scholarly journals The effect of the sex, age, and breed of farmed rabbits and the choice of management system on the extensity and intensity of Eimeria infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1654-1660
Author(s):  
B. Pilarczyk ◽  
A. Tomza-Marciniak ◽  
R. Pilarczyk ◽  
E. Januś ◽  
P. Stanek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Protozoan Infection ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Coccidial Infection ◽  
Eimeria Infection

Background and Aim: The most common causes of loss and diarrhea in rabbit farming are nutritional errors and coccidiosis. The infection can spread rapidly throughout a breeding area, reducing the rabbit population, and causing heavy losses. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the system of animal management on the extensity and intensity of infection by Eimeria of farmed rabbits, together with the effect of the sex, age, and breed of the rabbits themselves. Materials and Methods: The study included 91 rabbits (Flemish Giant, New Zealand White, French Lope, Vienna Blue, California White, and mixed breed) from eight domestic (small-scale) farms from Poland. The prevalence and intensity of coccidial infection were determined by the Willis-Schlaf and McMaster coprological methods. The species were determined based on oocyst morphology: Their shape, color, form index, the presence or absence of micropyle and cap, and the presence or absence of residual, polar, and Stiedé bodies. Results: Seven species of Eimeria were isolated from the tested rabbits: Eimeria magna, Eimeria media, Eimeria perforans, Eimeria stiedae, Eimeria coecicola, Eimeria exigua, and Eimeria irresidua. Most infections were found to be of relatively low intensity. No significant differences in the extensity of Eimeria protozoan infection were observed with regard to sex. However, rabbit age had a significant influence on the extensity of infection by E. magna and of Eimerian protozoans combined. The greatest extensity was observed in rabbits aged below 6 months. For all species of Eimeria, greater extensity was observed among rabbits kept in groups than individually. The system of rabbit management also had a significant influence on the intensity of infection. Those kept in groups demonstrated a significantly higher mean intensity of infection of E. magna and all Eimeria species combined than those kept individually. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that Eimeria protozoa are a common occurrence on small-scale rabbit farms. As coccidiosis treatment does not always give good results, prevention is very important in the fight against this disease. It is necessary to develop a new preventive paradigm that pays special attention to the factors that promote the spread and development of infection in domestic (small-scale) farms from Poland. For example, it would be recommended to use large, dry, bright rooms with access to the sun, as these are conducive to preventing the occurrence of coccidia infections.

scholarly journals http://ajfand.net/Volume21/No1/index.html#gsc.tab=0

2021 ◽  
Vol 21` (01) ◽  
pp. 17125-17139
Author(s):  
Danisile Mthombeni ◽  
◽  
MA Antwi ◽  
T Rubhara ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Agricultural Education ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gauteng Province ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Household Level

Agro-processing is becoming more popular and practiced by farmers to reduce post-harvest losses,add value to farm products and increase farm income. This paper presents the small-scale crop farmers’ level of participation in agro-processing in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Data were collected from 255 small-scale crop farmers selected by random sampling using a semi-structured questionnaire.Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23 of 2015)was used to analyse data. Descriptive statistics (in form of percentages) were used to analyse the background characteristics of the farmers,whereas the multinomial logit model was further used to show the level of participationamongst the small-scale crop farmers. With respect to agro-processing, results indicated that 47.1% of the small-scale crop farmers participated partly,40.8% of them participated fully while 12.2% did not participate at all. Results of the multinomial analyses indicated that, educational level(p<0.05), size of the field(p<0.05),distance to the market (p<0.01),and access to credit (p<0.01)had positive significant influence on small-scale crop farmers’choice to participate fully in agro-processing. Gender,regarding male participation (p< 0.05),and age of farmer (p<0.01) had significant influence on farmers’ choice to fully participate in agro-processing. Furthermore, the results of the multinomial analyses showed that size of the field (p<0.01)owned by the farmer and access to credit(p< 0.05)had positive influence on the farmers’choice to participate partly in agro-processing whereas older farmers (p< 0.05),widows (p< 0.1) and farmers with more number of fields(p<0.01) were less likely to participate partly in agro-processing activities. These results have implications for the development of small-scale farmers venturing into agro-processing in the Gauteng province. Young females should be encouraged to join the agricultural sector as they are likely to participate in agro-processing activities which in turn results in improved income and food security at the household level. Furthermore, new agricultural education programmes should be encouraged in the area households as educated farmers are more likely to participate in the value addition activities of agro-processing.

scholarly journals Eimeriosis Seasonal Dynamics Patterns at an Organic Sheep Farm in the Czech Republic

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-75
Author(s):  
I.A. Kyriánová ◽  
J. Vadlejch ◽  
I. Langrová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Sheep Farm ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Flotation Technique ◽  
Prevalent Species ◽  
Genus Eimeria ◽  
Eimeria Infection

Abstract This epidemiological study monitored the occurrence of the coccidia genus Eimeria and their species composition over a oneyear period at an organic sheep farm in the Czech Republic. Individual faecal samples were collected from thirty lambs and thirty ewes once a month throughout the whole survey. As a result, 348 and 333 samples from ewes and lambs respectively were evaluated using the faecal flotation technique. The overall prevalence of eimeriosis was 75.7% and 54.0% for lambs and ewes respectively. Four Eimeria species (E. ovinoidalis, E. crandallis/weybridgensis, E. parva, and E. intricata) were identified in both, lambs and ewes, during this survey. The most prevalent species was E. ovinoidalis, with an overall prevalence of 84% in ewes and 85% in lambs, followed by E. parva and E. crandallis/weybridgensis. The oocysts faecal output was seasonal. The highest oocysts per gram levels were detected in February (139 000) and May (250 000) in ewes and in February (1 949 900), March (326 000), and May (187 700) in lambs. The intensity of Eimeria infection differed significantly (P < 0.0001) between ewes and lambs during the monitored period.

Review on Prevalence and risk fa Review on Prevalence and risk factors of Eimeria species in Buffaloes

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Zainab A. Makawi
Keyword(s):  
Eimeria Species ◽  
River Buffalo ◽  
Pathogenic Species ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Livestock Disease ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
The World ◽  
One Year ◽  
Eimeria Infection

  Abstract The research was performed in order to investigate the prevalence of  Eimeria spp in buffalo. Coccidiosis, is a common livestock disease include water buffaloes and nothing is known about the most pathogenic species of Eimeria. Since the highest prevalence of oocyst shedding and incidence of disease occurs in buffalo calves less than one year of age. The omnipresent occurrence and negative effects of the infection on health and buffalo growth output are taken into account. Therefore, both farmers and veterinarians should pay greater attention to infections with Eimeria spp. And there is little analysis of data reported in Iraq and the world regarding Eimeria infection in river buffalo spp.

scholarly journals Occurrence and diversity of Eimeria species in cattle in Hamedan province, Iran

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 271-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Heidari ◽  
Z. Sadeghi-Dehkordi ◽  
R. Moayedi ◽  
J. Gharekhani
Keyword(s):  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Iran ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Hamedan Province ◽  
Cattle Farms ◽  
Eimeria Infection

Information on the occurrence, diversity and economic losses due to Eimeria infection on cattle farms is lacking in Western Iran. The principal aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in cattle in Hamedan province, Western Iran. In a cross-sectional study performed from June 2010 to April 2013, 400 faecal samples were collected randomly from animals without clinical signs from different cattle farms of Hamedan province and examined for Eimeria species infection using parasitology methods. The overall infection rate of Eimeria species was 8.25%. Nine species of Eimeria were identified including: E. bovis (23.7%), E. zuernii (19.2%), E. canadensis (12.6%), E. ellipsodalis (11.4%), E. alabamensis (10.4%), E. pellita (9.1%), E. auburnensis (6.8%), E. cylindrica (4.6%) and E. bukidnonensis (2.3%). There were statistically significant differences with respect to Eimeria infection and age group (P &lt; 0.0001, OR = 6), although no statistically significant relationships were found for sex (P = 0.35) or faecal consistency (P = 0.587). In conclusion, this study is the first to report the prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in cattle in Hamedan province. Infection with pathogenic Eimeria spp. was asymptomatic in all animals; this is the reason for the transmission of infection by carriers in this region. Therefore, integrated strategies should be utilised to prevent and control Eimeria spp. infection on cattle farms. &nbsp;

Coccidiosis in goats: Pathological observations on intestinal developmental stages and anticoccidial efficacy of amprolim

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhmeet Kaur ◽  
L.D. Singla ◽  
B. S Sandhu ◽  
M. S. Bal ◽  
P. Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
General Weakness ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Coprological Examination ◽  
History Of ◽  
Coccidial Infection ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Papillary Hyperplasia

In an outbreak of coccidiosis at a goat farm having 200 animals of different age groups (0-3 months, 4-6 months and 7-9 months), kept under stall fed conditions, mortality of 2 kids aged 2-3 months in a span of 2-3 days was seen. The kids were having a history of severe diarrhoea, anorexia and general weakness. Standard qualitative and quantitative coprological examination of randomly collected faecal samples from 60 goats of different age groups revealed that 58 (96.66%) were infected with coccidian oocysts. Among positive samples, 25(43.10%) were heavily infected (OPG=5000-1,23,000), 22(37.93%) had a moderate (OPG=1000-5000) and 11(18.96%) had a mild (OPG=100-1000) infection. Significant difference (P less than 0.05) observed in the mean OPG between the 3 age categories with highest infection in kids with the age group of less than or equal to 3 months,followed by 4-6 months and 7-9 months. Mixed infection of five Eimeria species, namely E. arloingi, E. ninakohlyakimovae, E. christenseni, E. hirci and E. alijevi was seen and E. arloingi was most predominant species among them. Systematic necropsies of naturally died kids of coccidial infection revealed small whitish non-pedunculated nodules in the small intestine. Histopathologically, these nodules revealed papillary hyperplasia of the mucosal epithelium with mild to moderate inflammatory reaction with the presence of developmental stages of Eimeria including trophozoites, schizonts, microgamonts, macrogamonts and oocysts in the epithelium of affected intestinal villi and crypts. The affected animals were successfully treated with amprolium @ dose rate of 2g/40kg body weight. Significant reduction in the oocysts count (P less than 0.01) 7 days post treatment 610.52±201.17 was seen compared to pre treatment values (10685.96±3128.22).

scholarly journals Natural infection by Eimeria spp. in a cohort of lambs raised extensively in Northeast Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizia Maria da Silva ◽  
Elias Jorge Facury-Filho ◽  
Maria Fátima Souza ◽  
Múcio Flávio Barbosa Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Complex Disease ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Mixed Nature ◽  
Eimeria Infection

The aim of the study was to examine and describe the changes in the course of Eimeria infection in a cohort of lambs of the mixed breed Santa Inês raised extensively on a farm in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. The study was carried out between April and August 2008, during which period fecal samples were collected on a weekly basis from each of the 27 male lambs starting from the day after birth until the age of 90 days. Samples were analyzed under optical microscope and those testing positive for Eimeria oocysts were submitted to a quantitative analysis. Oocysts were detected in 17% of the lambs by week 3, but by week 6 100% of the animals were infected. Eight species of Eimeria were identified in the fecal samples, namely, in decreasing order of prevalence, E. crandallis, E. parva, E. granulosa, E. ovinoidalis, E. ahsata, E. ovina, E. faurei and E. intricata. Of the 191 fecal samples that contained Eimeria oocysts, only 32 (16.8%) were infected with a single species whereas 23 (12.0%) were infected with at least two species and 136 (71.2%) harbored three or more species. Although Eimeria coccidiosis is a complex disease owing to the mixed nature of the infective agents, an ongoing prevention program should be implemented to reduce production losses.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal helminths and coccidia infestation of city pigeons (Columba livia forma urbana) on selected monuments in Szczecin

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Balicka-Ramisz ◽  
◽  
Łukasz Laurans ◽  
Anna Ramisz ◽  
Elena Stolbowa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Gastrointestinal Helminths ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Pigeon Droppings ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Flotation Method ◽  
The Mean

City pigeons (Columba livia forma urbana) are an integral part of the urbanized environment. However, they host parasites that can be passed zoonotically to humans and to domestic and wild birds. The aim of the study was to establish the current prevalence of nematode and coccidians infestation among city pigeons roosting in old buildings in Szczecin. The pigeon kits, comprising city pigeons and stray breeding pigeons which had not returned to their lofts, numbered from 45 to 60 individuals. Samples of pigeon droppings were tested qualitatively by the flotation method and then quantitatively by the McMaster technique. Oocyst culture was also performed in a humid chamber at a temperature of 24–26° C. The oocytes were identified using standard keys. Two roundworm families were identified, Ascaridia spp. (two species) and Capillaria spp., and three coccidian species: Eimeria labbeana, E.columbarum and E. columbae. Overall, the extent of infection was approximately 100% throughout the study area, but varied depending on the place of origin of the material. The prevalence of worms with eggs ranged from 9% to 16% for Ascaris spp. and 24–41% for Capillaria spp. The maximum OPG values, i.e. the number of oocytes per gram of faeces, were 360 for Ascaris spp. and 1134 for Capillaria spp; these indicate the intensity of infection. The most frequently observed species was Eimeria labbeana, whose prevalence was found to range from 82% to 96% depending on location, with a mean infection intensity of 1130–1870 OPG. The prevalence of the other two Eimeria species was also high, with respectively values of 56–77% for E. columbarum and 32–43% for E. columbae, depending on the location. The mean OPG values for the species were 430–1770 and 29–52, respectively. Maximum OPG values were 223,000 for E. labbeana, 54,000 for E. columbarum and 830 for E. columbae.

Patterns of Eimeria excretion in young Icelandic calves

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Charlotta Oddsdóttir ◽  
Guðný Rut Pálsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Oocyst Excretion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Faecal Consistency ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Eimeria Infection

Faecal samples were collected from a total of 11 calves on three dairy farms (four from two farms and three from one) where calves generally thrive well and no anti-coccidial treatment is habitually carried out. One of the farms keeps calves in groups on hay/straw bedding, one keeps calves in pairs on plastic slats and then in groups on concrete slats, and the third one keeps calves in groups on concrete slats. Faecal consistency and the total number of Eimeria spp. oocysts per gram faeces (OPG) were determined and species identification was carried out by morphology. Eimeria oocysts were detected in all calves at some point of the study period, and diarrhoea was seen in 55% of the calves. The highest peak in oocyst excretion was 69,300 OPG. The first peak in oocyst excretion was seen 2-3 weeks after calves had been moved to group pens, and a second peak was seen 2-3 weeks later. Nine Eimeria species were found, including E. bovis and E. zuernii. The results are in accordance with previous studies showing that one of the risk factors for Eimeria infection in calves is entering a group pen where older calves are already being kept.

Prevalence of Eimeria infection and risk factors associated with domestic chickens raised in Nsukka LGA, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-301
Author(s):  
E.S. Okwuonu ◽  
C.M. Eneh ◽  
E.N. Elijah ◽  
F.N. Nnaji ◽  
F.A. Andong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Protozoan Infection ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eimeria Infection

Eimeria infection has been considered the most important protozoan infection of the poultry industry in Nigeria because of its high incidence. A total of 400 faecal samples were collected from 10 farms in Nsukka LGA and analyzed using the Wisconsin’s faecal floatation technique. Data on the management practices of these farms were collected using a wellstructured questionnaire. Eimeria tenella was the only identified species. A total of 158 (39.5%) of the domestic chickens sampled were infected with the protozoan parasite. There was significant difference (p < 0.0001) of E. tenella between towns and between the studied farms. Of the 5 towns sampled, the prevalence was highest at Obukpa town 52 (65.0%) and in birds aged 7 weeks 20 (83.3%) and least at Edem 2 (2.5%) and in birds aged 32 weeks 2 (5.0%). The mean intensity of infection was highest at Obukpa (9.35 ± 9.24) and in birds aged 4weeks (11.50 ± 11.09) and least in Edem town and in birds aged 32 weeks. The difference in prevalence between birds of different ages was significant (p <0.0001). Majority of the farms practiced deep litter housing compared to battery cage users (90% vs. 10%). The most used vaccine was combination 7 (70%). Fifty percent of the farms employed the expertise of veterinary doctors in vaccine administration. Eimeria infection, the main cause of coccidiosis in chicken, has continued to be a major challenge in poultry production and management. Conclusively, the prevalence of Eimeria infection is moderately low as a result of the widespread use of vaccines and anticoccidials.

scholarly journals Prophylactic and Therapeutic Efficacy of Prebiotic Supplementation against Intestinal Coccidiosis in Rabbits

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed A. El-Ashram ◽  
Shawky M. Aboelhadid ◽  
El-Sayed M. Abdel-Kafy ◽  
Shymaa A. Hashem ◽  
Lilian N. Mahrous ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Infected Control ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Coccidial Infection ◽  
Endogenous Stages

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of prebiotic supplementation against intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits. Fifty male rabbits aged 35–60 days (1–1.5 kg) were divided into prophylactic and therapeutic experiments (five groups, 10 rabbits per group). Prophylactic experiment had prebiotic supplemented (PS-P), non-supplemented infected control (NI-P), and non-supplemented non-infected control (NN-P) groups. Ten days post-prebiotic supplementation (PPS), rabbits in groups PS-P and NI-P were infected orally with 7.0 × 104 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species. However, therapeutic experiment had prebiotic supplemented (PS-T) and untreated infected (UI-T) groups of naturally infected rabbits with Eimeria species. A significant reduction in oocyst count per gram feces (OPG) (p ≤ 0.05) was reported in the PS-P (57.33 × 103 ± 2.84) and NI-P (130.83 × 103 ± 43.38) groups during the experiment. Additionally, rabbits in groups (PS-P, 970.33 ± 31.79 g and NI-P, 870.66 ± 6.66 g) showed weight loss after infection. However, a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in OPG was observed at day seven PPS in the PS-T group (4 × 103 ± 0.00) when compared with the UI-T group (32 × 103 ± 7.54). Furthermore, the PS-T group had a higher body weight than rabbits in the UI-T group. Histopathological findings of the intestinal tissues (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) showed that the counts of the endogenous stages were significantly higher in the NI-P and UI-T groups than in the prebiotic-supplemented groups (PS-P and PS-T). Supplementation of the prebiotic did not have any adverse effects on biochemical parameters, such as AST, ALT, creatinine, total protein, and total cholesterol. In conclusion, prebiotic supplementation can be used to minimize the adverse effects of intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits, which in turn limits body weight loss, especially for the prophylaxis of coccidial infection.

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