi ◽

K. Kaisei ◽

K. Ishida ◽

K. Matsushige

Keyword(s):

Uv Irradiation ◽

Uv Light ◽

Plane Surface ◽

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

High Surface ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

High Signal ◽

X Ray ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Catalytic Activities

ABSTRACTSurface lattice displacements of titanium dioxide (TiO2: rutile) during ultra-violet (UV) light irradiation have been investigated using a total reflection x-ray diffraction, which provides a high signal to noise ratio (S/N) and superior in-plane surface diffraction. Under the environments in vapors of H2O, CH3OH, C2H5OH and C3H6OH, the photo-catalytic activities of TiO2 (110), (100) and (001) surfaces subject to UV irradiation have been measured. It is found that the diffraction peaks and their full width half maxima (FWHMs) show some peculiarities with respect to the photo-catalytic activities in both surface lattices and adsorbed molecules in vapors. Furthermore, Kelvin force microscopy (KFM) has showed that there exists a very high surface potential, probably due to surface atom displacements induced by UV irradiation. With regard to the origin of the photo-catalytic activities, the induced surface potentials are discussed.

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Screen Printing Strategy for Investigation of Spectrophotometric Properties of Modified Thick Films of Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2): Tin Oxide (SnO2) Composites

Oriental Journal Of Chemistry ◽

10.13005/ojc/370515 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 1117-1124

Author(s):

R. M. Nikam ◽

A. P. Patil ◽

K. H. Kapadnis ◽

A. D. Ahirrao ◽

R.Y. Borse

Keyword(s):

Tin Oxide ◽

Integrated Circuit ◽

Zirconium Oxide ◽

Screen Printing ◽

Thick Films ◽

Ultra Violet ◽

Spectrophotometric Study ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Hybrid Integrated Circuit

There are numerous methods has been investigated and developed for the preparation of thin and thick films. Thick film technology is utilized for the production of electronic devices like surface mount devices, in the preparation of hybrid integrated circuit, in the formulation of heating elements, in the construction of integrated passive devices and sensors. Pure tin oxide (SnO2) and composite 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9 % zirconium oxide (ZrO2) thick films of dimensions 2 cm×1 cm incorporated into pure tin oxide (SnO2) were prepared with standard screen printing method. All samples were fabricated on glass support. The thick films were subjected to drying and firing at 5000C at 5 hours in muffle furnace. Thick films of tin oxide (SnO2) and composite 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9 % zirconium oxide (ZrO2) incorporated into pure tin oxide (SnO2) were checked for Scanning Electron Microscopy (S.E.M), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (E.D.A.X), X-ray diffraction (X.R.D), Fourier Transform infra-Red (F.T.I.R) and Ultra-Violet-Visible spectroscopy (U.V) for surface morphology, elemental analysis, crystalline phases of films, vibrational and spectrophotometric study respectively. In this research paper the spectrophotometric parameters such as absorbance and absorption coefficient with pure and compositional thick films were a part of investigation and surveillance.

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The metal artefacts from the prehistoric walled enclosure of Castelo Velho de Freixo de Numão within the early metallurgy of north-west of Iberian Peninsula

digitAR - Revista Digital de Arqueologia Arquitectura e Artes ◽

10.14195/2182-844x_ex1_10 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 305-328

Author(s):

Carlo Bottaini ◽

Ignacio Montero-Ruiz ◽

Susana Lopes ◽

Lídia Baptista ◽

Sérgio Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iberian Peninsula ◽

Analytical Study ◽

Pure Copper ◽

X Ray ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

Metal Artefacts ◽

Non Destructive ◽

Arsenical Copper ◽

North Western

This paper deals with the preliminary results of the typological and analytical study of a collection of copper-based objects found at the site of Castelo Velho (Freixo de Numão). This collection is associated to different contexts from the 3rd millennium BC (Chalcolithic). The analyses, performed by non-destructive X-ray fluorescence (XRF), show that the metals were produced with almost pure copper and arsenical copper (> 2% As). Impurities, such as As (<2%), Fe, Bi, Ag, Sn, Sb and Ni, were also identified, likely due to their presence in the ores used for the production of the objects. The data suggest that the metals from Castelo Velho may be framed within the metallurgical production already known for the Chalcolithic of the North-Western Iberian Peninsula.

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