Epidemiology of CoViD-19 Pandemic: Recovery and mortality ratio around the globe

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (CoViD-19) is the third type of coronavirus disease after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) that appears in human population from the past two decades. It is highly contagious and rapidly spread in the human population and compelled global public health institutions on high alert. Due to genetic similarity of this novel coronavirus 2019 with bat virus its emergence from bat to humans is possible. The virus survive in the droplets of coughing and sneezing and spread around the large areas through infected person resulting in its rapid spread among people. Clinical symptoms of CoViD-19 include fever, dry cough, dyspnea, loose stool, nausea and vomiting. The present review discuss the origin of CoViD-19, its rapid spread, mortality rate and recoveries ratio around the world. Since its origin from Wuhan, the CoViD-19 spread very rapidly all across the countries, on April 17, 2020 this disease has affected 210 countries of the globe. The data obtained showed over 2.4 million confirmed cases of CoViD-19. Higher mortality rate was found in Algeria and Belgium as 15% and 13.95%, respectively. Lower mortality rate was found in Qatar 0.17% and Singapore 0.2%. Recovery versus deceased ratio showed that recovery was 68, 59 and 35 times higher than the death in Singapore, Qatar and Thailand respectively. It is concluded that 2019-novel corona virus is a zoonotic pathogen similar to MERS and SARS. Therefore, a barrier should be maintained between and across the human, household and wild animals to avoid such pandemics. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2660 How to cite this:Noor AU, Maqbool F, Bhatti ZA, Khan AU. Epidemiology of CoViD-19 Pandemic: Recovery and mortality ratio around the globe. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(COVID19-S4):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2660 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Download Full-text

The effects of the clinical symptoms pneumonia-confirmation strategy of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-28619/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yanjin Wang ◽

Pei Wang ◽

Shudao Zhang ◽

Hao Pan

Keyword(s):

Turning Point ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Transmission Rate ◽

Basic Reproductive Number ◽

Reproductive Number ◽

The Novel ◽

Wuhan City ◽

Start Date ◽

Rapid Spread ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Motivated by the quick control in Wuhan, China, and the rapid spread in other countries of COVID-19, we investigate the questions that what is the turning point in Wuhan by quantifying the variety of basic reproductive number after the lockdown city. The answer may help the world to control the COVID-19 epidemic. A modified SEIR model is used to study the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan city. Our model is calibrated by the hospitalized cases. The modeling result gives out that the means of basic reproductive numbers are 1.5517 (95% CI 1.1716-4.4283) for the period from Jan 25 to Feb 11, 2020, and 0.4738(95% CI 0.0997-0.8370) for the period from Feb 12 to Mar 10. The transmission rate fell after Feb 12, 2020 as a result of China’s COVID-19 strategy of keeping society distance and the medical support from all China, but principally because of the clinical symptoms to be used for the novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) confirmation in Wuhan since Feb 12, 2020. Clinical diagnosis can quicken up NCP-confirmation such that the COVID-19 patients can be isolated without delay. So the clinical symptoms pneumonia-confirmation is the turning point of the COVID-19 battle of Wuhan. The measure of clinical symptoms pneumonia-confirmation in Wuhan has delayed the growth and reduced size of the COVID-19 epidemic, decreased the peak number of the hospitalized cases by 96% in Wuhan. Our modeling also indicates that the earliest start date of COVID-19 in Wuhan may be Nov 2, 2019.

Download Full-text

Review of Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs and Its Application in India

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v14010155 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 155

Author(s):

Gowri Yale ◽

Marwin Lopes ◽

Shrikrishna Isloor ◽

Jennifer R. Head ◽

Stella Mazeri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Rabies ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Stray Dog ◽

Indian State ◽

The Usa ◽

Public Health Institutions ◽

Health Institutions ◽

Vaccination Campaigns ◽

Rabies Vaccination ◽

High Output

Oral rabies vaccines (ORVs) have been in use to successfully control rabies in wildlife since 1978 across Europe and the USA. This review focuses on the potential and need for the use of ORVs in free-roaming dogs to control dog-transmitted rabies in India. Iterative work to improve ORVs over the past four decades has resulted in vaccines that have high safety profiles whilst generating a consistent protective immune response to the rabies virus. The available evidence for safety and efficacy of modern ORVs in dogs and the broad and outspoken support from prominent global public health institutions for their use provides confidence to national authorities considering their use in rabies-endemic regions. India is estimated to have the largest rabies burden of any country and, whilst considerable progress has been made to increase access to human rabies prophylaxis, examples of high-output mass dog vaccination campaigns to eliminate the virus at the source remain limited. Efficiently accessing a large proportion of the dog population through parenteral methods is a considerable challenge due to the large, evasive stray dog population in many settings. Existing parenteral approaches require large skilled dog-catching teams to reach these dogs, which present financial, operational and logistical limitations to achieve 70% dog vaccination coverage in urban settings in a short duration. ORV presents the potential to accelerate the development of approaches to eliminate rabies across large areas of the South Asia region. Here we review the use of ORVs in wildlife and dogs, with specific consideration of the India setting. We also present the results of a risk analysis for a hypothetical campaign using ORV for the vaccination of dogs in an Indian state.

Download Full-text

The work of the medical prevention service of the Ulyanovsk Region during the spread of the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19)

Medsestra (Nurse) ◽

10.33920/med-05-2105-03 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 22-28

Author(s):

Irina Ivanovna Tikhova

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Care ◽

Medical Prevention ◽

Ulyanovsk Region ◽

Prevention Service ◽

Public Health Institutions ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Health Institutions ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Restrictive Measures

The purpose of the study was to monitor the activities of departments and offices of medical prevention of public health institutions during the period of restrictive measures related to the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVD19. Results: in health care institutions providing primary health care, the work of primary care was strengthened by specialists from departments, medical prevention offices: this is work with the district service, monitoring COVID-19 patients and contact, taking tests, forming mobile teams, visiting patients as part of the data brigades. Work was carried out at the entrance sanitary checkpoints, the population was informed through the Internet, print media (newspapers) on the prevention and non-proliferation of a new coronavirus infection. Conclusion: the monitoring made it possible to assess the actual activities of specialists in departments and offices of medical prevention of public health institutions during the period of restrictive measures. The temporary change in the functionality of the medical prevention service of the Ulyanovsk region made a significant contribution to the common cause of combating the COVID-19 pandemic.

Download Full-text

Influenza Vaccination and Health Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9040358 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 358

Author(s):

Pasquale Domenico Pedote ◽

Stefano Termite ◽

Andrea Gigliobianco ◽

Pier Luigi Lopalco ◽

Francesco Paolo Bianchi

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Influenza Vaccination ◽

The Novel ◽

Central Public Health ◽

Public Health Institutions ◽

Health Institutions ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Pandemic Wave

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Several measures aimed at containing the spread of this virus have been recommended by international and nation public health institutions, but whether the influenza vaccine, while not protective against COVID-19, nonetheless reduces disease severity is unclear. This study evaluated the potential role of influenza vaccine in reducing the rate of hospitalization and death in COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 cases recorded in the province of Brindisi (Apulia, Southern Italy) during the first pandemic wave (February–May 2020) and occurring in patients vaccinated with the influenza vaccine during the 2019–2020 influenza season were considered. From February 2020 to May 2020, 3872 inhabitants of the province of Brindisi underwent SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing and 664 (8.7%) tested positive. A multivariate analysis showed that among COVID-19 patients neither hospitalization nor death was significantly associated with influenza vaccination (p > 0.05), whereas within this group male sex, older age, and chronic diseases were identified as risk factors for morbidity and mortality. Our study did not show an association between the influenza vaccine and complications of COVID-19. Nonetheless, influenza vaccination must be promoted as a central public health measure, because by reducing the burden on hospitals it can greatly benefit the management of COVID-19 patients.

Download Full-text

Why Trusting Nigeria Centre for Disease Control Information Is Difficult: A Study of The Awareness, Knowledge and Perceptions of Nigerians Hesitant Towards COVID-19 Management by NCDC in Nigeria

Path of Science ◽

10.22178/pos.70-11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 6001-6008

Author(s):

Mohammed Abdullateef ◽

◽

Beatrice Okonkwo ◽

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Mixed Method ◽

Government Agency ◽

The Novel ◽

Control Information ◽

The World ◽

Public Health Institutions ◽

Health Institutions ◽

The Government ◽

Novel Coronavirus

As the world battles the novel Coronavirus pandemic ravaging lives and destroying economies, many nations have entrusted the detection, handling and management of confirmed coronavirus cases to their leading public health institutions. For Nigeria, the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), charged with the said responsibility, faces a worrisome myriad of backlash from citizens' who regard their daily update of confirmed cases as misleading. In this survey, the researchers purposively study this category of sceptic individuals to understand their level of awareness of the virus and their perceptions about the government agency, to determine the factors responsible for the lack of confidence in the reportage, and how their confidence level may be boosted. The study adopted a mixed-method to recruit some 425 respondents that fit the profile of 'those who lack confidence in the NCDC daily reports'. Findings revealed that even the aware, educated, and high-income Nigerians equally constitute those with misperceptions and scepticism about the NCDC. Key reasons for the distrust include inconsistent reporting, secrecy about patients' database, and perceived corruption tendencies. Recommendations based on the findings call for increased openness and access to compelling information about activities to curtail the infection, especially transparency in treatment and budget spending.

Download Full-text

Evaluating the Novel Coronavirus infection outbreak surveillance results in a state hospital: a retrospective study

African Health Sciences ◽

10.4314/ahs.v21i3.19 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 1107-1116

Author(s):

Ezgi Dirgar ◽

Betül Tosun ◽

Soner Berşe ◽

Nuran Tosun

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Clinical Status ◽

Age Groups ◽

World Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

The Novel ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has raised the global public health concern and has been declared a pan- demic by the World Health Organization. Objectives: This study was aimed to examine the clinical course and outcomes of the patients with COVID-19 in the south- eastern part of Turkey. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on the files of 173 patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19. The “COVID-19 Case Information Form” in the patients’ medical records was used. Results: Of the patients with COVID-19, 64.2% were male and 16.2% had a chronic disease. Their mean age was 34.76±25.75 years. Cough and fatigue were the most common clinical symptoms at admission with 38.7%. The patients at the age of 65 and over were treated mostly in the intensive care unit, and the symptoms associated with the cardiovascular and nausea and vomiting were observed more often (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was found that the majority of the patients were male and there were differences between the age groups in terms of transmission route, the clinic where they were being followed-up, some symptoms, and clinical status outcome. It is recommended that multi-center, prospective, experimental, or observational studies with larger samples should be and the patients should be followed-up for longer periods. Keywords: COVID-19; coronavirus; surveillance; retrospective study.

Download Full-text

SARS-COV2 virus and Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3401 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽

pp. 977-982

Author(s):

Mohamed J. Saadh ◽

Bashar Haj Rashid M ◽

Roa’a Matar ◽

Sajeda Riyad Aldibs ◽

Hala Sbaih ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Close Contact ◽

Antiviral Agents ◽

Health Concern ◽

The Novel ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Fatal Disease ◽

Mild Disease ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Novel Coronavirus

SARS-COV2 virus causes Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and represents the causative agent of a potentially fatal disease that is of great global public health concern. The novel coronavirus (2019) was discovered in 2019 in Wuhan, the market of the wet animal, China with viral pneumonia cases and is life-threatening. Today, WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. COVID-19 is likely to be zoonotic. It is transmitted from bats as intermediary animals to human. Also, the virus is transmitted from human to human who is in close contact with others. The computerized tomographic chest scan is usually abnormal even in those with no symptoms or mild disease. Treatment is nearly supportive; the role of antiviral agents is yet to be established. The SARS-COV2 virus spreads faster than its two ancestors, the SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), but has lower fatality. In this article, we aimed to summarize the transmission, symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine to control the spread of this fatal disease.

Download Full-text

Can Mandated BCG Vaccine Promote herd Immunity against Novel Coronavirus? A Potential Solution at Hand to Tackle Covid-19 Pandemic

Current Immunology Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573395516999201112092557 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 6-11

Author(s):

Ashok Arasu ◽

Pavithra Balakrishnan ◽

Thirunavukkarasu Velusamy ◽

Thiagarajan Ramesh

Keyword(s):

Protective Factor ◽

Herd Immunity ◽

Bcg Vaccine ◽

Intestinal Cells ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Wuhan City ◽

Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽

Lung Epithelial ◽

Novel Coronavirus

The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is an emerging pandemic that poses a severe threat to global public health. This pandemic started from the Wuhan City of Hubei Province in China, and is speculated to have originated from bats and spread among humans with an unknown intermediate transmitter. The virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is abundantly expressed on various human cells, including lung epithelial and intestinal cells, thereby entering into these cells and causing infection. It is transmitted to other humans through airborne droplets from infected patients. Presently there are no specific treatments or vaccines that are available to curtail the spread of this disease. There are few indirect reports that explain the potential importance of the mandated BCG vaccine as a protective factor against COVID-19. There is a speculation that a live attenuated vaccine (BCG vaccine) can be beneficial against COVID-19 to develop the initial immune response, and can also spread in the community, thereby boosting herd immunity to fight against COVID-19. This review summarizes the conclusions of various reports on the BCG vaccine, and is an attempt to establish BCG-vaccination mediated herd immunity as an effective instant intermediate approach in curbing COVID-19 spread in highly populous countries.

Download Full-text

Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Narrative Review Based on Current Status

Anti-Infective Agents ◽

10.2174/2211352518999201020202540 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

Author(s):

Rina Das ◽

Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽

Meenakshi Dhanawat

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Relevant Literature ◽

World Health ◽

Current Status ◽

Future Research ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

First Case ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared and expanded globally by the end of year in 2019 from Wuhan, China, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. During its initial stage, the disease was called the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020. The WHO declared worldwide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a pandemic on March 2020. On 30 January 2020 the first case of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in India. Now in current situation the virus is floating in almost every part of the province and rest of the globe. -: On the basis of novel published evidences, we efficiently summarized the reported work with reference to COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogen, clinical symptoms, treatment and prevention. Using several worldwide electronic scientific databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Science direct, Scopus, etc were utilized for extensive investigation of relevant literature. -: This review is written in the hope of encouraging the people successfully with the key learning points from the underway efforts to perceive and manage SARS-CoV-2, suggesting sailent points for expanding future research.

Download Full-text

Impact of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Pregnant Women: A Review

Coronaviruses ◽

10.2174/2666796701999201116123457 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 01 ◽

Author(s):

Saima Habeeb ◽

Manju Chugani

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Age Groups ◽

Well Being ◽

Fetal Outcome ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The Impact

: The novel coronavirus infection (COVID‐19) is a global public health emergency.Since its outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019, the infection has spread at an alarming rate across the globe and humans have been locked down to their countries, cities and homes. As of now, the virus has affected over 20million people globally and has inflicted over 7 lac deaths. Nevertheless, the recovery rate is improving with each passing day and over 14 million people have recuperated so far. The statistics indicate that nobody is immune to the disease as the virus continues to spread among all age groups; newborns to the elders, and all compartmentsincluding pregnant women. However, pregnant women may be more susceptible to this infection as they are, in general, highly vulnerable to respiratory infections. There is no evidence for vertical transmission of the COVID-19 virus among pregnant women, but an increased prevalence of preterm deliveries. Besides this, the COVID-19 may alter immune response at the maternal-fetal interface and affect the well-being of mothers as well as infants. Unfortunately, there is limited evidence available in the open literature regarding coronavirus infection during pregnancy and it now appears that certain pregnant women have infected during the present 2019-nCoV pandemic. In this short communication, we study the impact of the COVID-19 infection on vertical transmission and fetal outcome among pregnant women.

Download Full-text