scholarly journals COVID Social Distancing and the Poor: An Analysis of the Evidence for England

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parantap Basu ◽  
Clive Bell ◽  
Terence Huw Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
School Meals ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Cooperative Equilibrium ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Panel Regressions ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
General Regulation

Abstract Social distancing is a matter of individuals’ choices as well as of regulation. We analyse weekly panel data on such behaviour for English Upper Tier Local Authorities (UTLAs) from March to July 2020, paying attention to the influence of poverty, as measured by free school meals provision. Panel regressions suggest that, although more stringent regulation and slightly lagged local cases of infection increase social distancing, both effects are weaker in UTLAs with higher levels of poverty, in part because of poor housing, and also because shortage of money has forced the poor to keep working. Thus motivated, we develop a two-class (rich/poor) model, in which a Nash non-cooperative equilibrium arises from individual choices in a regulatory regime with penalties for non-compliance. The model yields results in keeping with the empirical findings, indicating the desirability of generous measures to furlough workers in low-paid jobs as a complement to the stringency of general regulation.

The effects of debt restructurings on income inequality in the developing world

2021 ◽  
pp. 135406612110014
Author(s):  
Glen Biglaiser ◽  
Ronald J. McGauvran
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

Developing countries, saddled with debts, often prefer investors absorb losses through debt restructurings. By not making full repayments, debtor governments could increase social spending, serving poorer constituents, and, in turn, lowering income inequality. Alternatively, debtor governments could reduce taxes and cut government spending, bolstering the assets of the rich at the expense of the poor. Using panel data for 71 developing countries from 1986 to 2016, we assess the effects of debt restructurings on societal income distribution. Specifically, we study the impact of debt restructurings on social spending, tax reform, and income inequality. We find that countries receiving debt restructurings tend to use their newly acquired economic flexibility to reduce taxes and lower social spending, worsening income inequality. The results are also robust to different model specifications. Our study contributes to the globalization and the poor debate, suggesting the economic harm caused to the less well-off following debt restructurings.

scholarly journals PERTUMBUHAN INKLUSIF : FENOMENA PERTUMBUHAN INKLUSIF DI KAWASAN INDONESIA BAGIAN BARAT DAN INDONESIA BAGIAN TIMUR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-112
Author(s):  
Sholihah Amalina Dyah Hapsari ◽  
Manuntun Parulian Hutagaol ◽  
Alla Asmara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Theory ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Lower Middle Class ◽  
Eastern Indonesia ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Spss Software

The growth of the middle class in Indonesia that occurred during the last ten years allegedly raised by the economic growth that is likely to increase in the same period. An economic theory which states that inclusive growth is growth that is able to bring the middle class makes economists focus on inclusive growth and the middle class itself. But in fact, the middle class in Indonesia is dominated by the lower middle class whose features are similar to the poor. These issues indicate a gap in the economy. In addition, to talk about the gap, there is no doubt that this issue has long been a discussion in Indonesia, especially the gap between western Indonesia and eastern Indonesia. Therefore this study was conducted to analyze whether it is true that inclusive growth has occurred in Indonesia and how the phenomena that occur in the western part of Indonesia and eastern Indonesia. Based on the data from 33 provinces in Indonesia over a period of 5 years, ie from 2008 to 2012, this study of the Measured inclusive growth by adopting the concept formulated by Klasen (2010) on-Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR). This study of the processing of data performed using Excel and SPSS software. The results found that economic growth in Indonesia in 20082012 has not been inclusive in reducing poverty, lowering inequality and increase employment. The results also show that inclusive growth is not a consistent phenomenon in Indonesia. The phenomenon of inclusive growth in reducing poverty, lowering inequality, and increasing employment are more prevalent in Western Indonesia (IBB).  Key words : inclusive, growth, middle class, panel data, excel   

Towards a phenomenology of poverty: Defining poverty through the lived experiences of the ‘poor’

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Simpson Reeves ◽  
Cameron Parsell ◽  
Shuang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Administrative Data ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
The Poor

This article argues for the importance of defining poverty from the perspective of those who experience poverty. How poverty is defined and operationalised is critical to policy and academic debates, as this is intertwined with explanations, causes, and possible solutions. Yet current definitions are typically provided by the ‘non-poor’. What we lack is knowledge of whether these definitions of the concept are similar to or different from those understood and conceptualised by those experiencing poverty. Australian poverty research has typically relied on panel data, administrative data, or surveys to construct and define ‘poverty’. We propose that Australian poverty scholars embrace phenomenology as a way to highlight the voices of those experiencing poverty.

The School Meals Service in Wales, c.1906–1944

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-114
Author(s):  
Russell Grigg
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Parental Responsibility ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
School Meals ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Nutritional Guidelines ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Education Act

This article explores a relatively neglected theme, namely the development of the school meals service in Wales in the first half of the twentieth century. Drawing on archival research, the article highlights the complexities of implementing policy. It is organized in two sections. The first outlines the main developments between the permissive Education (Provision of Meals) Act of 1906 and the Education Act of 1944, which compelled local authorities to provide a midday meal and set nutritional guidelines for schools. The second section discusses factors that affected the school meals service in Wales: parental responsibility, eligibility, cost, stigma and the quality of food, which collectively hindered progress. The article concludes that despite growing interventionist policies between 1906 and 1944, local authorities in Wales struggled to reach a consensus over how best to implement legislation, and progress remained uneven.

scholarly journals The Various Effects of Technology Trade on the Sustainable Market Value of Firms in OECD Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12671
Author(s):  
Hyunchul Lee ◽  
Kyungtag Lee ◽  
Jong Ha Lee
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Stock Returns ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Panel Regressions ◽  
Sustainable Value

This study explores the various effects of technology trade on the sustainable market value of firms in 36 OECD member countries using panel data estimations. To proxy technology trade activities, our study uses the technology export and import growths of intellectual property rights (IPRs). We suggest that technology imports, proxied by IPR imports, increase the market value of firms in our sample countries. The net technology imports (exports) are also positively (negatively) associated with the sustainable value of the firms. We use panel data regression to analyze the specific effects of the trade (i.e., imports and exports) of technology assets, proxied by IPRs, on the market value of firms proxied by country benchmark composite stock returns in 36 OECD member countries. For robustness, our study uses an instrumental variable estimation to check for the possible effects of endogeneity biases for the baseline results. System dynamic panel regressions further examine the effect of the dependent variable’s persistence. We find evidence of nonlinear effects for IPR exports and net IPR trade on the sustainable market value of firms. The positive effect of technology imports on the market value of firms is stronger at the lower and middle levels of the distribution of the firm value of stock returns, and this suggest heterogenous effects of technology trade across the quantiles. Overall, the empirical findings from our panel study suggest that the positive effects of technology trade for the market value of firms are due to the effect of its imports rather than exports.

‘They Take Our Houses’: Benefit Competition and the Erosion of Support for Immigrants' Social Rights

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Gerda Hooijer
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

Abstract Does benefit competition affect voters' support for immigrants' social rights? While scholars in political economy expect that benefit competition lowers support among the poor, the evidence is limited. This seems to be largely due to the reliance on highly aggregated analyses and the neglect of the institutional context in which individuals form their preferences. This article argues that lower-income voters are more likely to reduce their support due to competition when benefit eligibility depends on income. Using individual-level panel data from the Netherlands and a novel way to measure benefit competition, the study shows that lower-middle-income voters become less supportive of immigrants' social rights when more social housing in their municipality is allocated to refugees. By contrast, competition does not reduce support among the rich or the very poor. The findings suggest that benefit competition can erode support for immigrants' social rights and influence electoral politics.

scholarly journals Why do Firms Live Longer than Others? The Elixir of (Eternal) Life of Blue Chip American Companies

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Pedro M. Nogueira Reis
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Credit Rating ◽  
Eternal Life ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Credit Rating Agency ◽  
Panel Regressions ◽  
Paper Company ◽  
Liability Structure ◽  
Relevant Factors

Purpose: Why do certain companies live longer than others? The average lifespan of a listed north and South American company is over 33 years and in Europe the average age of a company is 52 (Note 1). In 1288, Stora Enso a big pulp and paper company from Sweden issued its first share. According to credit rating agency Tokyo Shoko Research, in Japan, there are more than 20,000 companies with more than 100 years’ old. Through a sample of blue ship American listed oldest companies and quarter panel data from 1988-2013 this article identifies more than 8 significant explanatory variables and ascertains relevant factors related with longevity.Methodology: A new robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence based on Driscoll-Kraay estimator is applied. This method (stata xtscc) is heteroskedasticity consistent and the standard error estimates are robust to general forms of cross-sectional and temporal dependence surpassing the deficiencies of traditional panel data statistical approaches.Findings: The sample of blue ship companies and panel regressions with Driscoll-Kraay estimator shows that the most relevant factors to induce longevity are related with growth opportunities perspective and horizon, cash liquidity, profitability and shareholders remuneration whether from dividends or repurchases, capital structure, strong claims-compliance-liability structure department, innovation and firm size.Originality: This paper’s topic considers for the first-time age as a dependent variable and not a control one. Also, the large time period of study, including quarterly observations is new, as well as the original approach to estimation applied to this theme, considered as an alternative to traditional panel data methods.Practical implications: With these determinants identified, professionals and academics can use them as benchmarking and a recipe to endure and assuring bigger lifespan for other mature and young companies.

The Statutory Framework before 1968

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-41
Author(s):  
Kenneth McK. Norrie
Keyword(s):  
Child Protection ◽  
Juvenile Courts ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Industrial Schools ◽  
Post War ◽  
International Conventions ◽  
First Time

This chapter traces the evolving legislative framework of child protection processes, from the poor law and through the early regulation of reformatory and industrial schools, to the late 19th century statutes which for the first time focused on child protection. It examines in detail the aims of the Children Act 1908 through juvenile courts, its restructuring in 1932 and its consolidation by the Children and Young Persons (Scotland) Act 1937, before exploring the post-war shift from charitable to state activity, notably with the Children Act 1948 which made child protection a central aim of local authorities with the establishment of children’s committee and children’s officers. Also explored is the beginnings of the shift from insulating vulnerable children from their families to the involvement of their families in planning for the future. Early international conventions are described.

scholarly journals The use of presumptions and duties in sustainable development equations

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Ross ◽  
Agne Zasinaite
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Managing Change ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Regulatory Regimes

Sustainable development provides a forum for sometimes complementary, but often conflicting, factors to be raised and the best solution found. As new challenges present themselves, they need to fit into our decision making processes. This article examines the use of presumptions and duties in what it refers to as ‘sustainable development equations’. More specifically, it asks whether the regulatory regime for managing change in listed buildings is promoting and delivering the sustainable management of listed buildings. It does so by examining how various presumptions and duties are used and prioritized by the courts, by Historic Environment Scotland (HES) and local authorities in their policies on managing change and then in practice, in listed building consent decisions relating to solar panels. The paper concludes presumptions and duties are useful tools for ensuring certain factors are brought into sustainable development equations and given the appropriate status. However, in the context of listed buildings, the current balance is not capable of delivering or encouraging their sustainable management. Presumptions and duties are most useful when expressly part of particular regulatory regimes and where the policy that supports these sustainable development equations is sufficiently detailed to provide both regulators and regulated with reassurance and certainty.

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