scholarly journals Dynamics and Stagnation in the Malthusian Epoch

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 2003-2041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quamrul Ashraf ◽  
Oded Galor
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Technological Environment ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Central Hypothesis ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country

This paper examines the central hypothesis of the influential Malthusian theory, according to which improvements in the technological environment during the preindustrial era had generated only temporary gains in income per capita, eventually leading to a larger, but not significantly richer, population. Exploiting exogenous sources of cross-country variations in land productivity and the level of technological advancement, the analysis demonstrates that, in accordance with the theory, technological superiority and higher land productivity had significant positive effects on population density but insignificant effects on the standard of living, during the time period 1–1500 CE. (JEL N10, N30, N50, O10, O40, O50)

Inequality and COVID-19 Deaths and Cases in the First Wave, a Cross-Country Analysis Economic

2020 ◽  
Vol COVID-19 ◽  
pp. e2020157
Author(s):  
James B. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
The United States ◽  
Significant Positive Effect ◽  
Poverty Measure ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Positive Effect

The cross-country relationship of COVID-19 case and death rates with previously measured income inequality and poverty in the pandemic’s first wave is studied, controlling for other underlying factors, in a worldwide sample of countries. If the estimated associations are interpreted as causal, the Gini coefficient for income has a significant positive effect on both cases and deaths per capita in regressions using the full sample, and for cases although not for deaths when OECD and non-OECD subsamples are treated separately. The Gini coefficient for wealth has a significant positive effect on cases, but not on deaths, in both subsamples and the full sample. Poverty generally has weak positive effects in the full and non-OECD samples, but a relative poverty measure has a strong positive effect on cases in the OECD sample. Analysis of the gap between COVID-19 first-wave cases and deaths per capita in Canada and the higher rates in the United States indicates that 37% of the cases gap and 28% of the deaths gap could be attributed to the higher income Gini in the U.S. according to the full sample regressions.

El papel de las ideas en la calidad de las instituciones

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-55
Author(s):  
Martin Krause
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Change ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Previous Subject

The relevance of institutional quality to progress has been widely accepted in academia where we can find a growing number of studies focusing on the positive effects a better quality generates. Some of these effects include a higher per capita GDP, a larger volume of investments and innovation, better environmental quality and a higher standard of living. Nevertheless, the present article, aims at considering a logically previous subject, which is not just the consequences of good institutions but its causes. Particularly, we try to respond to the following question: If institutional quality is so important for progress in society, what determines that some have achieved a better than others? The search for an answer will lead us to consider the role of ideas in the institutions that evolve in specific societies. Key words: Institutions, Ideas, Institutional Change, Origin of Institutions, Theories on Institutional Change. JEL Classification: P51, P52.

scholarly journals Decomposition of Water Footprint of Food Consumption in Typical East Chinese Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 409
Author(s):  
Ruogu Huang ◽  
Xiangyang Li ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Yaohao Tang ◽  
Jianyi Lin
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Diet Shift ◽  
City Development ◽  
Intensity Effect ◽  
Consumption Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Per Capita

Water scarcity has put pressure on city development in China. With a particular focus on urban and rural effects, logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition (LMDI) was used to analyze the water footprint per capita (WFP) of food consumption in five East China cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Qingdao, and Xiamen) from 2008 to 2018. Results show that the WFP of food consumption exhibited an upward tendency among all cities during the research period. Food consumption structure contributed the most to the WFP growth, mainly due to urban and rural residents’ diet shift toward a livestock-rich style. Except in Beijing, the food consumption level mainly inhibited the WFP growth due to the decrease in food consumption level per capita in urban areas. Urbanization had less influence on WFP growth for two megacities (Beijing and Shanghai) due to the strictly controlled urban population inflow policy and more positive effects for other cities. The water footprint intensity effect among cities was mainly due to uneven water-saving efficiency. Meanwhile, Beijing and Tianjin have achieved advancement in water utilization efficiency.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Mortality Rate and Its Incidence in Latin America: Dependence on Demographic and Economic Variables

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6900
Author(s):  
Javier Cifuentes-Faura
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Latin American Countries ◽  
Quality Infrastructure

The pandemic caused by COVID-19 has left millions infected and dead around the world, with Latin America being one of the most affected areas. In this work, we have sought to determine, by means of a multiple regression analysis and a study of correlations, the influence of population density, life expectancy, and proportion of the population in vulnerable employment, together with GDP per capita, on the mortality rate due to COVID-19 in Latin American countries. The results indicated that countries with higher population density had lower numbers of deaths. Population in vulnerable employment and GDP showed a positive influence, while life expectancy did not appear to significantly affect the number of COVID-19 deaths. In addition, the influence of these variables on the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 was analyzed. It can be concluded that the lack of resources can be a major burden for the vulnerable population in combating COVID-19 and that population density can ensure better designed institutions and quality infrastructure to achieve social distancing and, together with effective measures, lower death rates.

scholarly journals Globalization and educational inequality during the 18th to 20th centuries: Latin America in global comparison

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joerg Baten ◽  
Christina Mumme
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Global Comparison ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Rich

AbstractThis paper explores the inequality of numeracy and education by studying school years and numeracy of the rich and poor, as well as of tall and short individuals. To estimate numeracy, the age-heaping method is used for the 18th to early 20th centuries. Testing the hypothesis that globalization might have increased the inequality of education, we find evidence that 19th century globalization actually increased inequality in Latin America, but 20th century globalization had positive effects by reducing educational inequality in a broader sample of developing countries. Moreover, we find strong evidence for Kuznets’s inverted U hypothesis, that is, rising educational inequality with GDP per capita in the period until 1913 and the opposite after 1945.

scholarly journals Faculty Publishing Productivity: Comparisons over Time

2006 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Budd
Keyword(s):  
Academic Librarians ◽  
Tenure Track ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Part Time Faculty ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Time Faculty ◽  
Over Time

Concerns about higher education abound, and these include concerns about productivity. The present study extends two previous examinations of faculty publishing productivity covering the years 1991 to 1993 and 1995 to 1997. Both members of ARL and a group of institutions included in ACRL’s data set are included. For both groups there are some increases in mean total numbers of publications, although the rate of increase has decreased since the second time period. Per capita rates of publication demonstrate an even flatter pattern. In recent years, there have been some changes in the dynamics of universities’ faculties; there are more part-time faculty and more faculty who are not on the tenure track. These factors, coupled with the publishing data, point to activities that all academic librarians should be aware of.

The Impact of Liquidity on Islamic Banks Profit:  A Study on A Sample of Saudi Islamic Banks for the period 2013-2018: أثر السيولة في ربحية المصارف الإسلامية: دراسة عينة من المصارف الإسلامية السعودية للفترة الزمنية 2013-2018م

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifa Saleh Al-Akel, Najla Ibrahim Abdulrahman
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Index Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Index Effect

This research aimed to study the effect of Liquidity on Saudi Islamic banks profitability, to achieve the goals of the research, the researcher has determined a sample of Saudi Islamic banks, the sample included Al-Rajhi, Al-Inma and Al-Bilad, the research focuses on the time period 2013-2018. The research used a descriptive methodology for the theoretical part by gathering previous studies, studies and scientific journals, for the applied part, the research used an analytical methodology by collecting financial statements of the study sample to use these data for hypothesis tests using statistical analytical methods, the results show that there is a statistically index effect on the index level (0.05) of the Liquidity ratio on the return of assets index in Saudi banks, they also show that the liquidity is inversely proportional to the return. The research recommended that Islamic banks should expand their services and attract depositors to take advantage with them in investment operations, This will make positive effects on their profits, in addition to that, Islamic banks administrations have to evaluate Liquidity risks continuously to deal with surplus and deficit.

Impact of urbanization on per capita energy use and emissions in India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuti Haldar ◽  
Gautam Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Per Capita

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of urbanization on per capita energy consumption and emissions in India. Design/methodology/approach The present study analyses the effects of urbanization on energy consumption patterns by using the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology in India. Time series data from the period of 1960 to 2015 has been considered for the analysis. Variables including Population, GDP per capita, Energy intensity, share of industry in GDP, share of Services in GDP, total energy use and urbanization from World Bank data sources have been used for investigating the relationship between urbanization, affluence and energy use. Findings Energy demand is positively related to affluence (economic growth). Further the results of the analysis also suggest that, as urbanization, GDP and population are bound to increase in the future, consequently resulting in increased carbon dioxide emissions caused by increased energy demand and consumption. Thus, reducing the energy intensity is key to energy security and lower carbon dioxide emissions for India. Research limitations/implications The study will have important policy implications for India’s energy sector transition toward non- conventional, clean energy sources in the wake of growing share of its population residing in urban spaces. Originality/value There are limited number of studies considering the impacts of population density on per capita energy use. So this study also contributes methodologically by establishing per capita energy use as a function of population density and technology (i.e. growth rates of industrial and service sector).

scholarly journals Mapping current and future European public water withdrawals and consumption

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Vandecasteele ◽  
A. Bianchi ◽  
F. Batista e Silva ◽  
C. Lavalle ◽  
O. Batelaan
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Country Level ◽  
European Public ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Water Withdrawals

Abstract. In Europe, public water withdrawals make up on average 30% and in some cases up to 60% of total water withdrawals. These withdrawals are becoming increasingly important with growing population density; hence there is a need to understand the spatial and temporal trends involved. Pan-European public/municipal water withdrawals and consumption were mapped for 2006 and forecasted for 2030. Population and tourism density were assumed to be the main driving factors for withdrawals. Country-level statistics on public water withdrawals were disaggregated to a combined population and tourism density map (the "user" density map) computed for 2006. The methodology was validated using actual regional withdrawal statistics from France for 2006. The total absolute error (TAE) calculated was proven to be reduced by taking into account the tourism density in addition to the population density. In order to forecast the map to 2030 we considered a reference scenario where per capita withdrawals were kept constant in time. Although there are large variations from region to region, this resulted in a European average increase of water withdrawals of 16%. If we extrapolate the average reduction in per capita withdrawals seen between 2000 and 2008, we forecast a reduction in average total water withdrawals of 4%. Considering a scenario where all countries converge to an optimal water use efficiency, we see an average decrease of 28%.

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