scholarly journals Thermal Imaging and Physiological Analysis of Cold-Climate Caribou-Skin Clothing

ARCTIC ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-52
Author(s):  
Richard W. Hill ◽  
Glenn J. Tattersall ◽  
Kevin L. Campbell ◽  
Breanne Reinfort ◽  
Ana M. Breit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Composite Surface ◽  
Extreme Cold

Protective clothing is essential for human existence in the Arctic, and caribou-skin clothing has played a pivotal role for millennia. Although people with northern experience often extol caribou-skin clothing, few scientific studies have investigated its properties. We used infrared thermal imaging in a pilot study to compare authentic caribou-skin clothing sewn by traditional Inuit seamstresses with two other types of cold-weather clothing: a standard-issue, Canadian army, winter uniform and an ensemble of modern retail clothing designed for extreme cold (a down anorak and snowmobile pants). To make the comparison, two subjects sequentially wore the three types of clothing—caribou skin, army uniform, and modern retail—in a still air, uniform thermal environment (where radiant temperatures of all environmental surfaces were equal to air temperature) at −21°C to −23°C (−6°F to −10°F). Thermal imaging quantifies the temperature of the outer surface of clothing, thereby providing key, functionally relevant information on the interface where clothing and environment meet. Under otherwise similar conditions, a low clothing surface temperature indicates superior clothing performance and a reduced rate of heat loss from the body to the environment. Caribou-skin clothing was similar to modern extreme-cold retail clothing: the whole-body composite surface temperature of our subjects wearing caribou-skin clothing was −22.1°C to −22.7°C, compared with −21.6°C in both subjects wearing the modern retail clothing. The army winter uniform (−18.9°C to −20.0°C) was inferior. These quantitative results were mirrored by the subjects’ subjective impressions. A particular advantage of thermal imaging is that it pinpoints locations in clothing where heat leaks occur. Although the two types of modern clothing exhibited heat leaks at zippered structures (even though fully closed), the caribou-skin clothing evaded such heat leaks by lacking such structures, because it is donned over the head. The integral hood characteristic of a caribou-skin parka was also superior in comparison to the detachable hood of the army uniform.

Exploring the effect of mattress cushion materials on human–mattress interface temperatures, pre-sleep thermal state and sleep quality

2020 ◽  
pp. 1420326X2090337
Author(s):  
Xiaxia Li ◽  
Bo Zhou ◽  
Liming Shen ◽  
Zhihui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Interface Temperature ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort

A comfortable mattress can create a good sleep environment, but the thermal behaviour of the interaction between the human body and mattress materials is still not well understood. The effect of mattress materials on human–mattress interface temperature and human thermal state was evaluated by subjective questionnaire and measurements to detemine the human–mattress interface temperatures of the whole body and various locations of the body (WTH-M and ETH-M). The woollen fabric and polymeric foam of mattresses were evaluated as optimal cushion materials; these were indicated by measurements at 15.5 and 20°C, due to the higher WTH-M and ETH-M. Moreover, the interface temperatures measured at the back, buttock and thigh were higher with most materials than at other parts of the body, indicating a lower temperature response at the body extremities due to the body–mattress interface. Under the cold climate, people would prefer warm thermal sensation rather than the neutral thermal feeling. There should be more consideration on the thermal insulation of the extremities such as the feet. The human thermal response was not only affected by mattress materials, but also by body parts and indoor air temperatures. These findings are important to understand the heat transfer and human thermal comfort requirements, providing a comfortable thermal environment to ensure sleep quality.

Seasonal changes in the body surface temperature of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Y. Kim ◽  
S. J. Kim ◽  
J. H. Park ◽  
M. R. Oh ◽  
S. Y. Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Average Body

The present study aimed to gather basic information on measuring body surface temperature (BST) of cattle by using infrared thermography (IRT) and find out whether BST measurement is a useful method to detect thermal balance of livestock. Twenty-seven Hanwoo steers were examined in a field trial. The BST of five body regions (eye, nose, horn, ear, rear) was measured five times daily, with three replicates, during 3 days each season. Body surface temperature of cattle is directly affected by ambient temperature and humidity, and showed different ranges for each region. The BSTs of nose, horns and ears were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of eyes and rear area. Rear-area BST was significantly lower than eye-area BST when the ambient temperature was low (P < 0.05). Eye BST (EBST) was highest (P < 0.05) and the least variable of all BSTs measured. Therefore, the eye area of cattle was the most thermostable part of the body. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences among seasonal EBSTs of steers. The EBST range was highest in the summer (37.9–42.2°C), followed by autumn (34.3–37.4°C), spring (33.8–36.5°C) and winter (29.8–32.6°C). During extreme cold, EBST showed a large standard deviation. During conditions of extreme heat, EBST was above the average body temperature of cattle. The results of the present study indicated that BST well reflects the thermal circumstances surrounding animals and may be used as one of the effective tools for precision cattle farming.

scholarly journals Thermovision assessment of temperature changes in selected body areas after short-wave diathermy treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Kaźmierska ◽  
Krzysztof Andrzej Sobiech ◽  
Ewa Demczuk - Włodarczyk ◽  
Agnieszka Chwałczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Short Wave ◽  
The Body ◽  
System Level ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe aim of this study is to provide the thermal imaging assessment of local and general surface temperature changes after short-wave diathermy treatment. The study group consisted of 26 women aged 19–24. The correct functioning of the thermoregulation system was determined by means of cold pressor and orthostatic tests. The subjects underwent short-wave diathermy treatment in the area of the right knee joint, and the body’s response was determined by thermovision using a ThermaCAM P640 thermal imaging camera manufactured by FLIR. Curves were recorded in a digital form (images with a resolution of 640 × 480 pixels) and analyzed with ThermaCAM ReporterTM software. In people with a properly functioning thermoregulation system, the short-wave diathermy treatment statistically significantly increased the body surface temperature on the posterior surface of the knee joint. On the front side, the surface temperature decreased. There were no changes in surface temperature in the other areas of the body studied. The results of thermal imaging studies confirmed the local nature of the action of short-wave diathermy. The recommendation to use a physical procedure should be preceded by an assessment of the body’s thermoregulation system level of function. Reactions to the prescribed physical treatment may be different in people with a disturbed autonomic system.

scholarly journals The Effect of Dry Carbon Dioxide Bathing on Peripheral Blood Circulation Measured by Thermal Imaging among Patients with Risk Factors of PAD

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1490
Author(s):  
Hanna Zbroja ◽  
Mateusz Kowalski ◽  
Anna Lubkowska
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Peripheral Blood Circulation

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is becoming a serious health problem of present times. It appears crucial to explore therapies that might help to restore blood flow or increase tissue oxygenation. The most effective methods of detecting early-stage changes in blood circulation in the extremities need to be identified. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) bathing on peripheral blood circulation measured by thermal imaging among patients with risk factors of PAD and ankle–brachial index (ABI) in the normal range or ABI indicating some or moderate arterial disease (ABI > 0.5). The correlation between surface temperature change and PAD-relevant characteristics was also examined. Forty-six patients who were over 65 years old who had a minimum of two additional PAD risk factors were recruited. A series of ten dry CO2 baths was performed. Thermal images were taken before and after the intervention. The CO2 therapy caused a significant change in the body surface temperature of many body areas. Numerous moderate correlations between temperature change and health-related characteristics were identified. Therefore, patients with PAD risk factors could benefit from CO2 therapy. Improvements in blood flow change the body surface temperature, and these changes could be successfully detected by thermal imaging.

High-Resolution Infrared Body Surface Temperature and Self-Perceived Warmth Distribution in Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara M. Belizer ◽  
Jan Vagedes
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Treatment Programme ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
And Control

Abstract. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with thermoregulatory disturbances such as hypothermia. However, few studies have explored body warmth in AN patients. In this study, we assessed the body surface temperature distribution in adolescent AN patients using high-resolution infrared thermal imaging and through a patient questionnaire, and explored how this differed between intervention and control group and length of treatment. Adolescent AN patients admitted to a multimodal inpatient treatment programme based on an integrative perspective were assessed at three time-points: admission (t1), 6 weeks post-admission (t2), and 3 months after t2 (t3). Healthy control participants were assessed once at baseline. In both groups we assessed participants’ surface temperature and the perception of warmth, using thermal imaging and a questionnaire, in the face, hands, abdomen, and feet. We recruited 40 AN patients and 40 healthy controls, who were admitted to the treatment programme for an average of 70 days ( SD = 24.07). The AN patients were significantly colder in all chosen body domains, except the abdomen area, at t1 compared to healthy controls at baseline. The questionnaire findings supported this result. Differences between the intervention and control groups noted at t1 were significantly reduced by t2 and t3. Our findings suggest that abnormities in the body warmth distribution of AN patients are reversible after having received an AN-specific treatment. Reducing the loss of warmth could improve therapeutic outcomes in AN patients and be a predictor of recovery, and should be investigated in further studies.

The use of thermal imaging measurements in dairy cow herds

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69
Author(s):  
Przemysław Racewicz ◽  
Jakub Sobek ◽  
Michał Majewski ◽  
Jolanta Różańska-Zawieja
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Surface Temperature Distribution ◽  
Imaging Parameters

temperature distribution on the surface of an animal’s body. The surface temperature values obtained in IRT depend on the quantitative impact of the conditions of the surrounding environment and the thermoregulatory response of the animal. Besides the blood perfusion volume, the skin temperature depends on the metabolic rate of tissues, the type and colour of the hair coat, and the thickness of the adipose tissue. In a healthy organism, the temperature distribution between individual parts of the body shows a high degree of symmetry. Analysis of the surface temperature distribution of a given area of the body of an animal which is in homeostasis with the external environment provides a great deal of valuable information. By comparing the same parts of the body, we can easily identify hot spots, and the additional knowledge gained during more extensive veterinary diagnostics increases the chance of establishing the cause of this condition. The reliability of IRT depends on the technical parameters of the cameras, environmental conditions, the operator’s experience, the animal’s individual characteristics, and the testing methodology. As many factors can affect the surface temperature distribution of an animal’s body, and thus the result of the thermographic measurement, the effect of any stimuli interfering with the measurements should be minimized during thermal imaging. Additionally, in order to reduce the risk of misinterpretation of the image, normalization protocols for imaging parameters, i.e. standards ensuring reliable results, should be applied. The main limitation in the implementation of these standards in thermography of livestock animals is that it is not possible to compare thermograms made under different environmental conditions. Research has been carried out to assess the suitability of thermal imaging cameras in diagnosing inflammatory changes in the skin of cattle. The technique was found to have great potential in predicting local inflammation (hoof, udder or skin disease). Normalization protocols must be developed for imaging parameters, i.e. standards that will ensure reliable results in a variety of environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Achieving wind comfort through window design in residential buildings in cold climates, a case study in Tabriz city

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atefeh Tamaskani Esfahankalateh ◽  
Mohammad Farrokhzad ◽  
Ommid Saberi ◽  
Amirhosein Ghaffarianhoseini
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Cold Climates ◽  
The Right ◽  
Window Design

Abstract Air movement affects thermal comfort both by increasing evaporative loss through the skin and heat transfer between the body and surrounding environment through convection. Generally, in cold climates, it is best to avoid wind to better control the thermal environment. However, crafted passive airflow is essential for providing fresh air and natural ventilation at certain times of year. The use of a window of the right size and location in a cold climate is also indispensable. In this study, the wind speed was calculated for the height of a residential building in the city of Tabriz. A computational fluid dynamics simulation was used to calculate the inflow air speed for each window and the comfort conditions were compared. The findings determined the months where window openings can be used to enhance thermal comfort. The analysis shows how the direction and shape of the window play a major role in directing outdoor air flow indoors at the right time in the right quantity. East- and west-facing windows are most favorable and north- and south-facing windows can only be used in some months. This shows how building designers can quantify the effect of window design in each climate for the occupant’s comfort.

scholarly journals THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF THE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN ELLESMERE ISLAND (NUNAVUT TERRITORY, CANADA

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-14
Author(s):  
Dmitry M. Astanin ◽  
Viktoriya O. Plotnichenko
Keyword(s):  
Geological Structure ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Ellesmere Island ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Settlement System ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
Functional Zoning ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Design Proposal

Within the framework of a project aimed at structuring the settlement system in Ellesmere Island (the territory of Nunavut, Canada), we explored the microclimate, topography, geological structure, fauna, available research background and existing infrastructure of the locality. Based on our findings, we have developed natural recreation, environmental, eco-cultural, and tourist recreation frameworks to specify planning characteristics and identified the main planning constraints that determine the geometry of the settlement pattern. An optimal settlement model has been developed for the central-eastern part of Ellesmere Island with the Dobbin-Scorbey Bay conurbation elaborated in detail. A functional zoning concept is suggested for the main conurbation of Ellesmere Island; an individual domed residential cell has been designed. Thus, by simulating an environment designed for comfortable living in extreme cold climate conditions, a design proposal has been developed that would ensure effective settlement patterns in northern areas and solve the problem of uneven population density in Canada and the Arctic as a whole.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis on the Advancement on the thermodynamic properties of clothing in extreme cold environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 73-87
Author(s):  
Nicholas Howie ◽  
Samuel Rabey
Keyword(s):  
Lower Energy ◽  
Moisture Transfer ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Thermal Resistivity ◽  
Air Gaps ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Extreme Cold

When two systems with different energies are in contact, the heat from the higher energy system will move into the lower energy system and the two will reach equilibrium. Humans in extreme cold environments will perish if they do not keep appropriate heat contained within their system and thus it is the object of much historic research to maintain heat within a system for as long as possible. Research and development of cold weather clothing focuses on a range of methods regulating heat flow between clothing layers. Modern research focuses on air gaps between layers of clothing, development of new conventional insulating textiles and contemporary solutions such as the use of Phases Change [1]. The purpose of this paper is to conglomerate all of the current research into one meta-analysis highlighting the gaps in the research and potential areas in need of further study, and to propose a new article of cold weather apparel utilizing the most effective advancements from the papers collected in this study. It was found that each component of cold climate clothing affects an aspect of thermal resistivity. Thickness affects the windchill resistance, the specific heat increases thermal resistance of the fabric, while humidity increases thermal conductivity, air gaps reduce it and the rigidity affects all of these factors. Our findings suggest if the air gaps are above 8 mm, natural convection currents can occur which increase the thermal and moisture transfer between clothing layers. By analysing all of these factors, a new prototype garment was able to be proposed. Keywords: Cold environment; clothing; thermoregulation.

scholarly journals Modeling of Differences Between Body Core and Forehead Temperatures Measured by Infrared Thermometers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Vesnovsky ◽  
Yiyong Li ◽  
L. D. Timmie Topoleski ◽  
Liang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Core

In recent years, outbreaks of highly contagious diseases, like the Ebola virus, have motivated vigorous efforts to screen travelers entering the United States, especially at airports. Screening involves monitoring the body temperature of entering travelers, and blocking entry of those showing a fever, indicating a potential infection. Typically, screening is performed using commercially available non-contact infrared thermometers (NCITs). These thermometers require specific use protocols (e.g., working distances) to provide accurate results, which may not be followed by inspectors reluctant to approach potentially contagious travelers. Furthermore, the NCITs’ accuracy is based on an assumption that the NCIT readings from a forehead will predict the body core temperatures using a simple common one-size-fits-all correction offset. Unfortunately, the temperature detected on the forehead surface by an NCIT may not represent the true body core temperature, due to the changing conditions of the external environment and/or surface conditions of the forehead skin. It is not clear whether the correction factor is able to adjust to the thermal environment, or whether the surface condition of the forehead, including sweat and skin tone, affects the NCIT readings. Before a clinical study is conducted to understand the differences between the forehead temperatures and the body core temperatures, a computational model to simulate temperature distribution inside and on the surface of the body is a cost-effective way to identify factors that influence the temperatures and to study the reasons for their deviations. The objectives of this study were to 1) develop a numerical whole-body model and perform computational heat transfer simulations of different body geometries and 2) perform parametric studies to evaluate the effect of environmental factors, such as air temperature and heat transfer coefficient, on the differences between the forehead temperature and body core temperature. This data can be used to evaluate correction factors or needed to use the measured forehead temperature to predict the body core temperature.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document