Short Communication:  The correlation between foot circumference with the body length, shoulder height, and pelvic width in Sumatran elephants  (Elephas maximus sumatranus)

Abstract. Wijayanto H, Wibowo DS, Widayanti R, Pangestiningsih TW, Wendo WD, Asvan M, Gunawan AS, Wirabrata M. 2021. Short Communication: The correlation between foot circumference with the body length, shoulder height, and pelvic width in Sumatran elephants (Elephas maximus sumatranus). Biodiversitas 22: 2635-2640. Sumatran elephants' body measurement is essential in conservation practices to perceive health status and determining medication doses. Considering elephants' size, the mahouts doing the recording can easily get harmed during their interaction with their animal. Therefore, easier method to shortening interaction time is urgently needed in estimating elephants' size. The aim of the research is to find out the correlations between forefoot and hindfoot circumference (FFC and HFC) with the body length (BL), shoulder height (SH), and pelvic width (PW) in Sumatran elephants. The correlation formula will very much reduce the time needed to measure the elephant size, since the mahouts only need to measure the foot circumference left by the elephant on the ground to predict BL, SH, and PW. The anatomical data were collected from adult elephants in Aceh, Safari Park Indonesia, Gembira Loka Zoo, Borobudur Park, and PLG Duri Pekanbaru. Measurements were done using modified Vernier calipers and roll meters, referring to standardized methods. The data then calculated using correlation and linear-regression test. From the results, we found that the FFC has very strong correlation with SH (R=0.809) and strong correlations with BL (R=0.769) and PW(R=0.73). Results from the HFC show very strong correlation with PW (R=0.826) and strong correlations with BL (R=0.775) and SH (R=0.747). In the conclusion, the foot circumference is very useful to predict the elephant's size and can much reduce the mahouts' risk by minimizing interaction time needed in elephant’s body measurement. For the field researcher, they are not necessary to meet with the elephants to predict the elephant’s size in the wild.

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Morphometrics of a wild Asian elephant exhibiting disproportionate dwarfism

10.7287/peerj.preprints.234 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Shermin de Silva ◽

U. Sameera Weerathunga ◽

T. V. Pushpakumara

Keyword(s):

Body Length ◽

Single Case ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Asian Elephant ◽

Skeletal Growth ◽

Elephas Maximus ◽

In The Wild ◽

The Subject ◽

Free Ranging ◽

Physical Conformation

Dwarfism is a condition characterized by shorter stature, at times accompanied by differential skeletal growth proportions relative to the species-typical physical conformation. Causes vary and are well-documented in humans as well as certain mammalian species in captive or laboratory conditions, but rarely observed in the wild. Here we report on a single case of apparent dwarfism in a free-ranging adult male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Sri Lanka, comparing physical dimensions to those of other males in the same population, males in other populations, and previous records. The subject was shorter than typical mature males, with a shoulder height of approximately 195cm and a body length of 218cm. This ratio of body length to height also deviates from what is typically observed, which is nearly 1:1. The subject also exhibits a slight elongation of the skull. We discuss how this phenotype compares to cases of dwarfism in other non-human animals.

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Kinerja Kerbau Betina di Pulau MOA, Maluku (The Productivity of Female Buffaloes at MOA Island, Maluku)

Buletin Peternakan ◽

10.21059/buletinpeternak.v34i1.106 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Justinus Pipiana ◽

Endang Baliarti ◽

I Gede Suparta Budisatria

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Length ◽

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Secondary Data ◽

The Body ◽

Survey Method ◽

Reproductive Efficiency ◽

Body Measurements ◽

Body Measurement ◽

Reproduction Efficiency

The objectives of the study was to identify the existence, productivity, reproductive performances and its relation on the reproductive efficiency, body measurements and weight of female buffalo at Moa island, Maluku Barat Daya regency, Maluku province. There were 96 farmers used as respondents, 222 female buffaloes and secondary data from Agricultural Department in that area that were observed. Survey method and descriptive analysis were applied to collect all of information required. Body measurement was accompleted by direct measurement on the body, consisted of body length, withers height, chest depth, heart girth, rump height, rump width, and ages of buffaloes evaluated. The results showed that reproduction efficiency (RE) was 70.91±10.84%. Body measurements and weight of female buffaloes at 2-3 year old were body length 88.92±9.94 cm; heart girth 136.69±21.05 cm; withers height 94.77±7.23 cm; rump height 44.77±5.54 cm; and body weight 192.46±29.12 kg. At 3-4 years old of female buffaloes, the body length, heart girth, withers height, rump height, chest depth, rump width and body weight were 106,21±4,19 cm; 163.61±16.40 cm; 110.03±6.14 cm; 109.08±5.88 cm; 65.58±6.69 cm; 46.82±4.62 cm; and 253.45±30.79 kg, respectively. At 4-5 year old, the body length, heart girth, withers height, rump height, chest depth, rump width, and body weight of females buffaloes were 116.14±10.98 cm; 174.04±12.12 cm; 115.07±3.23 cm; 113.07±3.74 cm; 67.36±7.44 cm; 48.07±3.74 cm; and 270,42±27,24 kg, respectively, while for female buffaloes of more than 5 year old, were 121.44±12.22 cm; 180.01±16.63 cm; 120.19±3.76; 119.49±13.74 cm; 79.40±5.52 cm; 58.72±4.88 cm; and 292.09±29.76 kg. It was concluded that productivity of female buffaloes at Moa island have not optimalet, but it has good performances which can be further developed.(Key words: Productivity, Female Buffaloes, Moa Island)

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Morphometrics of a wild Asian elephant exhibiting disproportionate dwarfism

10.7287/peerj.preprints.234v1 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Shermin de Silva ◽

U. Sameera Weerathunga ◽

T. V. Pushpakumara

Keyword(s):

Body Length ◽

Single Case ◽

Mammalian Species ◽

Asian Elephant ◽

Skeletal Growth ◽

Elephas Maximus ◽

In The Wild ◽

The Subject ◽

Free Ranging ◽

Physical Conformation

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BOBOT BADAN DAN UKURAN TUBUH SAPI PERAH BETINA FRIES HOLLAND DI WILAYAH DESA CIPANGRAMATAN KECAMATAN CIKAJANG KABUPATEN GARUT Body Weight and Body Measurement of FH Heifers in Cipangramatan Village Area Cikajang Subdistrict Garut Regency

JANHUS: Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Journal of Animal Husbandry Science ◽

10.52434/janhus.v3i1.501 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Tendy Kusmayadi ◽

Ryan Aryanto

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Length ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Sampling Method ◽

The Body ◽

Survey Method ◽

Body Measurement ◽

Descriptive Method

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan memperoleh gambaran mengenai Bobot Badan dan Ukuran Tubuh Ternak Sapi Perah Betina Fries Holland di wilayah Desa Cipangramatan Kecamatan Cikajang. Objek penelitian adalah ternak sapi perah betina Friesh Holland yang ada di wilayah desa Cipangramatan yang umurnya berkisar 15-20 bulan yaitu sebanyak 33 ekor. Penelitian dilaksanakan di wilayah desa Cipangramatan. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama satu bulan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survey. Penentuan sampel menggunakan sampel acak sederhana (simpel random sampling). Keseluruhan data yang diperoleh diolah secara deskriptif analitik, dengan peubah yang diamati adalah bobot badan, lingkar dada, tinggi pundak, panjang badan, lebar dada, dan lebar pinggul. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sapi perah betina FH di wilayah desa Cipangramatan memiliki rata-rata bobot badan 307,10 ± 23,49 kg, rata-rata lingkar dada 156,88 ± 3,90 cm, rata-rata tinggi pundak 118,29 ± 5,17 cm, rata-rata panjang badan 125,70 ± 2,36 cm, rata-rata lebar dada 29,27 ± 0,95 cm dan rata lebar pinggul 36,45 ± 1,35 cm. Kesimpulannya bahwa bobot badan dan ukuran tubuh sapi perah FH di wilayah Desa Cipangramatan dapat dikategorikan baik. Kata kunci : Sapi Perah FH, Bobot Badan dan Ukuran Tubuh.. Abstract This resarch aims to study and obtain get description about the Body Weight and Body Measurement Fries Holland Heifers in the area of Cipangramatan Village, Cikajang District. Total object of this research was 33 heifers. The research was carried out in the area of Cipangramatan Village. The study was conducted for one month. The method of the research was survey method. Determining samples by random sampling method. The compiling data was processed under analytic descriptive method, with variables observed was body weight, girth, shoulder height, body length, chest width and hip width. Result of research showed that the avarege body weight was 307,10± 23,49 kg, girth156,88 ± 3,90 cm , shoulder height 118,29 ± 5,17 cm, body length125,70 ± 2,36 cm , chest width 29,27 ± 0,95 cm and hip width 36,45 ± 1,35 cm. The conclusion is that body weight and body measurement of FH heifers in the Cipangramatan Village area can be categorized as good. Keywords : FH heifers, body weight, and body measurement

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Digital 3D models of theropods for approaching body-mass distribution and volume

Journal of Iberian Geology ◽

10.1007/s41513-021-00172-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Matías Reolid ◽

Francisco J. Cardenal ◽

Jesús Reolid

Keyword(s):

Body Length ◽

Heat Dissipation ◽

Volume Ratio ◽

3D Models ◽

The Body ◽

3D Analysis ◽

Skull Length ◽

Knowing That ◽

Fossil Bones ◽

Primitive Forms

AbstractThe aim of this work is to obtain diverse morphometric data from digitized 3D models of scientifically accurate palaeoreconstructions of theropods from eight representative families. The analysed polyvinyl chloride (PVC) models belong to the genera Coelophysis, Dilophosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Allosaurus, Baryonyx, Carnotaurus, Giganotosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus. The scanned 3D models were scaled considering different body-size estimations of the literature. The 3D analysis of these genera provides information on the skull length and body length that allows for recognition of major evolutionary trends. The skull length/body length in the studied genera increases according with the size of the body from the smallest Coelophysis with a ratio of 0.093 to ratios of 0.119–0.120 for Tyrannosaurus and Giganotosaurus, the largest study theropods. The study of photogrammetric 3D models also provides morphometric information that cannot be obtained from the study of bones alone, but knowing that all reconstructions begin from the fossil bones, such as the surface/volume ratio (S/V). For the studied theropod genera surface/volume ratio ranges from 35.21 for Coelophysis to 5.55 for Tyrannosaurus. This parameter, closely related to the heat dissipation, help in the characterization of the metabolism of extinct taxa. Accordingly, slender primitive forms of the Early Jurassic (i.e. Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus) had relatively smaller skulls and higher mass-specific metabolic rates than the robust large theropods of the Cretaceous (i.e. Giganotosaurus and Tyrannosaurus). This work presents a technique that, when applied to proper dinosaur models, provides extent and accurate data that may help in diverse study areas within the dinosaur palaeontology and palaeobiology.

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Improved Trapping and Handling of an Arboreal, Montane Mammal: Red Panda Ailurus fulgens

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11040921 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 921

Author(s):

Damber Bista ◽

Sonam Tashi Lama ◽

Janno Weerman ◽

Ang Phuri Sherpa ◽

Purushotam Pandey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Success Rate ◽

Body Length ◽

Tail Length ◽

Morphometric Data ◽

Field Identification ◽

Red Panda ◽

In The Wild ◽

Chest Girth ◽

Ailurus Fulgens

It is sometimes essential to have an animal in the hand to study some of their ecological and biological characteristics. However, capturing a solitary, cryptic, elusive arboreal species such as the red panda in the wild is challenging. We developed and successfully tested a protocol for tracking, trapping, immobilization, and handling of red pandas in the wild in eastern Nepal. We established a red panda sighting rate of 0.89 panda/day with a capture success rate of 0.6. We trapped and collared one animal in 3.7 days. On average, we took nearly 136 (range 50–317) min to capture an animal after spotting it. Further processing was completed in 38.5 (21–70) min. Before capture, we found it difficult to recognize the sex of the red panda and to differentiate sub-adults above six months from adults. However, body weight, body length, tail length, shoulder height, and chest girth can be used for diagnosis, as these attributes are smaller in sub-adults. Our method is a welfare-friendly way of trapping and handling wild red pandas. We report new morphometric data that could serve as a guide for field identification.

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The philometrid nematodePhilometroides acreanensis n. sp. from the stomach wall of the catfishPimelodus blochiiin north-western Brazil

Journal of Helminthology ◽

10.1017/s0022149x1700013x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 92 (1) ◽

pp. 109-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

P.H.O. Cavalcante ◽

F. Moravec ◽

C.P. Santos

Keyword(s):

Body Length ◽

Gravid Female ◽

Drainage System ◽

Nematode Species ◽

Fish Host ◽

The Body ◽

Stomach Wall ◽

Amazon River ◽

Entire Body ◽

South American

AbstractA new nematode species,Philometroides acreanensisn. sp. (Philometridae), is described from female specimens recovered from the stomach wall of the freshwater catfishPimelodus blochiiValenciennes (Pimelodidae) collected in the Acre River (Amazon River basin), Acre State, Brazil. Based on examination by light and scanning electron microscopy, the new species differs from the two other South American congeneric species mainly in the body length of the gravid female (240–280 mm), the length of the oesophagus (1.25 mm in holotype) representing 0.5% of the entire body length, the range of cuticular embossment, as well as the location in the host (stomach), order of the fish host (Siluriformes) and the geographical distribution (Amazon River drainage system). This is the third known species ofPhilometroidesYamaguti, 1935 reported from South America. A key to species ofPhilometroidesoccurring in the fish of America is provided.

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On the relation of the body length to the body weight and to the weight of the brain and of the spinal cord in the albino rat (mus norvegicus Var. albus)

Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology ◽

10.1002/cne.920190202 ◽

1909 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 155-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Henry H. Donaldson

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Body Weight ◽

Body Length ◽

The Body ◽

Albino Rat ◽

The Brain

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Magnitude integration in the Archerfish

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94956-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tali Leibovich-Raveh ◽

Ashael Raveh ◽

Dana Vilker ◽

Shai Gabay

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Grocery Store ◽

The Body ◽

Water Tank ◽

Comparison Task ◽

Magnitude Comparison ◽

Mathematical Abilities ◽

In The Wild ◽

Numerical Magnitudes ◽

Shortest Queue

AbstractWe make magnitude-related decisions every day, for example, to choose the shortest queue at the grocery store. When making such decisions, which magnitudes do we consider? The dominant theory suggests that our focus is on numerical quantity, i.e., the number of items in a set. This theory leads to quantity-focused research suggesting that discriminating quantities is automatic, innate, and is the basis for mathematical abilities in humans. Another theory suggests, instead, that non-numerical magnitudes, such as the total area of the compared items, are usually what humans rely on, and numerical quantity is used only when required. Since wild animals must make quick magnitude-related decisions to eat, seek shelter, survive, and procreate, studying which magnitudes animals spontaneously use in magnitude-related decisions is a good way to study the relative primacy of numerical quantity versus non-numerical magnitudes. We asked whether, in an animal model, the influence of non-numerical magnitudes on performance in a spontaneous magnitude comparison task is modulated by the number of non-numerical magnitudes that positively correlate with numerical quantity. Our animal model was the Archerfish, a fish that, in the wild, hunts insects by shooting a jet of water at them. These fish were trained to shoot water at artificial targets presented on a computer screen above the water tank. We tested the Archerfish's performance in spontaneous, untrained two-choice magnitude decisions. We found that the fish tended to select the group containing larger non-numerical magnitudes and smaller quantities of dots. The fish selected the group containing more dots mostly when the quantity of the dots was positively correlated with all five different non-numerical magnitudes. The current study adds to the body of studies providing direct evidence that in some cases animals’ magnitude-related decisions are more affected by non-numerical magnitudes than by numerical quantity, putting doubt on the claims that numerical quantity perception is the most basic building block of mathematical abilities.

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Development of surface pattern during division in Paramecium. II. Defective spatial control in the mutant kin241

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.115.1.319 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 115 (1) ◽

pp. 319-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Jerka-Dziadosz ◽

N. Garreau de Loubresse ◽

J. Beisson

Keyword(s):

Basal Body ◽

Major Effect ◽

The Body ◽

Cortical Reorganization ◽

Surface Pattern ◽

Recessive Mutation ◽

Wild Type ◽

Cortical Organization ◽

Nuclear Reorganization ◽

In The Wild

kin241 is a monogenic nuclear recessive mutation producing highly pleiotropic effects on cell size and shape, generation time, thermosensitivity, nuclear reorganization and cortical organization. We have analyzed the nature of the cortical disorders and their development during division, using various specific antibodies labelling either one of the cortical cytoskeleton components, as was previously done for analysis of cortical pattern formation in the wild type. Several abnormalities in basal body properties were consistently observed, although with a variable frequency: extra microtubules in either the triplets or in the lumen; nucleation of a second kinetodesmal fiber; abnormal orientation of the newly formed basal body with respect to the mother one. The latter effect seems to account for the major observed cortical disorders (reversal, intercalation of supplementary ciliary rows). The second major effect of the mutation concerns the spatiotemporal map of cortical reorganization during division. Excess basal body proliferation occurs and is correlated with modified boundaries of some of the cortical domains identified in the wild type on the basis of their basal body duplication pattern. This is the first mutant described in a ciliate in which both the structure and duplication of basal bodies and the body plan are affected. The data support the conclusion that the mutation does not alter the nature of the morphogenetic signal(s) which pervade the dividing cell, nor the competence of cytoskeletal structures to respond to signalling, but affects the local interpretation of the signals.

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