Antimicrobial Properties of Rosa Indica (A New Start with Nature)

Plants have been played an important role as a resource of natural medicines for human health, from the long period of time. Some plants show antimicrobial properties. The most important merit of using plant derived medicines is that they are low priced, readily available and showing minor side effect. The present study deals with the antibacterial potential of crude extracts of petals of Rosa indica. Through agar disk diffusion method the antimicrobial potential of Rosa indica was examined. Petals were collected, dried and its crude extract was obtained. Methanol and acetone were used as the extraction solvent. These extract were examined against two gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus) and two gram-negative (E-coli, Salmonella typhi) bacteria. Extracts prepared by all solvents showed antimicrobial action and established zone(s) of inhibition. By performing phytochemical tests we have observed positive results for flavanoid, tannin and alkaloid. These phytochemical have capability to inhibit the growth of microorganism or can fight against microorganism. Rich source of compounds have been obtained in this particular plant. For inhibition of multiple drug resistant microorganisms, this extract can be tested. For making herbal drugs, extract of Rosa indica may prove to be useful as an advance step in future.

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Comparative Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Ficus capensis, Aristolochia ringens, Albizia zygia and Lannea welwitschii

Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.3329/dujps.v16i2.35249 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 147-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wilfred O Obonga ◽

Philip F Uzor ◽

Emmanuel O Ekwealor ◽

Sampson C Nwabuko

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Traditional Medicines ◽

E Coli ◽

Dpph Scavenging

The present study was aimed at a comparative study of the phytoconstituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of four medicinal plants, Ficus capensis, Aristolochia ringens, Albizia zygia and Lannea welwitschii. The leaf of F. capensis and stem bark of A. ringens, A. zygia and L. welwitschii were extracted using methanol. Phytochemical analysis was done spectrophotometrically. Three in vitro antioxidant tests-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydroxyl (DPPH) scavenging models were employed. Antimicrobial test was done by agar diffusion method against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiela pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans and Aspergittus spp. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the most abundant phytoconstituents were flavonoids (F. capensis and A. zygia), reducing sugar, terpenoids, alkaloids and tannins. In the antioxidant models, A. zygia was found to produce the least IC50 in two of the models (NO and DPPH). Results of the antimicrobial tests showed that A. zygia showed a broader spectrum of activity than other plants. This study has shown that these plants possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activities which further justify their usage in traditional medicines. A. zygia featured prominently in these activities. Also flavonoids could be responsible for the bioactivities of these plants.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 16(2): 147-157, 2017 (December)

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Phylogenetic Groups ofEscherichia coliStrains from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Iran Based on the New Clermont Phylotyping Method

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2015/846219 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Darioush Iranpour ◽

Mojtaba Hassanpour ◽

Hossein Ansari ◽

Saeed Tajbakhsh ◽

Gholamreza Khamisipour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Phylogenetic Groups ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

E Coli ◽

Pcr Method

Objectives.In 2013, Clermont classifiedE. colistrains into eight phylogenetic groups using a new quadruplex PCR method. The aims of this study were to identify the phylogenetic groups ofE. colibased on this method and to assess their antibiotic resistance patterns in Bushehr, Iran.Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 140E. coliisolates were subjected to phylogenetic typing by a quadruplex PCR method. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method.Results. Phylogenetic group B2 was most predominant (39.3%), followed by unknown (27.1%), E (9.3%), C and clade I (each 6.4%), B1 (5%), F and D (each 2.9%), and A (0.7%). The most common antibiotic resistance was related to amoxicillin (82.1%) and the least to meropenem (0.7%). 82.14% of isolates were multiple drug resistant (MDR). Antibiotic resistance was mainly detected in group B2 (50%).Conclusions.Our findings showed the high prevalence of MDRE. coliisolates with dominance of group B2. About 25% ofE. coliisolates belong to the newly described phylogroups C, E, F, and clade I. Such studies need to be done also in other regions to provide greater understanding of the antibiotic resistance pattern and the prevalences of different phylogenetic groups.

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UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine americana Merr) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli DAN Salmonella typhi

PHARMACON ◽

10.35799/pha.9.2020.31360 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 525

Author(s):

Rafi’a Adinda Putri ◽

Herny E.I. Simbala ◽

Deby A. Mpila

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Activity Test ◽

Paper Disk ◽

Eleutherine Americana

ABSTRACTDayak onions (Eleutherine americana Merr) has been used as a traditional plant which has benefits for many diseases, one of them is antibacterial. This study aims to determine the growth inhibition of ethanol extract of Dayak onions leaves on the bacterium S. aureus, E. coli and S. typhi using three concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60%. Extraction was done by maceration method using ethanol 96%. Antibacterial activity test was performing using the paper disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer diffusion). The results showed that ethanol extract of bawang dayak has the potential as an antibacterial and has antibacterial strength against S. aureus, E. coli and S. typhi. At concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60% forming inhibition zone diameters (16.23 mm, 19.18 mm, 21.25 mm) S. aureus, (10.7 mm, 13.98 mm, 15.87 mm) E. coli, and (14.43 mm, 14.6 mm, 17.2 mm) S. typhi. At concentration of 20%, 40% and 60% included strong groups to inhibit E. coli and S. typhi, while at concentration of 60%, it is included in a very strong group to inhibit the S. aureus bacteria. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Bawang Dayak , Kirby-Bauer diffusion method ABSTRAK Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine americana Merr) telah digunakan sebagai tanaman tradisional yang bermanfaat bagi banyak penyakit salah satunya sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ekstrak etanol bawang dayak terhadap bakteri S. aureus, E.coli dan S. typhi menggunakan tiga kosentrasi yaitu 20%, 40% dan 60%. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan etanol 96%. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunkan metode difusi dengan cakram kertas (difusi Kirby-Bauer). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol bawang dayak berpotensi sebagai antibakteri dan memiliki kekuatan antibakteri terhadap S. aureus, E. coli dan S. typhi. Pada konsentrasi 20%, 40% dan 60% membentuk diameter zona hambat (16.23 mm, 19.18 mm, 21.25 mm) pada S. aureus, (10.7 mm, 13.98 mm, 15,87 mm) pada E. coli, (14.43 mm, 14.6 mm, 17.2 mm) pada S. typhi. Pada konsentrasi 20%, 40% dan 60% termasuk golongan kuat untuk menghambat bakteri E. coli dan S. typhi, sedangkan pada konsentrasi 60% termasuk dalam golongan sangat kuat untuk menghambat bakteri S. aureus. Kata kunci: Aktivitas antibakteri, Bawang Dayak, metode difusi Kirby-Bauer

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Drug of Choice in the Treatment of Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR) Salmonellae Isolated from Wildlife in Nigeria

Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences ◽

10.36108/jvbs/9102.20.0112 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 170-180

Author(s):

O. O. Oludairo

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Salmonella Infections ◽

Multiple Drug Resistant

Multiple drug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella are frequently encountered with increased rates in recent years. Many variants of the organism have developed MDR genes which they retain even when antimicrobial drugs are no more in use, limiting the choice of drugs for therapy of Salmonella infections resulting in morbidity and mortality in both man and animals and raising more public health questions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Salmonella spp. to twelve antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Eight Salmonella spp. isolated from wildlife were tested. All the isolates exhibited MDR, showing resistance to at least four and up to nine antimicrobial agents. They were all highly resistant (100%) to ceftazidime, cephazoline, cefuroxidine and ampicillin but were susceptible to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin. Six resistant patterns were observed, with ampicillin-cefuroxime sodiumcephazolin-ceftazidime and streptomycin-ampicillin-cefuroxime sodium-cephazolin-ceftazidime resistant patterns exhibited by two isolates each. The substantial multiple resistance pointed to the fact that limitations could be faced in choosing drugs for the treatment of Salmonella infections and that mortality and economic losses could be experienced especially if sensitivity tests are not carried out before antimicrobial choice is made for treatments in both man and animals.

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Detection of MCR-1 Gene in Multiple Drug Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in Human Clinical Samples from Peshawar, Pakistan

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening ◽

10.2174/1386207323666200914100119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 ◽

Author(s):

Fareeha Hameed ◽

Muhammad Asif Khan ◽

Hazrat Bilal ◽

Hafsah Muhammad ◽

Tayyab Ur Rehman

Keyword(s):

Sequence Similarity ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Health Concern ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

E Coli ◽

Multiple Drug Resistant

Background: The presence of plasmid mediated mcr-1 gene in multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria poses a serious public health concern in today’s world. Objectives: The present study was aimed to detect the presence of plasmid mediated mcr-1 encoding resistance to colistin in multiple drug resistant (MDR) E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates. Methods: A total 180 clinical isolates of E. coli (n=120) and K. pneumoniae (n=60) were isolated from different clinical specimens i.e. urine, blood, stool and pus, from diagnostic labs of two major public sector tertiary care hospitals in Peshawar, Pakistan. MDR profile of these isolates was assessed through Kirby-Baur disc diffusion method. All isolates were screened for colistin resistance by dilution methods. Colistin resistant isolates were subjected to PCR for mcr-1 detection and confirmation was done by Sanger sequencing method. Results: Overall 83.3% (100/120) E. coli and 93.3% (56/60) K. pneumoniae were detected as MDR. Colistin resistance was found in 23.3% (28/120) E. coli and 40% (24/60) K. pneumoniae isolates whereas mcr-1 gene was detected in 10 out of 52 colistin resistant isolates including six E. coli and four K. pneumoniae isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of colistin in these ten mcr-1 positive isolates ranged from 4µg/ml to 16µg/ml. All mcr-1 positive isolates showed 99% sequence similarity when compared with other present sequences in GenBank. Conclusion: Hence, our study confirms the presence of mcr-1 mediated colistin resistance in the studied area. Therefore, urgently larger scale surveillance studies are recommended to investigate prevalence of mcr-1 mediated colistin resistance and to prevent its further spread in the area.

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Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance ofEscherichia coliIsolated from Chickens in Iran

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2014/491418 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Reza Talebiyan ◽

Mehdi Kheradmand ◽

Faham Khamesipour ◽

Mohammad Rabiee-Faradonbeh

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Poultry Industry ◽

E Coli ◽

Relative Risks ◽

Multiple Drug Resistant ◽

Commercial Broiler

Antimicrobial agents are used extremely in order to reduce the great losses caused byEscherichia coliinfections in poultry industry. In this study, 318 pathogenicEscherichia coli(APEC) strains isolated from commercial broiler flocks with coli-septicemia were examined for antimicrobials of both veterinary and human significance by disc diffusion method. Multiple resistances to antimicrobial agents were observed in all the isolates. Resistance to the antibiotics was as follows: Tylosin (88.68%), Erythromycin (71.70%), Oxytetracycline (43.40%), Sulfadimethoxine-Trimethoprim (39.62%), Enrofloxacin (37.74%), Florfenicol (35.85%), Chlortetracycline (33.96%), Doxycycline (16.98%), Difloxacin (32.08%), Danofloxacin (28.30%), Chloramphenicol (20.75%), Ciprofloxacin (7.55%), and Gentamicin (5.66%). This study showed resistance against the antimicrobial agents that are commonly applied in poultry, although resistance against the antibiotics that are only applied in humans or less frequently used in poultry was significantly low. This study emphasizes on the occurrence of multiple drug resistantE. coliamong diseased broiler chickens in Iran. The data revealed the relative risks of using antimicrobials in poultry industry. It also concluded that use of antibiotics must be limited in poultry farms in order to reduce the antibiotic resistances.

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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS FROM LEAVES OF PISTACIA INTEGERRIMA (ANACARDIACEAE) STEW EX BRAND

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i10.38955 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 90-92

Author(s):

HEM RAJ VASHIST ◽

SHIVANI DOGRA

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Herbal Remedy ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Zone Of Inhibition ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli

Purpose: The ethanol extract of leaves of Pistacia integerrima (EEPI) was evaluated for antibacterial activity. Methods: The leaves of P. integerrima were collected from wild source and authenticated by Dr. Manoj Joshi, botanist environmental education expert, Una, HP, India. Antimicrobial activity was performed using the Mueller–Hinton (MH) agar using disk diffusion method. In the MH agar media 38 g after dissolving in 1000 ml of distilled water (pH 7.3±0.2), the extract was incorporated such that concentration per ml will be 66.67 μg, 133.33 and, 166.66. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration recorded was 133.33 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhi, and Klebsiella pneumonia, whereas 166.6 for Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Escherichia coli. The maximum zone of inhibition was found 19 mm and 18 mm for S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. S. aureus have been reported for skin pneumonia, heart valve, and bone infections whereas E. coli causes diarrhea and many other infections in children. Conclusion: After reporting the better zone of inhibition for these two bacteria, EEPI can be used to formulate better herbal remedy against them.

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Evaluation of Extracts of Leaves of Crinum jagus for Antimicrobial Properties

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management ◽

10.4314/jasem.v24i7.11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (7) ◽

pp. 1197-1201

Author(s):

T.T. Alawode ◽

L. Lajide ◽

B.J. Owolabi ◽

M.T. Olaleye

Keyword(s):

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Penicillium Notatum ◽

E Coli ◽

Agar Diffusion ◽

Zones Of Inhibition

Plants have been used in ethno-medicine for ages in the treatment of various diseases. In the current study, the leaves of C. jagus are investigated for antimicrobial activities. The leaves were dried and extracted successively with hexane, ethylacetate and methanol. The concentrated extracts were screened for activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Klebisidlae pneumonae, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum and Rhizopus stolonifer at concentrations between 6.25 and 200 mg/ml using the agar diffusion method. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was also determined. The percentage yields obtained were 0.92 %, 1.20 % and 25.2 % for the hexane, ethylacetate and methanol extracts respectively. The zones of inhibition of the organisms by the extracts generally increased with the concentrations. The methanol extract showed the best activity of the three extracts tested. The methanol extract had values ranging between 20 mm and 26 mm against the bacteria at 200 mg/ml. This extract also showed values between 18 mm and 20 mm against the fungi at 200 mg/ml. The lowest MICs values (of 2.5 mg/ml) were obtained against S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis and S. typhi. The polar constituents in the leaves of the plant are likely responsible for the antimicrobial properties observed. None of the extracts showed activity comparable to those of the standard drugs, however the methanol extract showed some potential as a source of antimicrobial compounds. Keywords: Crinum jagus, antimicrobial, Agar diffusion, MIC

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Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogens Isolated from Patients Hospitalized in District Hospital in Central Poland in 2020

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040447 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 447

Author(s):

Barbara Kot ◽

Agata Grużewska ◽

Piotr Szweda ◽

Jolanta Wicha ◽

Urszula Parulska

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Central Poland ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Tract Infections

The aim of this study was to determine antibiotic resistance patterns and the prevalence of uropathogenes causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients hospitalized in January–June 2020 in central Poland. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk-diffusion method. Escherichia coli (52.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.7%), Enterococcus faecalis (9.3%), E. faecium (6.2%), and Proteus mirabilis (4,3%) were most commonly isolated from urine samples. E. coli was significantly more frequent in women (58.6%) (p = 0.0089) and in the age group 0–18, while K. pneumoniae was more frequent in men (24.4%) (p = 0.0119) and in individuals aged 40–60 and >60. Gram-negative species showed resistance to ampicillin. K. pneumoniae were resistant to amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid (75.0%), piperacillin plus tazobactam (76.2%), cefotaxime (76.2%), cefuroxime (81.0%), ciprofloxacin (81.0%), and trimethoprim plus sulphamethoxazole (81.0%). Carbapenems were effective against all E. coli and P. mirabilis. Some K. pneumoniae (13.6%) produced metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). E. coli (22.6%), K. pneumoniae (81.8%), and all E. faecium were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Some E. coli (26.2%), K. pneumoniae (63.6%), and P. mirabilis (14.3%) isolates produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium was also found. This study showed that the possibilities of UTIs therapy using available antibiotics become limited due to the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens.

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Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Raw Meats, Ready-to-Eat Meats, and Their Related Samples in One Health Context

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020326 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 326

Author(s):

Frederick Adzitey ◽

Nurul Huda ◽

Amir Husni Mohd Shariff

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Resistance Index ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

The Usa ◽

Raw Meats

Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) isolated from raw meats, ready-to-eat (RTE) meats and their related samples in Ghana. E. coli was isolated using the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Of the 200 examined meats and their related samples, 38% were positive for E. coli. Notably, E. coli was highest in raw beef (80%) and lowest in RTE pork (0%). The 45 E. coli isolates were resistant ≥ 50% to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and tetracycline. They were susceptible to azithromycin (87.1%), chloramphenicol (81.3%), imipenem (74.8%), gentamicin (72.0%) and ciprofloxacin (69.5%). A relatively high intermediate resistance of 33.0% was observed for ceftriaxone. E. coli from raw meats, RTE meats, hands of meat sellers and working tools showed some differences and similarities in their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. Half (51.1%) of the E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The E. coli isolates showed twenty-two different resistant patterns, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.0 to 0.7. The resistant pattern amoxicillin (A, n = 6 isolates) and amoxicillin-trimethoprim (A-TM, n = 6 isolates) were the most common. This study documents that raw meats, RTE meats and their related samples in Ghana are potential sources of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and pose a risk for the transfer of resistant bacteria to the food chain, environment and humans.

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