DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS FOR INTERNAL CONTROL OF RESERVE MOVEMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
Guzaliya Klychova ◽  
Alsu Zakirova ◽  
Amina Husainova ◽  
Angelina Dyatlova ◽  
Igor' Nikitenko
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Paper Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Rational Management ◽  
Quality Of Products ◽  
Effective Development

One of the factors for the effective development of enterprises is the rational management of stocks, the state of which affects its production and financial activities. For the rational management of stocks, their effective control should be organized, taking into account the specifics, scale and features of production technology. The purpose of the research is to improve the methodological support of internal control over the movement of stocks. In the course of the study, the main stages of internal control of the movement and the efficiency of using stocks, consisting in planning and carrying out control measures, were considered. In order to comply with the principles of rationality, priority and consistency in the conduct of internal control, it was proposed to use the working document “The program for internal control of the movement and efficiency of inventory use”. Checking the correctness of the estimate of stocks when they are received, procured, or purchased is possible using the internal control working document “Checking the correctness of stock estimates”. It makes it possible to identify errors in the assessment of stocks and the formation of their actual cost, which affects production costs and the final financial result. For the analysis of the movement of stocks, we can recommend the internal control working paper “Analysis of the movement of stocks”. It allows you to control the compliance of the actual size of stocks of the most important types of raw materials and materials with the normative ones. By comparing the incoming and outgoing stocks on the basis of this document, it is possible to identify excessive and unclaimed material resources in the production and financial activities of the enterprise, to establish stocks for which there is a shortage, to prevent a decrease in the quality of products, a decrease in production volumes, a decrease in profits

Changes in the Microbial Composition of Microbrewed Beer during the Process in the Actual Manufacturing Line

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (12) ◽  
pp. 2233-2239 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. KIM ◽  
S. H. JEON ◽  
N. H. KIM ◽  
H. W. KIM ◽  
N. Y. LEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

This study investigated changes in the microbial composition of microbrewed beer during the manufacturing processes and identified potential microbial hazards, effective critical quality control points, and potential contamination routes. Comprehensive quantitative (aerobic plate count, lactic acid bacteria, fungi, acetic acid bacteria, coliforms, and Bacillus cereus) and qualitative (Escherichia coli and eight foodborne pathogens) microbiological analyses were performed using samples of raw materials (malt and manufacturing water), semiprocessed products (saccharified wort, boiled wort, and samples taken during the fermentation and maturation process), and the final product obtained from three plants. The initial aerobic plate count and lactic acid bacteria counts in malt were 5.2 and 4.3 log CFU/g, respectively. These counts were reduced to undetectable levels by boiling but were present at 2.9 and 0.9 log CFU/ml in the final product. Fungi were initially present at 3.6 log CFU/g, although again, the microbes were eliminated by boiling; however, the level in the final product was 4.6 log CFU/ml. No E. coli or foodborne pathogens (except B. cereus) were detected. B. cereus was detected at all stages, although it was not present in the water or boiled wort (total detection rate = 16.4%). Results suggest that boiling of the wort is an effective microbial control measure, but careful management of raw materials and implementation of effective control measures after boiling are needed to prevent contamination of the product after the boiling step. The results of this study may constitute useful and comprehensive information regarding the microbiological quality of microbrewed beer.

scholarly journals Internal control and management guidance of power industry in Ghana? Revenue mobilisation perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Solomon Arhin
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Power Industry ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Management Guidance ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
The Impact

The current problem in the power industry in Ghana is worrying to every citizen of Ghana and brings into mind whether there is no effective control system to properly manage the services. The main motive for this research was to examine the impact of internal controls on revenue mobilisation at the power industry of Ghana. The selection of power industry is due to the fact that even though it is the sole and main power distributing company in Ghana, it has encountered a lot of financial problems in the recent times leading to poor provision of services, especially what is called ‘Dumsor’ in Ghanaian Language or unannounced power outage. The population for the study is the whole workers in the power industry in Ghana. The study used a purposive sampling technique to select the Kumasi main office which has 50 key employees as the sample for the study. A well-tailored questionnaire was used to gather primary data from the respondents. Descriptive statistics, reliability statistics and test of significant-(t-statistics) were performed through IBM SPSS to come out with the findings. The findings indicate that all the variables assessed were statistically significant, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.943 indicated that there is an excellent and equally effective avenue as internal control measures which the power industry can rely on. It is recommended that management, policy makers and future researchers should develop clear policy, new theories and models on how to regulate the industry to the benefit of all Ghanaians and the neighbouring Africa countries. Keywords: Revenue mobilisation, internal control, management guidance, theories, dumsor.

scholarly journals Accounting, Statistics Bakhtigozina E. I. Assessing the System of Internal Control on the Basis of the Risk Card

2018 ◽  
pp. 64-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Bakhtigozina
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Global Integration ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Effective System ◽  
System Risk ◽  
Risk Acceptability

Efficiency of managerial decisions, higher economical characteristic of transactions, providing truthfulness of finance accounting, compliance of company work with the effective legislation depend greatly on competent internal control. Lately serious attention has been paid to the function of internal control in the organization. It is connected with the fact that Russian companies are more and more involved in global integration and economic processes. Shaping the system of internal control implies identification of the most serious risks, i.e. those which can cause finance losses, designation of control procedures in order to minimize or eliminate risks. The article investigates issues of developing and estimating the system of internal control on the basis of risk card by singling out one of the principle elements of the system – risk estimation. The author shows key stages of work in the field of building the effective system of internal control: identification and description of key business processes; definition and identification of risks typical of key business processes; estimation of risks; finding borders of risk acceptability; disclosing information about identified risks; development and introduction of effective control measures aimed at risk control beyond borders of acceptability. Execution of the mentioned above steps could provide efficiency of the system of internal control that is efficiency of managerial decisions promoting favorable development of finance and economic activity.

SELISIH BIAYA PRODUKSI SEBAGAI ALAT PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN PT INDO PUSAKA BERAU

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 397
Author(s):  
SAFITRI NURHIDAYATI ◽  
RIZKI AMELYA SYAM
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Material Costs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to analyze whether the difference that occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor, and factory overhead costs between the standard costs and the actual costs in PLTU LATI is a difference that is favorable or unfavorable. Data collection techniques with field research and library research. The analytical tool used is the analysis of the difference in raw material costs, the difference in direct labor costs and the difference in factory overhead costs. The hypothesis in this study is that the difference allegedly occurs in the cost of raw materials, direct labor costs, and factory overhead costs at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb is a favorable difference. The results showed that the difference in the cost of producing MWh electricity at PT Indo Pusaka Berau Tanjung Redeb in 2018, namely the difference in the price of raw material costs Rp. 548,029.80, - is favorable, the difference in quantity of raw materials is Rp. 957,216,602, - is (favorable) , the difference in direct labor costs Rp 2,602,642,084, - is (unfavorable), and the difference in factory overhead costs Rp 8,807,051,422, - is (favorable) This shows that the difference in the overall production cost budget is favorable or profitable. This beneficial difference shows that the company is really able to reduce production costs optimally in 2018.  

Effect of Financial Control Mechanisms on Performance of Income Generating Units in Selected Public Universities in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (V) ◽  
pp. 286-304
Author(s):  
Shadrack Musunkui Towett ◽  
Isaac Naibei ◽  
Williter Rop
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Public Universities ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms

In an attempt to bridge the gap between the budgetary allocations and actual expenditures most universities have started income generating units with the aim of boosting their operational expenses. Whereas there is the potential of the use of Income Generating Units (IGUs) to generate additional funds, most universities still experience challenges in full implementation and realization of the revenue goal. This study therefore sought to determine the financial control mechanisms affecting performance of income generating units among selected public universities. The study sought to determine the effect of internal controls, credit policies, financial risk management and internal audit on performance of income generating units in selected universities. Targeted population was all the 290 employees in the IGU departments of selected public universities. The respondents were sampled using simple random sampling so as to enable equal representation of the target population without any biasness. Data collection was done using the questionnaire to ensure sufficient data was collected from the respondents. Descriptive statistics assisted in the determination of respondent’s views and opinions on every variable. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis into meaningful, precise and comprehensive statements and presented in quotations. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 21 and data presented in form of figures and tables. The study ensured that all ethical considerations were considered by the study. The findings were that most employed Income Generating Units in Public Universities were Collection of rental fees, Evening and executive programs and Trainings of both short and long courses while the least was established to be Sales of memorabilia and books. All the financial control mechanism investigated namely internal audit, internal control measures, risk management strategies and credit policies had large extents of adoption in the selected universities. The results of the regression analysis showed that the financial control mechanisms investigated had a significant positive relationship on performance of the IGUs. Specifically, 47% of the variation of the performance of IGUs was established to be explained by the studied factors. The study concluded that the performance of the IGUs among the selected public universities was largely accounted for by the implemented financial control measures. Therefore effective financial control mechanisms is concluded to lead to better IGU performance whereas shortcomings in the financial control mechanisms is concluded to lead to diminished returns in the IGUs. The study recommended that the management in charge of the IGU department in the public universities to prioritize the formulation, implementation and monitoring of financial control mechanisms in the IGUs. To facilitate effective financial controls, the study recommended that the management especially those in the audit section to conduct regular checks and inspections on the IGUs. Additionally, frequent reforms were recommended to address the shortcomings experienced in integrating financial control measures in IGUs.

Experimental Research on the Qualitative Characteristics of Iron Ores and Ferrous Waste That Can Be Used in Blast Furnace Mixt Injection Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
pp. 3835-3842
Author(s):  
Mihai Dumitru Tudor ◽  
Mircea Hritac ◽  
Nicolae Constantin ◽  
Mihai Butu ◽  
Valeriu Rucai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Coal Dust ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Iron Ores ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Injection Technology ◽  
Direct Use

Direct use of iron ores in blast furnaces, without prior sintering leads to a reduction in production costs and energy consumption [1,2]. Fine-grained iron ores and iron oxides from ferrous wastes can be used together with coal dust and limestone in mixed injection technology through the furnace tuyeres. In this paper are presented the results of experimental laboratory investigations for establishing the physic-chemical characteristics of fine materials (iron ore, limestone, pulverized coal) susceptible to be used for mixed injection in blast furnace. [1,4]. The results of the experimental research have shown that all the raw materials analyzed can be used for mixt injection in blast furnace.

Characterizing the effectiveness of COVID-19 mitigation measures: A data-centric approach (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukman Olagoke ◽  
Ahmet E. Topcu
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The World ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND COVID-19 represents a serious threat to both national health and economic systems. To curb this pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a series of COVID-19 public safety guidelines. Different countries around the world initiated different measures in line with the WHO guidelines to mitigate and investigate the spread of COVID-19 in their territories. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of these control measures using a data-centric approach. METHODS We begin with a simple text analysis of coronavirus-related articles and show that reports on similar outbreaks in the past strongly proposed similar control measures. This reaffirms the fact that these control measures are in order. Subsequently, we propose a simple performance statistic that quantifies general performance and performance under the different measures that were initiated. A density based clustering of based on performance statistic was carried out to group countries based on performance. RESULTS The performance statistic helps evaluate quantitatively the impact of COVID-19 control measures. Countries tend show variability in performance under different control measures. The performance statistic has negative correlation with cases of death which is a useful characteristics for COVID-19 control measure performance analysis. A web-based time-line visualization that enables comparison of performances and cases across continents and subregions is presented. CONCLUSIONS The performance metric is relevant for the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 control measures. This can help caregivers and policymakers identify effective control measures and reduce cases of death due to COVID-19. The interactive web visualizer provides easily digested and quick feedback to augment decision-making processes in the COVID-19 response measures evaluation. CLINICALTRIAL Not Applicable

The Economics of Commodities and Commodity Markets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Ielpo
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Spot Prices ◽  
Supply Shocks ◽  
The Business Cycle

This chapter covers the economic fundamentals of commodity markets (i.e., what shapes the evolution of the price of raw materials) in three steps. First, it covers the theories explaining why the futures curve can be upward or downward sloping, an essential element for commodity producing companies. The evolution of inventories and hedging pressures are the two dominant sources of explanation. Second, the chapter reviews the fundamentals of commodity spot prices: technologies, supply, demand, and speculation. Production costs draw the long-term evolution of prices, but demand and supply shocks can trigger substantial variations in commodity prices. Third, the chapter presents how commodity prices interact with the business cycle. Commodities are influenced by the world activity but can also have a material impact on it.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Epidemic Preventive Policies and Hospital Strategies in Combating COVID-19 Outbreak in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3456
Author(s):  
Ting Wan Tan ◽  
Han Ling Tan ◽  
Man Na Chang ◽  
Wen Shu Lin ◽  
Chih Ming Chang
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Test ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Epidemic Control

(1) Background: The implementation of effective control measures in a timely fashion is crucial to control the epidemic outbreak of COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to analyze the control measures implemented during the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as evaluating the responses and outcomes at different phases for epidemic control in Taiwan. (2) Methods: This case study reviewed responses to COVID-19 and the effectiveness of a range of control measures implemented for epidemic control in Taiwan and assessed all laboratory-confirmed cases between 11 January until 20 December 2020, inclusive of these dates. The confirmation of COVID-19 infection was defined as the positive result of a reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction test taken from a nasopharyngeal swab. Test results were reported by the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. The incidence rate, mortality rate, and testing rate were compiled, and the risk ratio was provided to gain insights into the effectiveness of prevention measures. (3) Results and Discussion: This study presents retrospective data on the COVID-19 incidence rate in Taiwan, combined with the vital preventive control measures, in a timeline of the early stage of the epidemic that occurred in Taiwan. The implementation of multiple strategy control measures and the assistance of technologies to control the COVID-19 epidemic in Taiwan led to a relatively slower trend in the outbreak compared to the neighboring countries. In Taiwan, 766 confirmed patients were included, comprised of 88.1% imported cases and 7.2% local transmission cases, within the studied period. The incidence rate of COVID-19 in Taiwan during the studied period was 32 per million people, with a mortality rate of 0.3 per million people. Our analysis showed a significantly raised incidence risk ratio in the countries of interest in comparison to Taiwan during the study period; in the range of 1.9 to 947.5. The outbreak was brought under control through epidemic policies and hospital strategies implemented by the Taiwan Government. (4) Conclusion: Taiwan’s preventive strategies resulted in a drastically lower risk for Taiwan nationals of contracting COVID-19 when new pharmaceutical drug or vaccines were not yet available. The preventive strategies employed by Taiwan could serve as a guide and reference for future epidemic control strategies.

scholarly journals Molecular Identification of Mushroom Species in Italy: An Ongoing Project Aimed at Reinforcing the Control Measures of an Increasingly Appreciated Sustainable Food

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Alice Giusti ◽  
Enrica Ricci ◽  
Laura Gasperetti ◽  
Marta Galgani ◽  
Luca Polidori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Winning Strategy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Mushroom Poisoning ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Mushroom Species ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Genotypic Analysis

Proper investment in mushroom production (farming and wild mushroom picking activities) may represent a winning strategy for many countries, including Italy, to better face the problems of food security and environmental impact, and to break away from imports, enhancing the local products. However, the risk related to the consumption of poisoning species requires governments to implement or reinforce effective control measures to protect consumers. Mushroom identification by phenotype observation is hardly applicable if morphologically-similar species, non-whole specimens, or clinical samples are involved. Genotypic analysis is a valid alternative. An ongoing research project involving the Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lazio and Tuscany, the regional Mycological Inspectorate, the Tuscany Mycological Groups Association, and the Department of Veterinary Sciences of the University of Pisa aims to reinforce the collaboration among institutions for the management of mushroom poisoning. The core’s project aims to develop an internal genetic database to support the identification of wild and cultivated mushroom species in the Italian territory. The database will include Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences retrieved from official databases (the NCBI GenBank and the BOLD system) which are considered to be reliable, after a proper selection process, and sequences from specimens collected directly and identified by expert mycologists. Once it is validated, the database will be available and further implementable by the official network of national laboratories.

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