Market Segmentation and Software Security: Pricing Patching Rights

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 4575-4597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrence August ◽  
Duy Dao ◽  
Kihoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Software Security ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Strategic Pricing ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
The Status ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Security Pricing

The patching approach to security in the software industry has been less effective than desired. One critical issue with the status quo is that the endowment of “patching rights” (the ability for a user to choose whether security updates are applied) lacks the incentive structure to induce better security-related decisions. However, producers can differentiate their products based on the provision of patching rights. By characterizing the price for these rights, the optimal discount provided to those who relinquish rights and have their systems automatically updated in a timely manner, and the consumption and protection strategies taken by users in equilibrium as they strategically interact because of the security externality associated with product vulnerabilities, it is shown that the optimal pricing of these rights can segment the market in a manner that leads to both greater security and greater profitability. This policy greatly reduces unpatched populations and has a relative hike in profitability that is increasing in the extent to which patches are bundled together. Social welfare may decrease when automated patching costs are small because strategic pricing contracts usage in the market and also incentivizes loss-inefficient choices. However, welfare benefits when the policy either (1) greatly expands automatic updating in cases in which it is minimally observed or (2) significantly reduces the patching process burden of those who most value the software. This paper was accepted by Anandhi Bharadwaj, information systems.

OPTIMAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE TEXAS ELECTRICITY MARKET

2016 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650010 ◽  
Author(s):  
WICHSINEE WIBULPOLPRASERT
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Welfare Gain ◽  
Energy Investment ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
The Status

Renewable electricity subsidies have been popular policy instruments to combat climate change because of their ability to offset emissions. This paper studies the long-run welfare benefits of optimizing the design of the existing renewable energy subsidy (the status quo) in the presence of heterogeneity in the offset emissions. In particular, I measure the welfare gain from differentiating renewable subsidies across location and time to reflect the environmental benefits from emissions offset in the context of wind energy in the Texas electricity market. I find that the welfare gain from differentiation is small compared to the gain already achieved under the status quo subsidy. In contrast, the optimal emissions tax yields much larger welfare gain because it engages in other cost-effective emissions abatement channels that renewable energy subsidies do not: namely, demand conservation and cross-plant fuel substitution.

scholarly journals Advance Health Care Directives and “Public Guardian”: The Italian Supreme Court Requests the Status of Current and Not Future Inability

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Paolo Busardò ◽  
Stefania Bello ◽  
Matteo Gulino ◽  
Simona Zaami ◽  
Paola Frati
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Advance Directives ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Health Care Decisions ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Guardian

Advance health care decisions animate an intense debate in several European countries, which started more than 20 years ago in the USA and led to the adoption of different rules, based on the diverse legal, sociocultural and philosophical traditions of each society. In Italy, the controversial issue of advance directives and end of life’s rights, in the absence of a clear and comprehensive legislation, has been over time a subject of interest of the Supreme Court. Since 2004 a law introduced the “Public Guardian,” aiming to provide an instrument of assistance to the person lacking in autonomy because of an illness or incapacity. Recently, this critical issue has once again been brought to the interest of the Supreme Court, which passed a judgment trying to clarify the legislative application of the appointment of the Guardian in the field of advance directives.

Markers of demonism in the appearance and behavior of mythological characters (Polesye and Carpatho- Ukrainian beliefs about deceased unbaptized children)

2020 ◽  
pp. 365-384
Author(s):  
Lyudmila N. Vinogradova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Folk Beliefs ◽  
Character System ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
The Status ◽  
Evil Spirits ◽  
The Dead ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Behavior

Representations of deceased unbaptized children as mythologized beings are more or less common in all Slavic traditions, but these characters occupy a different place in different regional mythologies. In some beliefs, they are perceived as relatively harmless souls from among their relatives, who must be considered, remembered in a timely manner, observe certain prohibitions on memorial days, and so on. In others beliefs, they are very dangerous spirits that can provoke various troubles, diseases and natural disasters. In some beliefs, these mythical creatures do not stand out from the total number of “unclean” dead. Accordingly, not everywhere these spirits form an independent class of demonological images in the general ethnic character system, they are not universally designated by specific terms and have a set of stable mythological characteristics. The article examines folk beliefs recorded in Polesye and in the Ukrainian Carpathians about the demonization of the souls of unbaptized children, and also attempts to characterize this category of the dead in terms of their speech behavior, which indicates the character’s acquisition of the status of evil spirits. The active speech behavior of these spirits characteristic of the Carpathian-Ukrainian tradition may indicate a high level of development of their mythological characteristics in the folk demonology of the Carpathian region, which preserves numerous archaic ethnocultural features.

Construction and Perspective Thinking of the Training Model of Teachers’ Application Ability in Online Class: Take Sichuan Cloud Education as an Example

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 975-988
Author(s):  
Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Training Model ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Online Class ◽  
The Status ◽  
Limited Application ◽  
Promotion Process ◽  
Previous Training

Improving teachers’ online class application ability is a critical issue that needs to be addressed in the Sichuan Cloud Education promotion process. The four-stage training model of Sichuan Cloud Education constructs a reproducible and easy-to-promote online class teacher’s application ability model. It provides practical solutions to poor pertinence and limited application in previous training and provides a reference for China to promote the teaching team’s construction in the information environment. This paper started from the status quo and problems of “Sichuan Cloud Education,” then explored its training model and curriculum system, and finally put forward some perspective thoughts on the development of “cloud education.”

scholarly journals The effect of applying the accounting reservation on the quality of the accounting information for the published financial statements – An analytical study of the " Basu" model –: أثر تطبيق التحفظ المحاسبي في جودة المعلومات المحاسبية للقوائم المالية المنشورة – دراسة تحليلية لنموذج " Basu" –

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (15) ◽  
pp. 103-84
Author(s):  
Zakia Seid Benzerrouk, Imane Ahmed laamari Zakia Seid Benzerrouk, Imane Ahmed laamari
Keyword(s):  
Precautionary Principle ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Bad News ◽  
Good News ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
The Precautionary Principle ◽  
The Status

  In his interpretation of the precautionary principle, Basu believes that Conservatism in accounting leads to adverse expectations in most cases, as "bad news" affects profits faster than "good news". He concluded that the precautionary principle implies inconsistent differences between bad news and good news in a timely manner and impedes normally the continuity of the flow of profits. To prove his theory, Basu did a field study based on a study of the sensitivity of the profits of shares of economic companies, to measure the reality of bad news from and good news on the status of profits and the rate of. He found that the return on interest or negative gains are twice to six times greater than the returns of Positive earnings. He emphasized I expect and feel that the sensitivity of profits is greatly influenced by bad news.

Sustainable developments and corporate social responsibility in Vietnamese fashion enterprises

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajkishore Nayak ◽  
Long Nguyen Van Thang ◽  
Tu Nguyen ◽  
Julia Gaimster ◽  
Rebecca Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Corporate Social

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to investigate the status of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility in fashion enterprises in Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is qualitative in nature and utilized a multiple case study approach (questionnaires and face-to-face interviews) to achieve the objectives of the research. NVivo was used to analyze the data.FindingsFindings showed that by collaborating with the local artisans to create the unique clothing lines, the fashion brands try to blend and upscale the traditional indigenous clothing styles with modern design concepts to promote the diversity of Vietnamese ethnic culture. The findings also suggest that both the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises (LEs) should maintain their corporate social responsibility (CSR) concepts to comply with the legal obligations such as salary and welfare benefits for employees, work safety, gender equality and promotions. Further, the CSR activities should address the social issues with their target stakeholders, particularly with the local communities.Originality/valueThis study sought to provide a snapshot on the current sustainable practices followed in Vietnamese fashion enterprises.

One-to-One Paraprofessionals for Students With Disabilities in Inclusive Classrooms: Is Conventional Wisdom Wrong?

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Giangreco
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Inclusive Classrooms ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
Common Response ◽  
The Status ◽  
One To One ◽  
Support Students ◽  
General Education Classrooms

Abstract Assigning one-to-one paraprofessionals has become an increasingly common response to support students with intellectual and other developmental disabilities in general education classrooms. This article challenges the conventional wisdom that such an approach to service provision is necessarily a desirable and supportive action. Five main reasons are presented that challenge overreliance on the use of one-to-one paraprofessionals in inclusive classrooms, establishing it as a critical issue in special education. A series of recommended positions and initial actions are offered to spur debate and encourage development of alternatives to the status quo.

The Status of Research on Self-Sensing Properties of CNT-Cement Based Composites and Prospective Applications to SHM

2013 ◽  
Vol 569-570 ◽  
pp. 759-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Rainieri ◽  
Carmen Pannunzio ◽  
Yi Song ◽  
Giovanni Fabbrocino ◽  
Mark J. Schulz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Cement Composites ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Civil Structures ◽  
The Status ◽  
Human Nervous System ◽  
Theoretical Developments

Degradation phenomenacan affect civil structures over their lifespan. The recent advances innanotechnology and sensing allow to monitor the behaviour of a structure,assess its performance and identify damage at an early stage. Thus, maintenanceactions can be carried out in a timely manner, improving structural reliabilityand safety. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is traditionally performed at aglobal level, with a limited number of sensors distributed over a relativelylarge area of a structure. Thus, only major damage conditions are detectable. Densesensor networks and innovative structural neural systems, reproducing thestructure and the function of the human nervous system, may overcome thisdrawback of current SHM systems. Miniaturization and embedment are keyrequirements for successful implementation of structural neural systems. Carbonnanotubes (CNT) can play an attractive role in the development of embeddedsensors and smart structural materials, since they provide to traditionalmaterials like cement both structural capability and measurable response toapplied stresses, strains, cracks and other flaws. In this paper the mainresults of an extensive literature review about CNT/cement composites and theirself-sensing capabilities are summarized and critically revised. The analysisof experimental results and theoretical developments provides useful designcriteria for the fabrication of CNT/cement composites optimized for SHM applicationsin civil engineering.

The Role of Eco-Municipalities in Climate Change for a Sustainable Future

2018 ◽  
pp. 506-524
Author(s):  
Seda H. Bostanci ◽  
Ayse Nur Albayrak
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Sustainable Future ◽  
The Status ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Participation Mechanisms

Creating a sustainable future for cities is a critical issue worldwide and municipalities help shape cities from different perspectives. An eco-municipality is a governance strategy and holistic approach to creating sustainable communities and development. The sustainable strategies and projects of these municipalities mostly focus on public participation mechanisms, creating and building renewable energy sources, and designing healthy and green cities. The aim of this chapter is to examine the status of the strongly connected studies concerning global climate change and the eco-municipality model. In this regard, the projects and strategies of Nordic countries which have been pioneers in eco-municipalities and the studies of Turkish municipalities which have recently taken action to develop integrated environmental approaches will be discussed. In addition, an evaluation of projects and strategies of local governments in Turkey relevant to climate change will be critiqued.

Water management in Bangladesh: an analytical review

Water Policy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasima Tanveer Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
River Morphology ◽  
Inland Navigation ◽  
Salinity Control ◽  
The Status ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
The Ganges ◽  
Management Issues

Water management in Bangladesh is a critical issue owing to growing demand and increasing conflict between alternative uses. Demand for water is growing rapidly in agriculture mainly from irrigation for cereal production, the urban and industrial sector, fishery, inland navigation and salinity control. The supply of clean and uncontaminated water has fallen far short of demand owing to inadequate flows in the Ganges, pollution caused by the disposal of effluents and chemicals, salinity intrusion in the coastal area and arsenic contamination. Further, the availability of freshwater is highly seasonal depending on the presence and duration of the monsoon. The incidence of both flood and drought in a yearly cycle profoundly affects river morphology. This paper identifies various geographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors that shape the water management issues of Bangladesh. The paper mainly concerns the status and trend of these issues.

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