Cryptosporidium identification in HIV-Infected Humans. Experience from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Wumba ◽  
Josué Zanga ◽  
Kennedy M. Mbanzulu ◽  
Madone N. Mandina ◽  
Aimé K. Kahindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Pcr Targeting

AbstractCryptosporidium is an important protozoan parasite affecting HIV/AIDS patients. To determine the prevalence and the species of Cryptosporidium spp by developing a rapid and efficient real-time PCR-RFLP test. A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-infected adults from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Stool specimens were examined by microscopic evaluation and real-time PCR-RFLP. Out of 242 HIV-infected adults, 10 (4.1%) cases of Cryptosporidium were identified by microscopic examination. Using PCR-RFLP, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp was 5.4% (n = 13). All the 13 cases of Cryptosporidium spp had the stage of AIDS of HIV infection. Extracted DNA was amplified by nested PCR targeting a 1030-bp fragment of the 18s RNA gene. RFLP analysis identified one C. parvum, four C. hominis and one non determined Cryptosporidium. The capacity to detect C. parvum, C. hominis and non-determined Cryptosporidium was present among our HIV-infected patients.

scholarly journals Enterocytozoon bieneusiIdentification Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism in HIV-Infected Humans from Kinshasa Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Wumba ◽  
Menotti Jean ◽  
Longo-Mbenza Benjamin ◽  
Mandina Madone ◽  
Kintoki Fabien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Restriction Enzymes ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Type Iv

Objective. To determine the prevalence and the genotypes ofEnterocytozoon bieneusiin stool specimens from HIV patients.Methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Kinshasa hospitals between 2009 and 2012. Detection of microsporidia includingE. bieneusiandE. intestinaliswas performed in 242 HIV-infected patients. Typing was based on DNA polymorphism of the ribosomal DNA ITS region ofE. bieneusi. PCRRFLP generated with two restriction enzymes (Nla III and Fnu 4HI) in PCR-amplified ITS products for classifying strains into different lineages. The diagnosis performance of the indirect immune-fluorescence-monoclonal antibody (IFI-AcM) was defined in comparison with real-time PCR as the gold standard.Results. Out of 242 HIV-infected patients, using the real-time PCR, the prevalence ofE. bieneusiwas 7.9% (n=19) among the 19E. bieneusi, one was coinfected withE. intestinalis. In 19E. bieneusipersons using PCR-RFLP method, 5 type I strains ofE. bieneusi(26.3%) and 5 type IV strains ofE. bieneusi(26.3%) were identified. The sensitivity of IFI-AcM was poor as estimated 42.1%.Conclusion. Despite different PCR methods, there is possible association between HIVinfection, geographic location (France, Cameroun, Democratic Republic of Congo), and the concurrence of type I and type IV strains.

scholarly journals Cryptosporidium spp. during chemotherapy: a cross-sectional study of 94 patients with malignant solid tumor

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-298
Author(s):  
Mehmet Karabey ◽  
Hüseyin Can ◽  
Tülay Öncü Öner ◽  
Mert Döşkaya ◽  
Sedef Erkunt Alak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Pcr Targeting

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium spp . is a protozoan parasite that infects many vertebrate animals, including humans. Since Cryptosporidium spp . can cause chronic life-threatening diarrhea and severe malabsorption in immunocompromised patients, we investigated the prevalence of this parasite among patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignant solid tumors. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp . in stool samples. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Tertiary care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Stool samples were collected from adult patients with malignant solid tumors receiving chemotherapy and diarrhea. Cryptosporidium spp . prevalence was determined using Ziehl–Neelsen staining, ELISA, and real-time PCR targeting of the COWP gene. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp . in patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignant solid tumors. SAMPLE SIZE: 94 RESULTS: The prevalence was 2.1% (2/94), 5.3% (5/94), and 5.3% (5/94) as detected by Ziehl–Neelsen staining, real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The prevalence reached 8.5% (8/94) using all results obtained from the three methods. Among eight positive stool samples, four were positive by at least two different methods (Ziehl–Neelsen staining-ELISA or ELISA-real-time PCR) whereas the remaining four were positive by either ELISA or real-time PCR. CONCLUSION: These findings show the risk of cryptosporidiosis in cancer patients and the necessity to use at least two diagnostic methods during the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis to reach more accurate and trustworthy results. LIMITATIONS: Further studies with a larger sample size are recommended. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

scholarly journals Assessment of Molecular Markers of Anti-malarial Drug Resistance in Pfk13-propeller, Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 Genes in Plasmodium Falciparum Isolated From Patients Returning for Malaria Retreatment in Democratic Republic of Congo 

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doudou Malekita Yobi ◽  
Nadine K. Kayiba ◽  
Dieudonné M. Mvumbi ◽  
Raphael Boreux ◽  
Pius Z. Kabututu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Molecular Markers ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
First Line ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Republic Of Congo

Abstract BackgroundThe Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) malaria treatment policy recommends two first-line artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria: Artesunate-amodiaquine (ASAQ) and Artemether-lumefantrine (AL). This study investigated resistance to the ACTs currently in use in DRC through molecular markers in pfk13, pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes in Plasmodium falciparum isolated from patients returning for malaria retreatment. MethodsFrom November 2018 to November 2019, dried blood spots were taken from patients returning to health structures for fever within 28 days after an initial malaria treatment in 6 sentinel sites of National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) across DRC. The new episode of malaria was first detected by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and then confirmed by a real-time PCR assay. Fragments of interest in pfk13 and pfcrt genes were amplified by conventional PCR before sequencing and Pfmdr1 gene copy number was determined by a TaqMan real-time PCR assay. ResultsOut of 474 enrolled patients, 364 (76.8%) were confirmed positive by PCR for P. falciparum. Of the 325 P. falciparum isolates successfully sequenced in pfk13-propeller gene, 7 (2.2%) carried non-synonymous (NS) mutations among which 3 previously reported (N498I, N554K and A557S) and 4 not yet reported (F506L, E507V, D516E and G538S). Of the 335 isolates successfully sequenced in pfcrt gene, 139 (41.5%) harbored the K76T mutation known to be associated with CQ resistance. The SVMNT haplotype associated with resistance to AQ has not been found. None of the isolates carried increased copy number of pfmdr1 gene among the 322 P. falciparum isolates successfully analyzed.ConclusionNo molecular marker known to date as associated with resistance to first-line ACTs in use was detected in P. falciparum isolated in patients returning for retreatment. Regular monitoring through in vivo drug efficacy and molecular studies must continue to ensure the effectiveness of the treatment of malaria in DRC.

scholarly journals Minimum acceptable diet among children aged 6–23 months in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo: a community-based cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Mbusa Kambale ◽  
Gaylord Amani Ngaboyeka ◽  
Joe Bwija Kasengi ◽  
Sarah Niyitegeka ◽  
Boss Rutakaza Cinkenye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
South Kivu

Abstract Background Suboptimal child nutrition remains the main factor underlying child undernutrition in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study aimed to assess the prevalence of minimum acceptable diet and associated factors among children aged 6–23 months old. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study including 742 mothers with children aged 6–23 months old was conducted in 2 Health Zones of South Kivu, Eastern DRC. WHO indicators of Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) regarding complementary feeding practices were used. Logistic regression analysis was used to quantify the association between sociodemographic indicators and adequate minimum acceptable diet for both univariate and multivariate analysis. Results Overall, 33% of infants had minimum acceptable diet. After controlling for a wide range of covariates, residence urban area (AOR 2.39; 95% CI 1.43, 3.85), attendance postnatal care (AOR 1.68; 95% CI 1.12, 2.97), education status of mother (AOR 1.83; 95% CI 1.20, 2.77) and household socioeconomic status (AOR 1.72; 95% CI 1.14, 2.59) were factors positively associated with minimum acceptable diet. Conclusion Actions targeting these factors are expected to improve infant feeding practices in South Kivu.

scholarly journals Symptoms of acute transfusion reactions at a general referral hospital in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. e045081
Author(s):  
Patou Masika Musumari ◽  
Samclide Mutindu Mbikayi ◽  
Kriengkrai Srithanaviboonchai ◽  
Teeranee Techasrivichien ◽  
Arunrat Tangmunkongvorakul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Transfusion Reactions

ObjectivesBlood transfusion is a life-saving procedure and is also associated with a range of risks including the occurrence of symptoms of acute transfusion reactions (ATRs). Very few studies in sub-Saharan Africa have reported on ATRs. The present study addresses this gap in the literature by documenting the prevalence of and factors associated with ATRs in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).DesignThis is a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study using blood bank data from a general referral hospital.SettingCentre Hospitalier Mère-Enfant (CHME) Monkole, a general referral hospital in Kinshasa, DRC.ParticipantsGeneral population who have received blood transfusion in CHME Monkole between 2014 and 2019.ResultsThe data set included a total of 7166 patients; 3153 (44%) men and 4013 (56%) women. The overall prevalence of symptoms of ATRs was 2.6%; the lowest prevalence was in 2017 (2.34%) and highest in 2018 (2.95%) and 2019 (2.94%). The documented symptoms included 74 (39.6%) cases of dyspnoea/respiratory distress, 60 (32.1%) cases of fever, 36 (19.2%) cases of pruritus/urticaria and 17 (9.1%) cases of vomiting. None of the studied factors was associated with symptoms of ATRs.ConclusionSymptoms of ATRs were not uncommon in the studied population. Dyspnoea and respiratory distress, fever and pruritus/urticaria were the most common symptoms of ATRs. This study highlights the need for a clinical and biological surveillance to detect, prevent and manage ATRs in the context of the DRC.

scholarly journals Determinants of Antenatal Care Attendance among Pregnant Women Living in Endemic Malaria Settings: Experience from the Democratic Republic of Congo

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Célestin Ndosimao Nsibu ◽  
Célestin Manianga ◽  
Serge Kapanga ◽  
Esther Mona ◽  
Philippe Pululu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of Congo

Background. Antenatal care (ANC) attendance helps pregnant women to benefit from preventive and curative services.Methods. Determinants for ANC attendance were identified through a cross-sectional survey in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Sociocultural bottlenecks were assessed via focus groups discussion of married men and women.Results. In this survey, 28 of the 500 interviewed pregnant women (5.6%) did not attend ANC services and 82.4% booked over the first trimester. The first visit is positively influenced by the reproductive age (OR: 0.52, 95% CI(0.28–0.95),p<0.04), the educational level (OR: 0.41,95% CI(0.17–0.97),p<0.04), the nearby health center (OR: 0.43, 95% CI(0.2–0.92),p<0.03), and the presence of a male partner (OR: 10.48, 95% CI(2.1–52.23),p<0.001). The barriers to early booking were (i) the cost of service; (ii) the appearance or individual income; (iii) the geographical inaccessibility or distance to health facilities; (iv) social and religious prohibitions; (v) the stigmatization from other women when conceiving in the late ages or young or while still lactating (parity); (vi) the time for waiting for services.Conclusion. The early ANC attendance is delayed among poor women with little education and living alone.

scholarly journals Health facility readiness and provider knowledge as correlates of adequate diagnosis and management of pre-eclampsia in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalau Mukadi Nkamba ◽  
Roland Vangu ◽  
Moyene Elongi ◽  
Laura A. Magee ◽  
Gilbert Wembodinga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Primary Health Centres ◽  
Hypertensive Disorders In Pregnancy ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Facility Readiness

Abstract Background Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are the second most common cause of maternal mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), accounting for 23% of maternal deaths. This study aimed to assess facility readiness, and providers’ knowledge to prevent, diagnose, and treat pre-eclampsia. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 30 primary health centres (PHCs) and 28 referral facilities (hospitals) randomly selected in Kinshasa, DRC. In each facility, all midwives and physicians involved in maternal care provision (n = 197) were included. Data on facility infrastructure and providers’ knowledge about pre-eclampsia were collected using facility checklists and a knowledge questionnaire. Facility readiness score was defined as the sum of 13 health commodities needed to manage pre-eclampsia. A knowledge score was defined as the sum of 24 items about the diagnosis, management, and prevention of pre-eclampsia. The score ranges from 0 to 24, with higher values reflecting a better knowledge. The Mann-Witney U test was used to compare median readiness scores by facility type and ownership; and median knowledge scores between midwives in hospitals and in PHCs, and between physicians in hospitals and in PHCs. Results Overall, health facilities had 7 of the 13 commodities, yielding a median readiness score of 53.8%(IQR: 46.2 to 69.2%). Although all provider groups had significant knowledge gaps about pre-eclampsia, providers in hospitals demonstrated slightly more knowledge than those in PHCs. Midwives in public facilities scored higher than those in private facilities (median(IQR): 8(5 to 12) vs 7(4 to 8), p = 0.03). Of the 197 providers, 91.4% correctly diagnosed severe pre-eclampsia. However, 43.9 and 82.2% would administer magnesium sulfate and anti-hypertensive drugs to manage severe pre-eclampsia, respectively. Merely 14.2 and 7.1% of providers were aware of prophylactic use of aspirin and calcium to prevent pre-eclampsia, respectively. Conclusion Our study showed poor availability of supplies to diagnose, prevent and treat pre-eclampsia in Kinshasa. While providers demonstrated good knowledge regarding the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia, they have poor knowledge regarding its prevention and management. The study highlights the need for strengthening knowledge of providers toward the prevention and management of pre-eclampsia, and enhancing the availability of supplies needed to address this disease.

scholarly journals Important Aedes Spp. Density Levels in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wat’senga Tezzo Francis ◽  
Fasine Sylvie ◽  
Manzambi Emile Zola ◽  
Marquetti Maria del Carmen ◽  
Binene Mbuka Guillaume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Breeding Sites

Abstract BACKGROUND: Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika are among the most important emerging infectious vector-borne diseases worldwide. Besides sporadic dengue cases, yellow fever and chikungunya outbreaks have been increasingly reported in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the last decade. The main vectors of these arboviruses, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, were reported in DRC, but there is a lack of detailed information on their presence and spread hampering transmission risk assessments in the region. METHODS: In 2018, two cross-sectional surveys were realized in Kinshasa province (DRC), one in the rainy (January/February) and one in the dry season (July). Four hundred houses were visited in each of the four selected communes (N’Djili, Mont Ngafula, Lingwala and Kalamu). Breedings sites were recorded, larvae and pupae collected and reared to obtain adults for genus and species identification. A subset of specimens was DNA-barcoded for validation of the morphological species identification. RESULTS: The most rural commune (Mont Ngafula) had the highest density levels, with a Breteau Index of 82.2 and 19.5/100 houses in rainy and dry season, respectively. The Breteau Index in the other communes Kalamu, Lingwala and N’Djili elevated to 21.5 (4.7), 36.7 (9.8) and 41.7 (7.5) in the rainy (and dry) season. The House index was on average 27.5% and 7.6%; and the Container Index 15.0% and 10.0% in rainy and dry season, respectively. The vast majority of Aedes positive containers was found outside the houses (adjusted OR 27.4 (95%CI 14.9-50.1)). The main breeding sites were used tires, water storage containers and trash. Anopheles larvae were also found in Aedes breeding sites, especially during the rainy season.CONCLUSIONS: These results show that Kinshasa is highly infested with Aedes spp. which indicates a high potential for arbovirus transmission in the area. During the dry season, the most productive containers (for Aedes pupae production) are containers used for water storage, whereas in the rainy season this is trash and tires. The present study also evidences that Aedes breeding sites are mainly located outdoors. Based on the results of this study, a contextualized Aedes control strategy can be designed for Kinshasa.

scholarly journals Prenatal care counseling and delivery method among women with multiple Cesareans: A cross-sectional study from Democratic Republic of Congo

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0238985
Author(s):  
Raha Maroyi ◽  
Nyakio Ngeleza ◽  
Laura Keyser ◽  
Katenga Bosunga ◽  
Denis Mukwege
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Prenatal Care ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Factors Associated

Prenatal care (PNC) and counseling about delivery method is an important strategy to prevent delivery complications among women with multiple prior Cesarean sections (CS). In low income countries, an elective CS is recommended for this population. This cross-sectional study examined factors associated with counseling about delivery method and its influence on the likelihood of an elective CS delivery. A total of 422 women with ≥2 prior CS who delivered across five hospitals in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) were interviewed about PNC and counseling. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression were completed to ascertain factors associated with counseling. Only 33.6% delivered via planned CS; 60.7% required an emergency CS. One-quarter completed four PNC visits; 64.5% received counseling. Number of PNC visits and number of prior CS were significant predictors of receipt of counseling. Women who received ≥2 PNC visits were 2.2 times more likely to have received counseling (p = 0.000). Among women who received counseling, 38.6% had a planned CS compared with 24.7% in the non-counseled group. Counseling was associated with mode of delivery; emergency CS and vaginal delivery were more frequent among women who did not receive counseling (p = 0.008). These findings highlight the importance of counseling during PNC visits. This study also highlights the poor coverage and quality of counseling in this high-risk population and the need for improvements in PNC. Less than 40% of counseled women followed provider recommendations for a planned delivery via CS. The majority labored at home and later delivered emergently. The significant number of women who trial labor without medical supervision despite their high-risk status sheds light on the influence of patient perceptions about CS and acceptance of medical intervention during birth.

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