scholarly journals Analysis of body composition and physical fitness traits in children using bicycle

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1079-1093
Author(s):  
Aliye Büyükergün ◽  
Adem Civan ◽  
Mehmet Kutlu
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Fitness Traits ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
One Way Anova

Analysis of body composition and physical fitness traits in children using bicycle. A total of 113 boys aged 12-14 years participated in the study voluntarily with 38 male bicycle athletes, 29 basketball athletes, and 46 non-athletes. Participants who were close answers to each other according to the answers given after asking the participants the number of training times, daily training time and sports experiences were included in the study. According to the normality test results of the groups, one-way ANOVA, one of the parametric tests, and correlation analyses were used to determine the relationships between the parameters. In the study, a statistically significant difference was found in the parameters of flexibility, vertical jump, 30 m speed, agility, coordination, body fat ratio according to the groups (p <0.05). Considering the differences between cycling athletes, basketball athletes and non-athletes in the age group of 12-14, there were significant differences in parameters such as flexibility, body fat ratio and agility in favor of cycling athletes. In addition, according to this study, basketball sport provides positive benefits in terms of speed coordination development and anaerobic power. ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.   Özet Bu araştırmanın amacı; bisiklet kullanan çocuklarda vücut kompozisyonu ve fiziksel uygunluk özelliklerinin analizidir. Araştırmaya 38 erkek bisiklet sporcusu, 29 basketbol sporcusu ve 46 spor yapmayan 12-14 yaş arası toplamda 113 erkek çocuk gönüllü olarak katıldı. Katılımcıların haftalık antrenman sayısı, günlük antrenman süresi ve spor geçmişleri tespit edilerek, verilen cevaplara göre birbirine yakın olan katılımcılar çalışmaya dahil edildi.  Yapılan ölçümler arasında; vücut komposiyonu ve fiziksel uygunluk ile ilişkili testler yer almaktaydı. Grupların normallik testi sonuçlarına göre parametrik testlerden One Way ANOVA ve parametreler arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi için korelasyon analizleri kullanıldı. Çalışmada gruplara göre esneklik, dikey sıçrama, 30 m sürat, çeviklik, koordinasyon ve vücut yağ oranı parametrelerinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). 12-14 yaşlarındaki bisiklet sporcuları, basketbol sporcuları ve spor yapmayan grup arasında oluşan bu farklar göz önüne alındığında bisiklet sporcuları lehinde esneklik, vücut yağ oranı ve çeviklik gibi parametrelerde anlamlı farklılıklar görülmüştür. Ayrıca bu çalışmaya göre basketbol sporunun 12-14 yaş grubu çocuklarıda sürat, koordinasyon ve anaerobik güç değişkenlerini olumlu yönde etkilediği söylenebilir.          

scholarly journals The effect of 8 weeks beta-alanine supplementation and resistance training on maximal-intensity exercise performance adaptations in young males

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Askari ◽  
F. Rahmaninia
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Bench Press ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Leg Press ◽  
Beta Alanine

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks beta-alanine (BA) supplementation with resistance training on some components of physical fitness and body composition in young males. Methods : Twenty healthy young men volunteered to participate for the study and divided into two groups and performed 8-week resistance training while supplementing with either BA or placebo (4.8 g per day). The subjects were evaluated for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and leg press, vertical jump (VJ), anaerobic power (RAST) prior to and after training intervention. In addition, body composition variables such as percent body fat, and BMI were assessed per and post training period. Results : Both the groups showed significant increases in 1RM bench press and leg press, VJ, and anaerobic power (RAST), and also the BA supplementation group showed greater gains compared with the placebo. In addition, percent body fat decreased significantly in BA and placebo groups, while no statistically significant changes were seen in BMI for the BA supplementation group and placebo group. Conclusions : The results indicated that resistance training improved physical performance and BA supplementation induced greater gains and therefore it could be recommend to coaches and athletes who use this supplementation to greater gains in physical fitness variables.

ACTN-3 Genotype, Body Composition, Fitness, and +Gz Tolerance in Senior Cadets

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (12) ◽  
pp. 1055-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seunghwan Shin ◽  
Hyunseok Jee
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Peak Torque ◽  
Air Force Academy ◽  
Leg Extension ◽  
Isokinetic Muscle Strength ◽  
Significant Difference

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the relationships among ACTN-3, body composition, fitness, and +Gz tolerance for senior cadet training development and their safe task performance.METHODS: The subjects were all senior cadets (N = 68) at the Korea Air Force Academy. All cadets are required to pass a physical fitness test (3-km running, sit-ups, push-ups) and body composition test on a semiannual basis. Isokinetic muscle function (strength and endurance), +Gz test (+6 Gz ⋅ 30 s−1), and target gene (ACTN-3) were analyzed.RESULTS: The effects of body composition and physical fitness along with the relationship of the ACTN-3 genotype to the +6 Gz test results were determined. Consequently, no significant difference was found concerning the effect of ACTN-3 on the +6 Gz test result, body composition, and physical fitness; however, body fat (%) and isokinetic muscle strength (peak torque right leg extension and left leg flexion) showed significance between the pass and failure groups in the +Gz test.DISCUSSION: The cadets of the Korea Air Force Academy showed dominant fast genetic expression type based on their ACTN-3 genotype [RR and RX (N = 51, 75%) > XX (N = 17, 25%)]. Body fat (%) and isokinetic muscle strength (PT R EX, L FL) can be more effective predictors in the +6 Gz test for cadet training. Another speculation is that more RR- and RX-type-oriented training can promote cadets’ Gz tolerance from the isokinetic factors such as high peak torque and low fatigue index.Shin S, Jee H. ACTN-3 genotype, body composition, fitness, and +Gz tolerance in senior cadets. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2019; 90(12):1055–1060.

scholarly journals A fitness assessment study among young fishermen of coastal areas of East Midnapore District of West Bengal, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Pallav Sengupta ◽  
Sobhana Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference

Being the fourth most populated state of India, West Bengal has a population of about 82 million, of which a major percentage is represented by coastal fishing communities who are habituated to do a physically demanding occupation which may have a positive influence on their the physical parameters. Thus the present investigation was designed in order to assess the influence of fishery, such a physically demanding occupation on physical fitness and to compare whether fishermen have more cardiovascular fitness and anaerobic power than sedentary workers or not. The study was conducted in 15 randomly selected male fishermen of the Midnapore District (East), West Bengal, India (mean age of 22.5), and the 15 college students (mean age of 21.9) served as a control group. A significant difference (p<0.05) in blood pressure, PFI, energy expenditure, body fat% and anaerobic power was found in fishermen. But, in contrast, BSA, BMI, resting heart rate, VO2max, mean upper arm circumference, thigh and calf circumferences were found to be non-significant. This study implies fishermen have more physical fitness (cardiovascular fitness) and muscle mass, but a lower percentage of body fat than the sedentary population. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v1i1.13210 South East Asia Journal of Public Health 2011:1:28-34

scholarly journals The Effect of Two Semester Wrestling Training on University Students’ Body Composition and Some Motoric Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Bilal Demirhan
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
University Students ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
The Body ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Package Program ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Positive Effect

The aim of this study was to examine the changes in the body composition and motor characteristics of the students attending the wrestling lesson in one academic year (8 months). The study included 19 male wrestler students with an average age of 21.20&plusmn;1.61 years. Body weights, body circumference measurements, regional muscle strengths, anaerobic strength skinfold thicknesses and body fat percentages were measured twice before the start of the wrestling training at the beginning of the academic year. SPSS 20.0 package program was used to analyze the data obtained at the beginning and end of the season. In the evaluation of pretest and posttest measurements, wrestler students&rsquo; body weights, BMI, shoulder circumference, chest circumference, bicep circumference (ext), bicep circumference (flx), hip circumference, upper leg circumference, vertical jump distance, long jump distances, Anaerobic power capacities There was a statistically significant difference between the back force, leg strength, biceps, triceps and abdominal skin folds (p&lt;0.05). As a result, it was determined that wrestling training taken by university students in a training process had a positive effect on muscle strength and anaerobic power levels and a positive effect on the development of body circumference measurements.

scholarly journals Effects of School-Based Exercise and Nutrition Intervention on Body Composition and Physical Fitness in Overweight Adolescent Girls

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Špela Bogataj ◽  
Nebojša Trajković ◽  
Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez ◽  
Vedrana Sember
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Nutrition Intervention ◽  
School Based ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Overweight Adolescent ◽  
Overweight Adolescent Girls ◽  
Medicine Ball

Regular exercise during school hours is encouraged since childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions. Moreover, a great majority of adolescents do not meet the recommendations for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The present study aimed to determine the effects of school-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and nutrition intervention on body composition and physical fitness in overweight adolescent girls. Forty-eight girls were included in the study, of whom 24 (age = 15.5 ± 0.7 years) were randomized to a experimental group (EXP) (HIIT and nutrition intervention school-based program) and 24 (age = 15.7 ± 0.6 years) to a control group (CON) that maintained their usual physical education activities. HIIT consisted of 10 stations of own bodyweight exercise and was done three times per week for eight weeks. Moreover, the EXP participated in the nutrition program led by a nutritionist two times a week. Apart from body composition assessment, participants performed countermovement jump (CMJ), medicine ball throw, hand-grip test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 Test (YYIRT1). A significant effect of group (EXP vs. CON) x time (pre vs. post) interaction was observed for weight [F(1,44) = 7.733; p = 0.008], body mass index [F(1,44) = 5.764; p = 0.020], body fat (in kg) [F(1,44) = 17.850; p < 0.001], and body fat (in %) [F(1,44) = 18.821; p < 0.001]. Moreover, a significant interaction was observed for the medicine ball throw [F(1,44) = 27.016; p < 0.001] and YYIRT1 [F(1,44) = 5.439; p = 0.024]. A significant main effect for time was found for hand grip [F(1,44) = 9.300; p = 0.004] and CMJ [F(1,44) = 12.866; p = 0.001].The present study has demonstrated that just eight weeks school-based HIIT and nutrition intervention, including three sessions a week, can improve body composition and muscular and physical aerobic performance in overweighted adolescent girls.

scholarly journals OR-023 Physical evaluation of 6-7 years old female preselected tennis players

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiquan Weng ◽  
Chaoge Wang ◽  
Yan Meng ◽  
Guoqin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Grade Level ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Tennis Players ◽  
Left Hand

Objective Through testing and analysis the characteristics of body shape，body composition，bone growth and physical fitness，hemoglobin, testosterone of 6-7 years old female preselected tennis players，the study aim was to provide reference bases for the early selection of female tennis players. Methods A total of 75 female preselected tennis players(initial selection by the coaches) aged from 6 to 7 years were came from Hebei, Hubei, Qinghai and Inner Mongolia province, who came to Research Center for Heath related Physical Fitness Evaluation of Guangzhou Sport University for physical fitness test from July 2016 to July 2018. The height, weight, length of upper limbs, length of lower limbs, iliac width, shoulder width, body fat, muscle mass, bone age，bone mass density(BMD), anaerobic power and PWC170, reaction time, vertical jump, grip strength, hemoglobin, testosterone were measured using related instruments and methods, and calculated derived indicators BMI, iliac width/shoulder width. Data were compared with the national standard of physical health of students and/or evaluated by deviation method，and correlation had been analysed among physical parameters. Results 1)The 75 female preselected tennis players’ aged from 6 to 7 years height and weight were 128.10±5.32cm and 25.70±3.87kg，and there are 47 girls height upper medium grade level, 60% of which weight was at a moderate level, their BMI were 15.48±1.50kg/m2，and all in the normal range, iliac width/shoulder width ×100 was 76.52±7.00, 70.7% 0f which was above medium grade level, the upper and lower limbs were 54.28±3.60cm and 71.68±5.26cm, girls’ PBF were 21.03±6.44, muscle weight were 18.94±3.00kg, BMD were 2.04±2.20, and no low bone strength were fund; Anaerobic power of all female preselected tennis players were 135.93±31.65kg.cm, and the values of the PWC170 relative weight were 10.79±2.56kg.m/min.kg, reaction time were 0.628±0.128s, vertical jump were 21.13±4.95cm, the grip of right and left hand were 10.36±2.15kg and 10.06±2.40kg, the physical fitness parameters above in the upper middle class were more girls than the lower middle class; The hemoglobin content was 132.15±8.70g/L, which was above the normal level (110 -160g/L), the serum testosterone concentration was 1.52±1.20umol/L, which was much higher than that of normal girls (0-0.7umol/L). 2) When age was controlled, there was negative correlation between T and PFB, vertical jump and body weight, PWC170 and reaction time(P＜0.05), and there was positive correlation between hemoglobin and muscle weight(P＜0.05), height, and vertical jump(P＜0.01), muscle weight and anaerobic power(P<0.01)，anaerobic power and height，weight，BMI，upper and lower limbs(P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.01)，PWC170 and vertical jump，the grip of right and left hand(P<0.01, P<0.05, P<0.05), vertical jump and upper, lower limbs, iliac width/shoulder width(P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.01). Conclusions 75 female aged from 6 to 7 years old preselected tennis players’ body shape, physical fitness, physiological and biochemical function were superior to peers, and in those parameters，there were more people in upper middle grade than  lower middle grade. There is a certain correlation between body composition, shape and fitness of female preselected tennis players’ aged from 6 to 7 years.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PELATIHAN SINGLE LEG SPEED HOP DAN DOUBLE LEG SPEED HOP TERHADAP DAYA LEDAK OTOT TUNGKAI

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Kadek Risna Dewi ◽  
I Ketut Sudiana ◽  
Ni Luh Kadek Alit Arsani
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
T Test ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Jump Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
One Way Anova

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelatihan single leg speed hop dan double leg speed hop terhadap peningkatan daya ledak otot tungkai. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen sungguhan dengan rancangan the randomized pretest posttest control groups design. Sampel penelitian ini adalah siswa putri SMP N 3 Mengwi sebanyak 45 orang ditentukan dengan teknik simple random sampling. Daya ledak otot tungkai diukur dengan vertical jump test dan data dianalisis dengan uji t independent, uji anava satu jalur dan dilanjutkan dengan uji least significant difference (LSD) pada taraf signifikansi (α) 0,05 dengan bantuan komputer program SPSS 16,0. Berdasarkan uji t independent pada pelatihan single leg speed hop diperoleh nilai sebesar 4,987 dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000 sedangkan pada pelatihan double leg speed hop diperoleh nilai sebesar 2,509 dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,018. Berdasarkan uji anava satu jalur diperoleh nilai sebesar 11,695 dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000 dan uji least significant difference (LSD) menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan pengaruh antara kedua pelatihan dan pelatihan single leg speed hop mempunyai pengaruh yang lebih baik dari pelatihan double leg speed hop dengan mean difference sebesar 4,667. Dari hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelatihan single leg speed hop dan double leg speed hop berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan daya ledak otot tungkai pada siswa putri SMP N 3 Mengwi tahun pelajaran 2013/2014 dan terdapat perbedaan pengaruh antara kedua pelatihan serta pelatihan single leg speed hop mempunyai pengaruh yang lebih baik dari pelatihan double leg speed hop. Kata Kunci : pelatihan single leg speed hop, pelatihan double leg speed hop, daya ledak otot tungkai. This research aimed to determine the effect of speed single leg speed hop and double leg speed hop training in improving power of leg muscle. This research was a true experiment by the randomized pretest posttest control groups design. The sample was students of SMP N 3 Mengwi daughter as many as 45 people were determined by simple random sampling. Power of leg muscle was measured by vertical jump test and data were analyzed by independent t-test, one way anova and least significant difference (LSD) with significance level (α) 0,05 using computer program SPSS 16.0. Based on independent t-test on single leg speed hop training obtained 4.987 with a significance value of 0.000, while the double-leg speed hop training obtained 2.509 with a significance value of 0.018. Based on one way anova of the obtained value of F 11.695 with a significance value of 0.000 and the least significant difference test (LSD) showed there was a different effect between the two types of training and single leg speed hop training has better effect than double leg speed hop training with mean difference of 4.667. From the results, it could be concluded that single leg speed hop and double leg speed hop training were effective to improve power of leg muscle on the students of SMP N 3 Mengwi daughter of the school year 2013/2014 and there was a different effect between the two types of training and single leg speed hop training have a better effect than double leg speed hops training.keyword : single leg speed hop training, double leg speed hop training, power of leg muscle.

To Assess and Correlate Resting Heart Rate, Body Composition and Heart Rate Variability in Judo and Wushu Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-421
Author(s):  
Sapna Yadav ◽  
Gaurav Kadyan
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: This study aimed to compare and correlate the resting heart rate, body composition and heart rate variability among judo and wushu players. Method: 40 athletes (20 judo and 20 wushu players) were included in the study. Body composition (BMI, subcutaneous body mass, skeletal body mass, body fat %, body density, Visceral fat, Lean body mass) was evaluated with the help of 7 skinfold thickness and body circumferences with the help of Harpenden calliper and measuring tape respectively. HRV (RMSSD, SDNN, LF/HF, LFnu and HFnu) was recorded in resting state (~5min) with the help of Heart wear shimmer ECG device. Result: No significant difference of body composition and HRV variables (p> 0.05) was found between the two groups except Body fat % and body density (p<0.05) which differ significantly among the two groups. In Judo, LF/HF and LFnu showed significant positive correlation with BMI (p<0.05, r=-0.488), subcutaneous whole-body mass (p<0.05, r=-0.464), visceral fat (p<0.05, r =-0.508), and body fat % (p<0.05, r =-0.626. Whereas HFnu showed significant negative correlation with BMI (p<0.05, r=-0.488), subcutaneous whole-body mass (p<0.05, r=-0.464), visceral fat (p<0.05, r=-0.505) and body fat % (p<0.05, r=-0.626). Whereas no correlation was found between HRV and Body composition in wushu players. Conclusion: Reduction in body fat % and visceral fat in judo players indicate improved sympathovagal balance which can be due to the adaptation induced by training loads. Similar results were not seen in wushu players because of high amount of body fat% and visceral fat. Keywords: Body composition, combat sports, heart rate variability, Body fat %, resting heart rate.

scholarly journals Physical Qualities Pertaining to Shorter and Longer Change-of-Direction Speed Test Performance in Men and Women

Sports ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Lockie ◽  
Brett Post ◽  
J. Dawes
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Linear Speed ◽  
Change Of Direction ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Lower Body Power

This study investigated relationships between shorter (505, change-of-direction (COD) deficit as a derived physical quality) and longer (Illinois agility test; IAT) COD tests with linear speed, lower-body power (multidirectional jumping), and strength in recreationally-trained individuals. Twenty-one males and 22 females (similar to collegiate club-sport and tactical athletes) were assessed in: 505 and COD deficit from each leg; IAT; 20 m sprint; vertical jump (VJ height, peak anaerobic power measured in watts (PAPw), power-to-body mass ratio); standing broad jump; lateral jump (LJ) from each leg; and absolute and relative isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) strength. Partial correlations calculated sex-determined relationships between the COD and performance tests, with regression equations calculated (p < 0.05). The 505 and IAT correlated with all tests except PAPw and absolute IMTP (r = ±0.43–0.71). COD deficit correlated with the LJ (r = −0.34–0.60). Left- and right-leg 505 was predicted by sex, 20 m sprint, and left-leg LJ (70–77% explained variance). Right-leg COD deficit was predicted by sex and left-leg LJ (27% explained variance). IAT was predicted by sex, 20 m sprint, right-leg LJ, and relative IMTP (84% explained variance). For individuals with limited training time, improving linear speed, and relative lower-body power and strength, could enhance shorter and longer COD performance.

scholarly journals The Effects of Conditioning Training on Body Build, Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance in Elite Mixed Martial Arts Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Tota ◽  
Wanda Pilch ◽  
Anna Piotrowska ◽  
Marcin Maciejczyk
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Peak Power ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Mixed Martial Arts ◽  
Body Build

Abstract The aim of the study was: 1. to evaluate the effects of conditioning training on body build and physical fitness in elite mixed martial athletes, 2. to investigate the training load structure and assess body build as well as the physiological profile of mixed martial arts athletes. Fifteen MMA male athletes (body mass: 79.8 ± 3.9 kg; body height: 178.7 ± 7.9 cm; body fat: 13.4 ± 1.6%) were involved in the study. The average training experience of athletes equalled 11 ± 1.1 years. Body composition, upper limb peak anaerobic power and aerobic performance were assessed before and after the preparatory phase. During each evaluation, athletes underwent two stress tests: the Wingate test for the upper limbs (upper limb anaerobic peak power measurement) and the graded exercise test until volitional exhaustion (maximal oxygen uptake measurement and second ventilatory threshold determination). Training means were investigated for the workload type, intensity and exercise metabolism. In the follow-up, body fat mass decreased, while anaerobic peak power and aerobic performance improved. Improvement in the time to obtain and maintain peak power in the upper limbs was noted. Training periodization resulted in advantageous body composition changes and improved physical fitness of the MMA athletes.

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