scholarly journals Consuming Sucrose- or HFCS-Sweetened Beverages Increases Hepatic Lipid and Decreases Insulin Sensitivity in Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Desiree M Sigala ◽  
Bettina Hieronimus ◽  
Valentina Medici ◽  
Vivien Lee ◽  
Marinelle V Nunez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Hepatic Lipid ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Double Blinded

Abstract Context Studies in rodents and humans suggest that high fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened diets promote greater metabolic dysfunction than sucrose-sweetened diets. Objective To compare the effects of consuming sucrose-sweetened beverage (-SB), HFCS-SB, or a control beverage sweetened with aspartame on metabolic outcomes in humans. Design A parallel, double-blinded, NIH-funded study. Setting Experimental procedures were conducted during 3.5 days of inpatient residence with controlled feeding at a research clinic before (baseline) and after a 12-day outpatient intervention period. Participants 75 adults (18-40 years) were assigned to beverage groups matched for sex, BMI (18-35kg/m 2), fasting triglyceride, lipoprotein and insulin concentrations. Intervention 3 servings/day of sucrose- or HFCS-SB providing 25% of energy requirement or aspartame-SB, consumed for 16 days. Main Outcome Measures %Hepatic lipid, Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and Predicted M ISI. Results Sucrose-SB increased %hepatic lipid (absolute change: 0.6±0.2%) compared with aspartame-SB (-0.2±0.2%, P<0.05) and compared with baseline (P<0.001). HFCS-SB increased %hepatic lipid compared with baseline (0.4±0.2%, P<0.05). Compared with aspartame-SB, Matsuda ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS- (P<0.01) and sucrose-SB (P<0.01), and Predicted M ISI decreased after consumption of HFCS-SB (P<0.05). Sucrose- and HFCS-SB increased plasma concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins, and uric acid compared with aspartame-SB. No outcomes were differentially affected by sucrose- compared with HFCS-SB. Beverage group effects remained significant when analyses were adjusted for changes in body weight. Conclusions Consumption of both sucrose- and HFCS-SB induced detrimental changes in hepatic lipid, insulin sensitivity, and circulating lipids, lipoproteins and uric acid in 2 weeks.

scholarly journals A Pilot Study Comparing the Effects of Consuming 100% Orange Juice or Sucrose-Sweetened Beverage on Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease in Women

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 760
Author(s):  
Candice Allister Price ◽  
Valentina Medici ◽  
Marinelle V. Nunez ◽  
Vivien Lee ◽  
Desiree M. Sigala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Orange Juice ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Cardiometabolic Disease ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Sweetened Beverages

Overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increases risk factors associated with cardiometabolic disease, in part due to hepatic fructose overload. However, it is not clear whether consumption of beverages containing fructose as naturally occurring sugar produces equivalent metabolic dysregulation as beverages containing added sugars. We compared the effects of consuming naturally-sweetened orange juice (OJ) or sucrose-sweetened beverages (sucrose-SB) for two weeks on risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. Healthy, overweight women (n = 20) were assigned to consume either 3 servings of 100% orange juice or sucrose-SB/day. We conducted 16-hour serial blood collections and 3-h oral glucose tolerance tests during a 30-h inpatient visit at baseline and after the 2-week diet intervention. The 16-h area under the curve (AUC) for uric acid increased in subjects consuming sucrose-SB compared with subjects consuming OJ. Unlike sucrose-SB, OJ did not significantly increase fasting or postprandial lipoproteins. Consumption of both beverages resulted in reductions in the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (OJ: −0.40 ± 0.18, p = 0.04 within group; sucrose-SB: −1.0 ± 0.38, p = 0.006 within group; p = 0.53 between groups). Findings from this pilot study suggest that consumption of OJ at levels above the current dietary guidelines for sugar intake does not increase plasma uric acid concentrations compared with sucrose-SB, but appears to lead to comparable decreases of insulin sensitivity.

5-LB: Consuming High-Fructose Corn Syrup or Sucrose-Sweetened Beverages Increases Hepatic Lipid Content and Decreases Insulin Sensitivity in Young Adults

Diabetes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 5-LB
Author(s):  
DESIREE SIGALA ◽  
BETTINA HIERONIMUS ◽  
CANDICE PRICE ◽  
VIVIEN LEE ◽  
MARINELLE NUNEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
High Fructose Corn Syrup ◽  
Corn Syrup ◽  
Hepatic Lipid ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Hepatic Lipid Content

Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Men with Elevated Macroprolactin Content: A Pilot Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 129 (01) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Robert Krysiak ◽  
Witold Szkróbka ◽  
Bogusław Okopień
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Hydroxyvitamin D ◽  
25 Hydroxyvitamin D

Abstract Background Macroprolactinemia is a condition associated with the presence of large amounts of high molecular weight complexes of prolactin. Despite high prevalence, clinical significance of macroprolactin remains poorly understood. Objective The aim of this study was to assess cardiometabolic risk in men with isolated macroprolactinemia. Methods The study population included 11 men with isolated macroprolactinemia, 14 subjects with monomeric hyperprolactinemia and 14 men with prolactin levels within the reference range. Glucose homeostasis markers, plasma lipids, as well as plasma levels of uric acid, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, homocysteine and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were determined in all included patients. Results Compared to healthy counterparts, men with isolated macroprolactinemia had higher levels of 2-h postchallenge glucose, hsCRP and fibrinogen, lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and reduced insulin sensitivity. Patients with monomeric hyperprolactinemia were characterized by increased plasma levels of 2-h postchallenge glucose, triglycerides, uric acid, hsCRP, fibrinogen and homocysteine, reduced insulin sensitivity and decreased plasma concentrations of HDL cholesterol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Subjects with isolated macroprolactinemia differed from patients with monomeric hyperprolactinemia in postchallenge plasma glucose, insulin sensitivity, uric acid, hsCRP, fibrinogen, homocysteine and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. In men with monomeric hyperprolactinemia, uric acid, hsCRP, fibrinogen, homocysteine and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, while in men with elevated levels of macroprolactin, uric acid, hsCRP, fibrinogen and 25-hydroxyvitamin D correlated with a content of monomeric prolactin or macroprolactin, respectively, as well as with a degree of insulin sensitivity. Conclusions The obtained results suggest that macroprolactinemia may increase cardiometabolic risk but to a lesser extent than monomeric hyperprolactinemia.

scholarly journals Xanthine oxidase inhibition protects against Western diet-induced aortic stiffness and impaired vasorelaxation in female mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (2) ◽  
pp. R67-R77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Lastra ◽  
Camila Manrique ◽  
Guanghong Jia ◽  
Annayya R. Aroor ◽  
Melvin R. Hayden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Aortic Stiffness ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Western Diet ◽  
Vascular Stiffness ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
The Impact

Consumption of a high-fat, high-fructose diet [Western diet (WD)] promotes vascular stiffness, a critical factor in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obese and diabetic women exhibit greater arterial stiffness than men, which contributes to the increased incidence of CVD in these women. Furthermore, high-fructose diets result in elevated plasma concentrations of uric acid via xanthine oxidase (XO) activation, and uric acid elevation is also associated with increased vascular stiffness. However, the mechanisms by which increased xanthine oxidase activity and uric acid contribute to vascular stiffness in obese females remain to be fully uncovered. Accordingly, we examined the impact of XO inhibition on endothelial function and vascular stiffness in female C57BL/6J mice fed a WD or regular chow for 16 wk. WD feeding resulted in increased arterial stiffness, measured by atomic force microscopy in aortic explants (16.19 ± 1.72 vs. 5.21 ± 0.54 kPa, P < 0.05), as well as abnormal aortic endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation. XO inhibition with allopurinol (widely utilized in the clinical setting) substantially improved vascular relaxation and attenuated stiffness (16.9 ± 0.50 vs. 3.44 ± 0.50 kPa, P < 0.05) while simultaneously lowering serum uric acid levels (0.55 ± 0.98 vs. 0.21 ± 0.04 mg/dL, P < 0.05). In addition, allopurinol improved WD-induced markers of fibrosis and oxidative stress in aortic tissue, as analyzed by immunohistochemistry and transmission electronic microscopy. Collectively, these results demonstrate that XO inhibition protects against WD-induced vascular oxidative stress, fibrosis, impaired vasorelaxation, and aortic stiffness in females. Furthermore, excessive oxidative stress resulting from XO activation appears to play a key role in mediating vascular dysfunction induced by chronic exposure to WD consumption in females.

CHRONIC AEROBIC EXERCISE PREVENTS HIGH-FRUCTOSE DIET-INDUCED IMPAIRMENT IN BLOOD PRESSURE IN HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS: A DOUBLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ferreira Vieira ◽  
Cesar Eduardo Jacintho Moritz ◽  
Thiago Rozales Ramis ◽  
Francesco Pinto Boeno ◽  
Gabriela Cristina dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cell ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
High Fructose Diet ◽  
High Fructose

Abstract The purpose of the study was to verify the effect of 4 weeks of a high-fructose diet associated with aerobic training on the risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. Twenty-one young adults were randomized into three groups: high-fructose diet (HFD: 1 g/kg body weight of fructose/day), high-glucose diet (HGD: 1 g/kg body weight of glucose/day), and high-fructose diet and exercise (HFDE: 1 g/kg body weight of fructose/day + 3 weekly 60-minute sessions of aerobic exercise). Before and after the 4 weeks of the intervention, blood samples were taken and flow-mediated dilatation, insulin resistance index, pancreatic beta cell functional capacity index, insulin sensitivity index, and 24-hour blood pressure were evaluated. HFD showed an increase in uric acid concentrations (p = 0.040), and HGD and HFDE groups showed no changes in this outcome between pre- and post-intervention; however, the HFDE group showed increased uric acid concentrations from the middle to the end of the intervention (p = 0.013). In addition, the HFD group showed increases in nocturnal systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.022) and nocturnal diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p = 0.009). The HGD group exhibited decreases in nocturnal SBP (p = 0.028) and nocturnal DBP (p = 0.031), and the HFDE group showed a decrease in 24-hour SBP (p = 0.018). The consumption of 1 g/kg of fructose per day can increase uric acid concentrations and blood pressure in adults. Additionally, aerobic exercises along with fructose consumption attenuate changes in uric acid concentrations and prevent impairment in nocturnal blood pressure.

scholarly journals Endothelial function, insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers in hyperprolactinemic pre-menopausal women

2003 ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Yavuz ◽  
O Deyneli ◽  
I Akpinar ◽  
E Yildiz ◽  
H Gozu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Serum Homocysteine ◽  
Menopausal Women

BACKGROUND: Hyperprolactinemia has been reported to be associated with abnormalities of carbohydrate metabolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of hyperprolactinemia and bromocriptine (Brc) treatment on endothelial function, insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers in pre-menopausal women. METHODS: Sixteen hyperprolactinemic pre-menopausal women with pituitary adenomas were recruited and 20 healthy subjects were included as controls. Patients were given Brc in doses of 2.5-20 mg/dl until normal levels of prolactin were reached. Prior to treatment and 2 months after prolactin levels were normalized, the following tests were performed. Insulin sensitivity was determined by an oral glucose tolerance test based on a formula named the insulin sensitivity index (ISI composite). Endothelial function was measured as flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) on a brachial artery using high resolution ultrasound. RESULTS: Serum glucose, insulin, estrogen, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, homocysteine and uric acid levels were measured. Calculated ISI composite and FMD were significantly lower in the hyperprolactinemic group in comparison with the controls and improved after Brc treatment. Serum homocysteine, hsCRP and uric acid levels were significantly higher in hyperprolactinemic patients than in the controls and returned to normal levels with Brc treatment. Serum prolactin concentrations were inversely correlated with FMD measurements (r=-0.68; P<0.0001), ISI composite (r=-0.48; P<0.005) and serum estrogen (r=-0.54; P<0.005), and positively correlated with serum homocysteine concentrations (r=0.55; P<0.0001) in the hyperprolactinemic group. CONCLUSIONS: The hyperprolactinemic state is associated with impaired endothelial function and decreased insulin sensitivity, which are early markers of atherosclerosis. These alterations may predispose to the development of atherosclerosis in non-treated cases. Correction of the hyperprolactinemic state is associated with improved endothelial function and insulin sensitivity.

scholarly journals Sasa quelpaertensis Leaf Extract Ameliorates Dyslipidemia, Insulin Resistance, and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in High-Fructose-Diet-Fed Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3762
Author(s):  
Jeong Yong Park ◽  
Mi Gyeong Jang ◽  
Jung Min Oh ◽  
Hee Chul Ko ◽  
Sung-Pyo Hur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Hepatic Lipid ◽  
High Fructose Diet ◽  
Hepatic Lipid Accumulation ◽  
High Fructose

Background: Increased dietary fructose consumption is closely associated with lipid and glucose metabolic disorders. Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai possesses various health-promoting properties, but there has been no research on its protective effect against fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the effects of S. quelpaertensis leaf extract (SQE) on metabolic dysfunction in high-fructose-diet-fed rats. Methods: Animals were fed a 46% carbohydrate diet, a 60% high-fructose diet, or a 60% high-fructose diet with SQE (500 mg/kg of body weight (BW)/day) in drinking water for 16 weeks. Serum biochemical parameters were measured and the effects of SQE on hepatic histology, protein expression, and transcriptome profiles were investigated. Results: SQE improved dyslipidemia and insulin resistance induced in high-fructose-diet-fed rats. SQE ameliorated the lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in liver tissues by modulating the expressions of key proteins related to lipid metabolism and antioxidant response. SQE significantly enriched the genes related to the metabolic pathway, namely, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Conclusions: SQE could effectively prevent dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hepatic lipid accumulation by regulation of metabolism-related gene expressions, suggesting its role as a functional ingredient to prevent lifestyle-related metabolic disorders.

Weight classification does not influence the short-term endocrine or metabolic effects of high-fructose corn syrup-sweetened beverages

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. Heden ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Monica L. Kearney ◽  
Jill A. Kanaley
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Meal Test ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mixed Meal ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Mixed Meal Test ◽  
Weight Classification

Obesity and high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverages are associated with an increased risk of chronic disease, but it is not clear whether obese (Ob) individuals are more susceptible to the detrimental effects of HFCS-sweetened beverages. The purpose of this study was to examine the endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming HFCS-sweetened beverages, and whether weight classification (normal weight (NW) vs. Ob) influences these effects. Ten NW and 10 Ob men and women who habitually consumed ≤355 mL per day of sugar-sweetened beverages were included in this study. Initially, the participants underwent a 4-h mixed-meal test after a 12-h overnight fast to assess insulin sensitivity, pancreatic and gut endocrine responses, insulin secretion and clearance, and glucose, triacylglycerol, and cholesterol responses. Next, the participants consumed their normal diet ad libitum, with 1065 mL per day (117 g·day–1) of HFCS-sweetened beverages added for 2 weeks. After the intervention, the participants repeated the mixed-meal test. HFCS-sweetened beverages did not significantly alter body weight, insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion or clearance, or endocrine, glucose, lipid, or cholesterol responses in either NW or Ob individuals. Regardless of previous diet, Ob individuals, compared with NW individuals, had ∼28% lower physical activity levels, 6%–9% lower insulin sensitivity, 12%–16% lower fasting high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, 84%–144% greater postprandial triacylglycerol concentrations, and 46%–79% greater postprandial insulin concentrations. Greater insulin responses were associated with reduced insulin clearance, and there were no differences in insulin secretion. These findings suggest that weight classification does not influence the short-term endocrine and metabolic effects of HFCS-sweetened beverages.

An acute bout of endurance exercise but not sprint interval exercise enhances insulin sensitivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Brestoff ◽  
Benjamin Clippinger ◽  
Thomas Spinella ◽  
Serge P. von Duvillard ◽  
Bradley Nindl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Acute Bout ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Highly Correlated

An acute bout of endurance exercise (EE) enhances insulin sensitivity, but the effects of sprint interval exercise (SIE) have not yet been described. We sought to compare insulin sensitivity at baseline and after an acute bout of EE and SIE in healthy men (n = 8) and women (n = 5) (age, 20.7 ± 0.3 years; peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak), 42.6 ± 1.7 mL·kg–1·min–1; <1.5 days·week–1 structured exercise; body fat, 21.1 ± 1.9%). Subjects underwent 3 oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) the day after each of the following 3 conditions: no exercise, baseline (OGTTB); SIE at ~125% VO2 peak (OGTTSIE); and EE at ~75% VO2 peak (OGTTEE). SIE and EE sessions were randomized for each subject. Subjects consumed identical meals the day preceding each OGTT. Two insulin sensitivity indices — composite whole-body insulin sensitivity index (ISI-COMP) and ISI-hepatic insulin sensitivity (HOMA) — were calculated, using previously validated formulas (ISI-COMP = 10 000/√(glucosefasting × insulinfasting × glucosemean OGTT × insulinmean OGTT); ISI-HOMA = 22.5/(insulinfasting × glucosefasting)), and the plasma concentrations of cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured. There were no differences by sex for any condition (men vs. women, p > 0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficients between ISI-COMP and ISI-HOMA for each condition were highly correlated (p < 0.01), and followed similar patterns of response. ISI-COMPEE was 71.4% higher than ISI-COMPB (8.4 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.0; p < 0.01) and 40.0% higher than ISI-COMPSIE (8.4 ± 1.4 vs. 6.0 ± 1.5; p < 0.05), but there was no difference between ISI-COMPB and ISI-COMPSIE (p = 0.182). VO2 peak was highly correlated with both ISI-COMP and ISI-HOMA during baseline and SIE test conditions (p < 0.02). These findings demonstrate that an acute bout of EE, but not SIE, increases insulin sensitivity relative to a no-exercise control condition in healthy males and females. While these findings underscore the use of regular EE as an effective intervention strategy against insulin resistance, additional research examining repeated sessions of SIE on insulin sensitivity is warranted.

scholarly journals Analysis of the relationship between fasting serum uric acid and the insulin sensitivity index in a population-based sample of 380 young healthy Caucasians

1998 ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
JO Clausen ◽  
K Borch-Johnsen ◽  
H Ibsen ◽  
O Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Serum Uric Acid Level ◽  
Serum Triglyceride ◽  
Insulin Resistance Syndrome ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity Index ◽  
Fasting Serum

AIM: To determine whether fasting serum uric acid is associated with the insulin sensitivity index or with other anthropometric, metabolic or environmental features of the insulin resistance syndrome in a population-based sample of young healthy Caucasians. METHODS: The protocol included 380 unrelated Caucasian subjects (age 18-32 years) who had their insulin sensitivity index and glucose effectiveness measured during a combined intravenous glucose (0.3 g/kg body weight) and tolbutamide (3 mg/kg body weight) tolerance test. A number of anthropometric and biochemical tests, including the level of fasting serum uric acid, were carried out. RESULTS: In univariate analyses the concentration of fasting serum uric acid was negatively correlated to the insulin sensitivity index in both men (r2 = -0.25, P = 0.001) and women (r2 = -0.25, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis controlling for age, gender, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, maximal aerobic capacity, fasting serum triglyceride and creatinine, daily intake of alcohol, smoking, use of oral contraceptives, and disposition for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, the insulin sensitivity index was not significantly associated with fasting serum uric acid. However, 51% of the variation in the fasting serum uric acid level could be explained, and fasting serum triglyceride was the most important determinant of fasting serum uric acid. CONCLUSION: The major determinant of the fasting serum uric acid level in young healthy Caucasians is the fasting concentration of serum triglyceride, which has been shown to be a biochemical feature of the insulin resistance syndrome. Thus, hyperuricaemia appears to be an indirect part of the insulin resistance syndrome through its association with fasting hypertriglyceridaemia.

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