Private and Social Returns to R&D: Drug Development and Demographics

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 336-340
Author(s):  
Efraim Benmelech ◽  
Janice Eberly ◽  
Dimitris Papanikolaou ◽  
Joshua Krieger
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Intangible Capital ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
Factor Productivity ◽  
Pharmaceutical Firms ◽  
Social Returns ◽  
Intangible Investment

Investment in intangible capital such as R&D has increased dramatically since the 1990s. However, productivity growth remains sluggish in recent years. One potential reason is that a significant share of the increase in intangible investment is geared toward consumer products such as pharmaceutical drugs with limited spillovers to productivity. We document that a significant share of R&D spending in the United States is done by pharmaceutical firms and geared to developing drugs for older patients. Increased life expectancy and quality of life for the elderly increases welfare but may not be reflected in estimates of total factor productivity.

scholarly journals A Visualization Analysis of Hotspots And Frontiers of Cardiovascular Diseases With Frailty Based On CiteSpace

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuping Bao ◽  
Loretta Yuet Foon Chung ◽  
Yujie Wen ◽  
Qiyu Sun ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Visualization Analysis

Abstract Cardiovascular diseases(CVD) and frailty are common health problems among the elderly. This research aims to investigate the hotspots and frontiers of the field of cardiovascular diseases with frailty. Data of publications between 2000 and 2021 was collected from the Web of Science(WoS) and CiteSpace was used for analysing the hotspots and frontiers of cardiovascular diseases with frailty research from high-impact countries, institutions, authors, cited-references, cited-journals, high-frequency keywords and burst keywords. The results showed that the United States, England and Canada were the leading countries in research of cardiovascular diseases with frailty. Other countries and regions lagged behind these developed countries. There is a need to establish cooperation between developed countries and developing countries. Research hotspots focused on frailty in the elderly with CVD, exercise intervention, assessment for CVD patients with frailty, quality of life and common diseases related to CVD with frailty. The frontier fields include care and intervention of CVD patients with frailty, social frailty and validation of CVD with frailty.

Eye injuries in the elderly from consumer products in the United States: 2001–2007

2012 ◽  
Vol 251 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison J. Chen ◽  
Julia G. Kim ◽  
James G. Linakis ◽  
Michael J. Mello ◽  
Paul B. Greenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Eye Injuries

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ASSESSEMENT OF THE ELDERLY FEMALES BEFORE TOTAL HIP OR KNEE REPLACEMENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 1621-1632
Author(s):  
Iwona Morawik ◽  
Alina Jurewicz ◽  
Marian Jędrych ◽  
Aneta Zarębska ◽  
Mirosław Jabłoński
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
General Health ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common and burdensome illness in the elderly patients. It is the main cause of locomotor impairment and disability resulting in significant decrease of the quality of life (QL) in highly developed countries. Sf-36v2 questionnaire was standardized in the United States by J.E. Ware et al. in the years 1985-1992 and at present SF-36v2 is the most commonly used questionnaire for investigations in patients with various conditions. The aim: To compare two cohorts of post-menopausal female patients with the predominantly clinically active one-site advanced osteoarthritis of the hip and knee joint prior to the replacement surgery. Material and methods: Two cohorts of fifty female postmenopausal patients aged from sixty to eighty were investigated. The inclusion criteria relied on sex, age and clinically single joint predominant OA disease prior to hip and knee joint replacement. The Polish version of SF-36v2 for the quality of life was accomplished by the patient under direct supervision of a trained nurse. The sets of obtained data were analyzed with the use of Statistica 10.0 (Shapiro-Wilk test, U - Mann-Whitney test, Spearmann, Kruskall-Wallis, Friedmann’s ANOVA and Chi 2 Pearson). P<0.05 was regarded as significant. Results: It was found that patients with advanced knee OA demonstrated significantly lower QL than these with hip OA in Vitality (p=0,004), Functioning in Social Roles (p=0,0001), General Health (p<0,000001) and Pain (p<0,000001). No significant differences within the cohorts were observed as the other scales were concerned (p>0,05). In the general assessment as for the QL in the Physical domain significant difference was found with lower scoring in the knee group (p=0.00001). In the assessment of the general QL two domains were considered -Physical and Mental Health. Highly significant difference was recorded for the Physical better in regard for hip OA (p<0,00001). In the Mental Health domain no significant difference was found (p=0,09). Conclusions: 1. Quality of life of postmenopausal women with hip OA is predominantly lowered by the local disease whereas lower quality of life of these females with knee OA is related to the general poor health, low index of vitality and decrease of function in social functioning resulting from co-existence of chronic illnesses due to overweight and obesity. 2. Reduction of overweight or obesity in the group of patients with knee arthritis could improve their quality of life and general health.

scholarly journals Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Risk in Octogenarians by Risk Factors Control

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasquale Palmiero ◽  
Annapaola Zito ◽  
Maria Maiello ◽  
Annagrazia Cecere ◽  
Anna Vittoria Mattioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cvd Prevention

Primary prevention of cardiovascular events in older adults is a relevant problem, due to lack of evidence for safe and efficacious therapy, its costs and elderly quality of life, Italy’s aging population is constantly increasing, so cardiovascular disease (CVD) primary prevention in the elderly is a prime objective. Life expectancy has dramatically increased over the last 2 decades, the proportion of individuals aged 80 years and older has grown rapidly in Europe and the United States, but cost / effective ratio of CVD prevention through risk factors control is debated. It is therefore important to implement cardiovascular risk factors estimation in the elderly to maximize the quality of life of patients and to lengthen their healthy life expectancy, choosing the better treatment for each patient sharing the choice with himself when it is possible, always remembering that elderly patients often have multiple co-morbidities that require a high number of concurrent medications; this may increase the risk for drug-drug interactions, thereby reducing the potential benefits of CVD prevention therapy. Nevertheless, CVD is not an inevitable concomitant of aging. Sometimes, autopsy in the elderly reveals atheroma-free coronary arteries, a normal-sized heart and unscarred valves. All primary prevention strategy decisions should consider estimated life expectancy and overall function and not just the cardiovascular event risks, magnitude and time to benefit or harm, potentially altered adverse effect profiles, and informed patient preferences. CVD primary prevention needs to be more implemented in the elderly, this might contribute to improve health status and quality of life in this growing population if correctly performed.

Late-Life Bereavement

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Anil Mercan ◽  
Hande Barlin ◽  
Ali F. Cebeci
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Late Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Loss Of A Parent

Healthy aging is critical for the elderly to be independent and enjoy at least a satisfactory quality of life. However, late-life bereavement threatens healthy aging, as it may lead to adverse health effects. Using data from the Health and Retirement Survey, this study investigates the relationship between weight—specifically, body mass index (BMI)—and the loss of a parent, sibling, or spouse at an older age. It is the first attempt to investigate this relationship among the elderly population in the United States and makes the following notable contributions to the literature: (a) use of a large longitudinal dataset, (b) estimation of the effects of a familial death on a person’s BMI, and (c) investigation of the consequences of the bereavement for older people. Our results suggest that losing a family member at an older age results in a decrease in BMI.

scholarly journals Associated factors with the use of dentures or reported dental and gum problems with oral prosthesis use among Mexican American older adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Carlos Reyes Ortíz ◽  
Libia Soto Llanos
Keyword(s):  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Dental Prosthesis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sectional Analysis

The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with using dental prosthesis or oral problems related to their use among older Mexican Americans of the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly EPESE) in the United States. A cross-sectional analysis was made with data of 2992 men and women aged 65 years and older inter-viewed during 1993-1994. Forty four % of subjects reported the use of partial or total dental prosthesis. Among those using dental prosthesis, 21% reported problems with teeth or gums when eating. In multivariate analyses, instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) limitations were associated with using dental prosthesis (OR = 1.23, 95% confidence interval - CI =1.04-1.45). Also, among subjects using dental pros-thesis, increased depressive symptoms (OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.04-1.95) and IADL limitations (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.15-2.17) were associated with problems with teeth or gums when eating. In conclusion, factors usually affecting quality of life in older persons such as functional dependency and depression are associated with using dental prosthesis or oral problems with teeth or gums when eating.

scholarly journals Synergy between a Gerontology Program and a 4-H Informal Horticulture Education Program

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 902E-902
Author(s):  
D.J. Tennessen ◽  
V.A. Lalli
Keyword(s):  
Education Program ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pet Therapy ◽  
Retirement Home ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Life Decision ◽  
Gerontology Program

Youth interest in horticulture may be improved with the help of the elderly. The percentage of elderly people in the United States is growing at a greater rate than any other age group. The loss of life decision-making capabilities and the control of retirement home environments can lead to stress and depression. To counteract this problem, some institutions have used horticulture or pet therapy as tools to improve the quality of life for the elderly. We describe a 4-H horticulture education program that depends on mentoring skills of older adults to deliver hands-on, experiential-based 4-H program. In Project Exploring Aging through Shared Experiences (EASE), Pillemer et al. (1994) used as a framework for an intergenerational gardening experience. Students learn basic horticulture concepts from and with senior citizens though hands-on activities in a setting that is similar to the well-established SERIES program. Projects range from single-event terrariums to on-going summer gardens.

scholarly journals Exploring Elder Consumers Interactions With Information Technology

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle G. Hough
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
Older Consumers ◽  
Potential Benefits

Advances in health care are enabling the population of the United States to live longer.  Use of information technology can improve the quality of life for the elderly, yet many older consumers have limited interactions with information technology and so may be denied its potential benefits for enhancing quality of life.  This study explores older peoples’ current interactions with information technology, details personal and technological factors which may impact engagement, and discusses the resulting sociological and commercial implications for encouraging the elderly to embrace information technology toward enhancing quality of life.

Perceptions of Crime and Fear of Victimisation Among Elderly People

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan H. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Perceptions Of Crime

ABSTRACTMost of the research into fear of crime among the elderly has been conducted in the United States of America particularly during the past ten years. This paper begins by summarising the major findings which have emerged from this work. Attention is then turned to similar studies which have recently been undertaken in Britain. The findings from a small sample survey of elderly residents in a town in the south of England are then reported. In discussing the data obtained from eighty interviews fear of crime is considered in relation to perceptions of crime, the amount of social contact residents have with relatives, friends and neighbours and the nature and quality of the immediate residential environment.

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