scholarly journals Agro-residues and weed biomass as a source bioenergy: Implications for sustainable management and valorization of low-value biowastes

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utsab Deb ◽  
Nilutpal Bhuyan ◽  
Satya Sundar Bhattacharya ◽  
Rupam Kataki
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Paddy Straw ◽  
Energy Product ◽  
Content Ratio ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Biomass Resources ◽  
The Face ◽  
Noxious Weed

Biomass resources are gaining increasing importance world over due to their ease of conversion to various energy product in the face of depleting fossil fuel store and increasing environmental concerns over their use. The present work elucidates different physico-chemical properties of three biomasses, paddy straw (PS)- an agricultural residue, spent paddy straw obtained after mushroom cultivation (SS), and a noxious weed (Parthenium hysterophorus; PR) to understand their properties and to explore the feasibility of using them as feedstocks in different biomass to bioenergy conversion routes. In addition to physico-chemical analysis, biochemical analysis of these biomasses along with XRD, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR and SEM analysis have been carried out. Present study suggests that PS is a better choice as feedstock compared to both PR and SS. The calorific value to ash content ratio is more in PS (1.13) as compared to PR (1.06) and SS (0.84). Thus, it may be inferred that the biomasses in question are at par with commonly used bio-energy feedstocks like sugarcane bagasse and corn cob. ©2019. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

scholarly journals Physico-chemical properties of an innovative gluten-free, low-carbohydrate and high protein-bread enriched with pea protein powder

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Wójcik ◽  
Renata Różyło ◽  
Regine Schönlechner ◽  
Mary Violet Berger
Keyword(s):  
Guar Gum ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Pea Protein ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Low Carbohydrate ◽  
Chemical Score ◽  
Index Value

AbstractThe study aimed to determine the effect of pea protein powder on the pasting behavior and physico-chemical properties including the composition of amino and fatty acids of gluten-free bread with low-carbohydrate content. The control bread recipe was based on buckwheat flour (50 g) and flaxseed flour (50 g) as main flours. Additionally, the improving additives for this control bread such as psyllium husk (4 g), potato fiber (2 g), and guar gum (2 g) were used. The mixture of base flour was supplemented with the addition of pea protein powder (PPP) in the amount ranging from 5 to 25%. The results of Visco analyzes measured by RVA apparatus showed that the addition of 10% PPP to the control bread did not significantly differentiate peak viscosity and pasting temperature which was at the level 3115 cP and 3149 cP and 50 °C, respectively. Supplementation of low-carbohydrate bread with 10% of PPP was acceptable and significantly increased the content of all analyzed amino acids, as well as the amount of α-linolenic acid concerning the control bread. The lowest value of chemical score was observed for leucine. The EAAI (essential amino acid index) value increased from 34 to 40 when the optimal protein supplement was added. The developed gluten-free, low-carbohydrate, and high protein bread was characterized by contents of carbohydrate of 16.9%, protein of 17.1%, fiber of 13.7%, fat of 3.3% and its calorific value was 194 kcal/100 g.

Physico-chemical Characterization of Forest and Agricultural Residues for Energy Conversion Processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hong Nam ◽  
Le Gia Thanh Truc ◽  
Khuong Duy Anh ◽  
Laurent Van De Steene
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Forest Residues ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Biomass Resources ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
The Difference

Agricultural and forest residues are potential sources of renewable energy in various countries. However, the difference in characteristics of biomass resources presents challenges for energy conversion processes which often require feedstocks that are physically and chemically consistent. This study presented a complete and comprehensive database of characteristics of a wide range of agricultural and forest residues. Moisture, bulk density, calorific value, proximate and elemental compositions, as well as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin compositions of a wide range of biomass residues were analyzed. The major impacts of the variability in biomass compositions to biochemical and thermochemical processes were also discussed.

scholarly journals PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO CHARCOALS FROM SPECIES Bambusa vulgaris var vittatta, Dendrocalamus asper AND Phyllostachys pubescens

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo José de Queiroz Baz ◽  
Francisco De Almeida Filho ◽  
Elel Aparecida Martines Morales ◽  
Beatriz Aiello Yazbek ◽  
Juliana Cortez Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
General Context ◽  
Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Bambusa Vulgaris ◽  
Dendrocalamus Asper

The search for sustainable fuels has become important for the development of energy generation in balance with the environment. Brazil has climatic conditions and a vast territory for the production of forest biomass. The research produced in the laboratory determines the gravimetric yield, upper calorific value, percentages of fixed carbon, volatile and ashes of the charcoals of bamboo species: Bambusa vulgaris var vittatta, Dendrocalamus asper and Phyllostachys pubescens. For the carbonization process, small pieces of bamboo were obtained, were dried in the stove at 100°C for 24 hours, the dried mass was weighed and added in a carbonizer heated to 150°C for 45 minutes, heated to 180°C for 45 minutes and heated to 210°C for 30 minutes, this charcoal was then cooled and  weighed to calculate the gravimetric yield. The samples were pulverized in a pot mill, the upper calorific value in a calorimeter was determined. The volatile, fixed carbon and ash contents were determined according to the Brazilian MB-15 method. The results obtained for the species B. vittatta, D. asper and P. pubescens, were respectively: gravimetric yield 44.08%, 42.77% and 47.09%; calorific value 28.806kJ/g, 29.075kJ/g and 28.489kJ/g; percentage of fixed carbon 62.1%, 66.09% and 57.8%; percentage of volatiles 35.89%, 30.92% and 40.4%; ash percentage 2.01%, 2.99% and 1.8%. It was observed that the D. asper specie presented better results in the general context of the analysis carried out because, despite presenting a slightly lower gravimetric yield, it presented the higher calorific value and higher fixed carbons content. 

scholarly journals Characteristics of biochar pellets from corn straw under different pyrolysis temperatures

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 172346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianjun Xing ◽  
Fangyu Fan ◽  
Wen Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Corn Straw ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Biomass Resources

Biomass resources have the potential to produce clean-energy. However, their physico-chemical properties are inferior to those of coal, and thus, biomass resources are not regarded as ideal feedstock for industrial application. In the present study, the pyrolysis of corn (maize) straw pellets was performed under different temperatures (400, 450, 500, 550 and 600°C) at a 10°C min −1 heating rate and 30 min residence time, and the characteristics of biochar pellets were carefully investigated, particularly their elemental composition, hydrophobicity and mechanical resistance. Fourier transform infrared, proximate analysis and scanning electron microscopy were performed. Results indicated that the mass and energy yields of the biochar pellets decreased from 35.46 to 28.65% and from 50.17 to 45.52%, respectively, at increased temperature. Meanwhile, the higher heating value of the biochar pellets increased from 15.45 MJ kg −1 in the raw materials to 21.86 and 24.55 MJ kg −1 in the biochar produced at 400 and 600°C, respectively. In addition, biochar pellets showed good hydrophobicity, which benefited their storage and transportation, though mechanical resistance decreased. The pellets had compact structures, regular shapes and weakened or no functional groups in contrast with raw pellets, and these properties played important roles in the improvements.

scholarly journals REFRACTORY CLAY RAW MATERIALS OF REPUBLIC OF BELARUS FOR PRODUCTION OF THE PORCELAIN TILE

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Hanna N. Shymanskaya ◽  
Evgeniya M. Dyatlova ◽  
Rostislav Yu. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Refractory Clay ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Porcelain Tiles

The possibility of replacing imported refractory clays and kaolines, which are part of porcelain stoneware mix, with refractory clay materials of the Republic of Belarus, in particular quartz-pyrophyllite-kaolinite rock and kaolin of “Dedovka” and “Sitnitsa” deposits, was explored. Porcelainised stoneware body formulations of JSC “Keramin” (Minsk, Republic of Belarus) was taken as the basis. It was found that physico-chemical properties and operational characteristics of porcelain tiles comply with the requirements of EN 14411: 2014, when adding 2.5–15.0 wt.% quartz-pyrophyllite-kaolinite rock. Incorporation of quartz-pyrophyllite-kaolinite rock in percentage higher than 15.0 wt.% resulted in reduction in the total amount of the vitreous phase of porcelain stoneware, thus increasing water absorption, apparent porosity as well as reduces flexural strength and bulk density. The main crystalline phases in the synthesized materials were quartz and mullite. It was also revealed that imported kaolines could be completely replaced by kaolines of “Dedovka” and “Sitnitsa” deposits. In this, required physico-chemical properties and operational characteristics of porcelain tiles was maintained. SEM analysis revealed that specimens synthesized using considered kaolines show quite dense microstructures, with a high degree of vitrification. The gas phase in these materials was practically absent, the presence of only individual small irregular pores was found. XRD analysis indicated that the major phases were mullite, quartz, microcline and hematite. It was hematite that gives the obtained porcelain stoneware samples a dark gray color scheme. Thus, the use of domestic refractory clay raw materials provides import substitution and declining production costs.

scholarly journals Assessment of Physicochemical and Fatty Acids Composition of Crude Seed Oil Extract of Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. for its potential in Biodiesel Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-143
Author(s):  
M.S Chomini ◽  
V.I Joshua ◽  
A.R John ◽  
M.P Ishaya
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Fatty Acids Composition ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Oil Extract

This study investigates the physico-chemical and fatty acids composition of crude seed oil extracts of Azadirachta indica . The main objective was to evaluate some biodiesel characteristics of the crude seed oil extract of Azadirachta indica. The procedures of the Association of Official and Analytical Chemist (AOAC) were used for assessment of some physical, biochemical, and fatty acids constituents of the test seed oil extract. The physical properties assayed for indicate that the oil is liquid at room temperature, non-drying, with specific gravity, with flash and melting points of 0.910±0.08 g/cm3, 80±2.10°C and 76±1.60°C respectively. The chemical properties included 66.77±2.55 g/100g (iodine value), 1.465±0.07 (refractive index@ 30°C), 212.96±1.16 mgKOH/g (saponification value), 0.39±0.16 meq/Kg (peroxide value), 4.24±0.12 mgKOH/g (acid value), 2.20±0.12 mm2/s (viscosity value), 56.91±2.19 (cetane number), 39.21±1.11 MJ/kg (calorific value) and 2.13±0.05% w/w (free fatty acids). Fatty acids composition of the crude seed oil of A. indica obtained were linoleic, hexadecanoic, octadecanoic and alpha linolenic acids, with retention time and % composition of 18.2 min and 10.8±0.50%, 22.2 min and 30.01±1.79%, 18.2 min and 59.10±2.22%, and 20.2 min and 0.09±0.02% respectively. The crude seed oil extract clearly presents a potential as a biodiesel substrate for incorporation as a proximate blend in auto-engines. This therefore would necessitate intensive afforestation efforts of the plant species for sustainable utilization. Keywords: Azadirachta indica, Biodiesel, physico-chemical, fatty acids, crude seed oil, extracts

Production of Micro Crystalline Cellulose from Tapioca Solid Waste: Effect of Acid Concentration on its Physico-chemical Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
Ansharullah Ansharullah ◽  
Nur Muhammad Abdillah Saenuddin ◽  
RH Fitri Faradilla ◽  
Asranuddin Asranudin ◽  
Asniar Asniar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Ft Ir

This study was aimed to examine the production of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from tapioca solid waste (TSW), using HCl hydrolysis with various concentrations, i.e., 2 N, 2.5 N, 3 N, and 3.5 N. MCC was produced by delignifying the TSW with NaOH 20%, and bleaching with NaOCl 3.5% to produce α-cellulose, and subsequently hydrolyzing α-cellulose with three different HCl concentrations to produce MCC. The physicochemical properties of MCC were then analyzed, including Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and FTIR spectra. The results showed that hydrolysis with 2.0 N HCl resulted in a higher yield of 61.28%, α-cellulose content of 56.33%, moisture 6.25%, pH of 6.54; ash 0.23%, and water solubility 0.34%. SEM analysis showed the morphology and size of the MCC produced were like those of a commercial MCC (Avicel PH101), while the XRD analysis showed the higher concentration of HCl gave rise to an increased crystalline index. FT-IR spectrum analysis indicated that TSW, MCC produced, and commercial MCC had similar functional groups.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Dimethyl Carbonate as Alternative Biofuel. Performance and Smoke Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel/Dimethyl Carbonate/Straight Vegetable Oil Triple Blends

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1749
Author(s):  
Laura Aguado-Deblas ◽  
Jesús Hidalgo-Carrillo ◽  
Felipa M. Bautista ◽  
Carlos Luna ◽  
Juan Calero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Dimethyl Carbonate ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Engine Efficiency ◽  
Straight Vegetable Oil ◽  
Physico Chemical

Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is an interesting blending component for diesel fuel (D) owing to the high oxygen content (53 wt.%) and the absence of C–C bonds in its structure. Moreover, DMC can be produced from CO2 and methanol, which provides a renewable way to reduce anthropogenic CO2. This research has been addressed to assess the use of DMC as a solvent of sunflower oil (SO) and castor oil (CO), with the purpose of obtaining biofuels that can replace fossil diesel as much as possible. The blending of DMC with straight vegetable oils (SVOs) reduces their high viscosity, allowing their usage as drop-in biofuels without chemical treatments. Based on viscosity requirements of European Standard EN 590, the optimal DMC/SVO double blends have been tested as direct biofuels by themselves or mixed with fossil diesel in D/DMC/SVO triple blends. Relevant physico-chemical properties of fuels have been analyzed. Engine parameters such as power output, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and soot emissions have been studied to determine the effect of new biofuels on efficiency of a diesel engine. An outstanding engine efficiency is shown by the studied D/DMC/SVO triple blends, either with SO or CO as an SVO. The low calorific value of DMC is the main reason for reduction in power and BSFC, as the amount of diesel in the triple blends is reduced. Experimental results demonstrate that the use of these biofuels allows the replacement of up to 40% of fossil diesel, without compromising the power and BSFC of the engine, and accomplishing optimal cold flow properties and a marked drop in exhaust emissions.

Utilization of Plant Biomass for the Production of Renewable and Sustainable Biofuels With Zero Carbon Emission

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-43
Author(s):  
Sandip Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Product Portfolio ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Biomass Resources ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Conversion Technologies

Biofuels for use of transport and industrial purposes have been synthesised on a substantial scale since 1970s, using a set of technologies. Today, biofuels are widely available using sugar, grains, starch-based bioethanol, and oil seeds-based biodiesel. For enhancing the anticipations of product portfolio of plant biomass-to-biofuels formation, it is vital to develop effective conversion technologies for upgradation of abundantly available lignocellulosic biomass resources into value-added co-products particularly biofuels and chemicals. In this chapter, brief synthesis processes and utilization of synthesised biofuels such as methanol, ethanol, butanol, gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel have been outlined for their use in transport sectors either as a neat or blended with gasoline. Biofuels' physico-chemical properties, performances, gas emissions, pros, and cons of various synthesised biofuels' neat and blend are compared with non-renewable fuels. Thenceforth, discussion gradually focuses towards the zero-carbon emission upon the utilization of biofuels derived from plant biomass.

scholarly journals Physical and Chemical Properties of Philippine Coal Blended with Torrefied Biomass from Rice (Oryza sativa) Straw

2019 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 02003
Author(s):  
Rose Ann P. Lomeda-De Mesa ◽  
Allan N. Soriano ◽  
Ariziel Ruth D. Marquez ◽  
Adonis P. Adornado
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Biomass Resources ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Looking at the feasibility of using rice (Oryza sativa) straw locally known as “dayami”, which the Philippines is quantitatively abundant, for power generation could help farmers reduce production cost and minimize the postharvest waste. Hence, this study’s objective is to provide a detailed knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of Philippine coal blended with torrefied rice (O. sativa) straw to efficiently use biomass for energy production. Proximate, ultimate, and calorific value analyses showed that rice (O. sativa) straw like other biomass resources are appropriate to meet the requirement of thermochemical process. When compared to pure coal, agricultural residues biomass like rice (O. sativa) straw has lower moisture and ash content, likewise nitrogen and sulfur are very low as well. Generally, blending Philippine coal with torrefied rice (O. sativa) straw would improve its quality in terms of its combustion properties thereby making these combinations of coal and biomass advantageous.

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