Alternative Relations and Higher-Level Categories

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (s39-1) ◽  
pp. 125-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Itai Kuperschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Standard Approach ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Main Relation ◽  
Common Reading ◽  
Fundamental Requirement

Abstract Alternative relations are one of the main relation types between states of affairs and disjunctions are the dedicated morphosyntactic constructions used for encoding them. The standard approach to disjunctions, which assumes two readings, Inclusive and Exclusive, has recently been challenged. A fundamental requirement, shared by the alternatives in all the readings they identified, is that they must be construable as members of a single higher-level category. This requirement also defines specifically one of the readings of disjunctions, or or constructions, HLC (the Higher-level category reading), in which the explicit disjuncts serve only as a means for constructing, often only ad-hoc, a higher-level concept. This concept, rather than the explicit alternatives, is actually the prominent concept profiled by the construction. The study presented here adopts the same bottom-up Usage-Based approach advocated by Ariel and Mauri, and examines the Hebrew or constructions of the Old Testament, given in the Masoretic Tiberian version. It focusses on the question of how those categories are constructed. The data was analyzed adopting a comparative linguistic and textual method, and taking into consideration different philological and diachronic aspects. It reveals that HLC (such as ‘any beast’ for ox or ass, Exodus 23, 4) is the most common reading in this corpus (108/319, 34%). Interestingly, the higher-level categories are extracted from disjuncts of various parts of speech and can be explicit, but in most cases they are inferred. Furthermore, we observe cases which almost equally profile both the single, higher-level category and the alternatives. The methodology adopted revealed some linguistic changes in progress, as well as inclinations of ancient biblical editors and jurists.

A Concept of a “Virtual Production Line” Produced by Integrating Databases and Models of Materials

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Iwata
Keyword(s):  
Production Line ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Alloy Development ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Virtual Production ◽  
Almost All

One of the requirements for an intelligent system is to construct a virtual reality in the computer. For materials development, the “reality” is a laboratory or a production line used to improve some aspect of a material by changing its composition, processing parameters, service conditions, etc. In the case of information in libraries, the reality is a search that uses a thesaurus and bibliographic (fact) databases. The greatest barrier faced by users of materials information is that of accessing necessary information through both a librarian's view and a scientific/technological expert's view. One of the objectives of a virtual production line is to reduce this barrier through user-friendly interfaces.In designing materials, two typical approaches are combined to solve a given problem. The first is a top-down approach, in which a number of requirements are resolved to a set of possible and practical solutions for satisfying these requirements to a certain level. Almost all alloy development has followed such an approach. The second approach is a bottom-up approach, where different materials properties are described on the basis of underlying theories, preferably using first principles and fundamental data. But the vast number of possible materials makes the bottom-up approach unrealistic on its own. Instead, semi-empirical approaches are needed to bridge the gap between ad hoc data sets for practical applications and results produced by the bottom-up approach using fundamental data and first-principle calculations.

EFFICIENT PETROPHYSICAL UNCERTAINTY PROPAGATION VIA DATA-DRIVEN ANALYTICS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Cristiano ◽  
◽  
Marco Pirrone ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Standard Approach ◽  
Reservoir Modeling ◽  
Parameter Uncertainties ◽  
Volume Porosity ◽  
Very High

Risk-mitigation strategies are most effective when the major sources of uncertainty are determined through dedicated and in-depth studies. In the context of reservoir characterization and modeling, petrophysical uncertainty plays a significant role in the risk assessment phase, for instance in the computation of volumetrics. The conventional workflow for the propagation of the petrophysical uncertainty consists of physics-based model embedded into a Monte Carlo (MC) template. In detail, open-hole logs and their inherent uncertainties are used to estimate the important petrophysical properties (e.g. shale volume, porosity, water saturation) with uncertainty through the mechanistic model and MC simulations. In turn, model parameter uncertainties can be also considered. This standard approach can be highly time-consuming in case the physics-based model is complex, unknown, difficult to reproduce (e.g. old/legacy wells) and/or the number of wells to be processed is very high. In this respect, the aim of this paper is to show how a data-driven methodology can be used to propagate the petrophysical uncertainty in a fast and efficient way, speeding-up the complete process but still remaining consistent with the main outcomes. In detail, a fit-for-purpose Random Forest (RF) algorithm learns through experience how log measurements are related to the important petrophysical parameters. Then, a MC framework is used to infer the petrophysical uncertainty starting from the uncertainty of the input logs, still with the RF model as a driver. The complete methodology, first validated with ad-hoc synthetic case studies, has been then applied to two real cases, where the petrophysical uncertainty has been required for reservoir modeling purposes. The first one includes legacy wells intercepting a very complex lithological environment. The second case comprises a sandstone reservoir with a very high number of wells, instead. For both scenarios, the standard approach would have taken too long (several months) to be completed, with no possibility to integrate the results into the reservoir models in time. Hence, for each well the RF regressor has been trained and tested on the whole dataset available, obtaining a valid data-driven analytics model for formation evaluation. Next, 1000 scenarios of input logs have been generated via MC simulations using multivariate normal distributions. Finally, the RF regressor predicts the associated 1000 petrophysical characterization scenarios. As final outcomes of the workflow, ad-hoc statistics (e.g. P10, P50, P90 quantiles) have been used to wrap up the main findings. The complete data-driven approach took few days for both scenarios with a critical impact on the subsequent reservoir modeling activities. This study opens the possibility to quickly process a high number of wells and, in particular, it can be also used to effectively propagate the petrophysical uncertainty to legacy well data for which conventional approaches are not an option, in terms of time-efficiency.

scholarly journals Direito Internacional em um Mundo Caleidoscópico

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Brown Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
International Law ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Georgetown University ◽  
Informal Groups

DIREITO INTERNACIONAL EM UM MUNDO CALEIDOSCÓPICO*  INTERNATIONAL LAW IN A KALEIDOSCOPIC WORLD  Edith Brown Weiss**  RESUMO: O direito internacional é desenvolvido e implementado hoje em um contexto complicado, diverso e dinâmico. Globalização e integração, fragmentação e descentralização, e empoderamento progressivo estão surgindo simultaneamente entre povos e civilizações altamente diversas. Mais importante, este período é caracterizado por mudanças rápidas e frequentemente imprevistas, com efeitos generalizados. Os avanços na tecnologia da informação tornam possíveis coalizões ad hoc e grupos informais em constante mudança, além de uma série de iniciativas individuais. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito Internacional. Globalização. Fragmentação. Legitimidade. ABSTRACT: International law is developed and implemented today in a complicated, diverse, and changing context. Globalization and integration, fragmentation and decentralization, and bottom-up empowerment are arising simultaneously among highly diverse peoples and civilizations. Most importantly, this period is characterized by rapid and often unforeseen changes with widespread effects. Advances in information technology make possible ever shifting ad hoc coalitions and informal groups and a myriad of individual initiatives. KEYWORDS: International Law. Globalization. Fragmentation. Legitimacy. SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1 Correntes Globais Cruzadas. 1.1 Globalização e Integração. 1.2 Fragmentação e Descentralização. 1.3 Empoderamento Progressivo.  2. Implicações para o Direito Internacional. 2.1 Legitimidade. 2.2 Normas Emergentes como Colaboradoras para Legitimidade. 2.2.1Responsabilidade. 2.2.2 Acesso à Informação e Participação. 3 O Direito Internacional como Força Estabilizadora para Abordar Problemas Comuns. Referências.* Artigo baseado em pesquisa apresentada na Segunda Conferência Bienal Geral da Sociedade Asiática de Direito Internacional, Tóquio, Japão, 1 agosto de 2009. Originalmente pulicado em língua inglesa, sob o título International Law in a Kaleidoskopic World, no Asian Journal of International Law, v. 1, 2011, p. 21–32. Agradecemos a editora da Universidade de Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pela autorização e suporte na publicação desta edição em português. Tradução de Tatiana de A. F. Cardoso Squeff, doutoranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Lúcia Souza d’Aquino, doutoranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; e Elisa Soledade Iacconi. ** Professora de Direito Internacional da Georgetown University, Estados Unidos. Ex-presidente da Sociedade Americana de Direito Internacional.  

scholarly journals Constructing an XML database of linguistics data

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Kroeze ◽  
T JD Bothma ◽  
M C Matthee
Keyword(s):  
Programming Language ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Word Order ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Hebrew Text ◽  
Visual Basic ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Xml Database ◽  
Linguistic Data

A language-oriented, multi-dimensional database of the linguistic characteristics of the Hebrew text of the Old Testament can enable researchers to do ad hoc queries. XML is a suitable technology to transform free text into a database. A clause’s word order can be kept intact while other features such as syntactic and semantic functions can be marked as elements or attributes. The elements or attributes from the XML “database” can be accessed and proces sed by a 4th generation programming language, such as Visual Basic. XML is explored as an option to build an exploitable database of linguistic data by representing inherently multi-dimensional data, including syntactic and semantic analyses of free text.

Multi-Level Risk Aggregation

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damir Filipović
Keyword(s):  
Solvency Ii ◽  
Internal Models ◽  
Standard Approach ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Risk Aggregation ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractIn this paper we compare the current Solvency II standard and a genuine bottom-up approach to risk aggregation. This is understood to be essential for developing a deeper insight into the possible differences between the diversification assumptions between the standard approach and internal models.

System Dynamics Applied to Operations and Policy Decisions

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C.R. Hunt ◽  
Y. Timoshkina ◽  
P. J. Baudains ◽  
S.R. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Analogous Data ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Analysis System

This paper reviews how concepts and techniques of system dynamics are being applied in new ways to analyse the operations and formation of artificial and societal systems and then to make decisions about them. The ideas and modelling methods to describe natural and technological systems are mostly reductionist (or ‘bottom-up’) and based on general scientific principles, with ad-hoc elements for any particular system. But very complex and large systems involving science, technology and society, whose complete descriptions and predictions are impossible, can still be designed, controlled and managed using the methods of system dynamics, where they are focused on the outputs of the system in relation to the input data available, and relevant external influences. For many complex systems with uncertain behaviour, their models typically combine concepts and methods of bottom-up system dynamics with statistical modelling of past or analogous data and optimization of outputs. System dynamics that has been generalized by advances in mathematical, scientific and technological research over the past 50 years, together with new approaches to the use of data and ICT, has led to powerful qualitative verbal and schematic concepts as well as improved quantitative methods, both of which have been shown to be of great assistance to decisions, notably about different types of uncertainty and erratic behaviour. This approach complements traditional decision-making methods, by introducing greater clarity about the process, as well as providing new techniques and general concepts for initial analysis, system description – using data in non-traditional ways – and finally analysis and prediction of the outcomes, especially in critical situations where system behaviour cannot be analysed by traditional decision-making methods. The scientific and international acceptance of system methods can make decision-making less implicit, and with fewer cultural assumptions. Topical examples of systems and decision-making are given.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE PEOPLE IN POST LEGISLATIVE SCRUTINY: PERSPECTIVES FROM MALAYSIA AND AUSTRALIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Sarah Moulds ◽  
Ying Hooi Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Citizen Engagement ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Parliamentary Democracies ◽  
The People ◽  
The Future ◽  
Legislative Review ◽  
Cultural Features

The purpose of this article is to critically examine the role of the people in the process of reviewing the implementation and effectiveness of existing laws, described in the emerging literature as ‘post-legislative scrutiny or ‘PLS’. Examining the options for citizen engagement with legislative review is critical for all parliamentary democracies grappling with the challenge of rebuilding trust between citizens and institutions. This is because reviewing the content and purpose of proposed and the implementation and impact of existing laws is a way for parliamentarians to give effect to their democratic promise. The methodology employed is qualitative in nature with a tiered approached to identifying and examining the extent to which individuals and non-government actors can contribute to parliamentary review processes in two Westminster-inspired parliamentary democracies: Australia and Malaysia. Using case study examples and examining both structural and cultural features of the systems of legislative review in both systems, this article directly challenges some of the assumptions previously associated with PLS in the existing literature. Experiences of different ‘ad hoc’ forms of PLS in both Australia and Malaysia suggest that there could be substantial benefits for lawmakers and citizens by moving toward a more deliberative, ‘bottom up’ approach to PLS in the future.

scholarly journals TRUST COMPUTATION USING BOTTOM-UP PARSER APPROACH IN MANET

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1236-1241
Author(s):  
Dr. S. Varalakshmi Et al.
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Source Node ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Confidential Data ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc

In Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET), the nodes are able to move from one point to other freely since it is a decentralized network. The objective of the proposed scheme is to remove the malicious nodes and to select the highly trusted nodes for transmitting the data. The node entering in to the network is checked for its identity either it is malicious or normal by applying bottom-up parser approach. The node is checked for their trust levels by using shift reduce operations which protects the sensed information from the malevolent node in the network. Therefore, the trusted source node sends the confidential data to the sink through the trusted nodes in the network. The simulation analysis is carried to prove the efficiency of the proposed scheme.

scholarly journals Patient-partner engagement at the Centre de recherche du CHUS in the Province of Québec, Canada: from an intuitive methodology to outreach after three years of implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Boutin ◽  
Susan C. Mastine ◽  
Luc Beaubien ◽  
Maryse Berthiaume ◽  
Denise Boilard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Research Participation ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Cultural Shift ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Grant Applications ◽  
Funding Agencies ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
Volunteer Time

Abstract Background Medical societies and funding agencies strongly recommend that patients be included as partners in research publications and grant applications. Although this “top-down” approach is certainly efficient at forcing this new and desirable type of collaboration, our past experience demonstrated that it often results in an ambiguous relationship as not yet well integrated into the cultures of either patients’ or the researchers’. The question our group raised from this observation was: “How to generate a cultural shift toward a fruitful and long-lasting collaboration between patients and researchers? A “bottom-up” approach was key to our stakeholders. The overall objective was to build a trusting and bidirectional-ecosystem between patients and researchers. The specific objectives were to document: 1) the steps that led to the development of the first patient-partner strategic committee within a research center in the Province of Québec; 2) the committee’s achievements after 3 years. Methods Eighteen volunteer members, 12 patient-partners and 6 clinician/institutional representatives, were invited to represent the six research themes of the Centre de recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS) (Quebec, Canada). Information on the services offered by Committee was disseminated internally and to external partners. Committee members satisfaction was evaluated. Results From May 2017 to April 2020, members attended 29 scheduled and 6 ad hoc meetings and contributed to activities requiring over 1000 h of volunteer time in 2018–2019 and 1907 h in the 2019–2020 period. The Committee’s implication spanned governance, expertise, and knowledge transfer in research. Participation in these activities increased annually at local, provincial, national and international levels. The Patient-Partner Committee collaborated with various local (n = 7), provincial (n = 6) and national (n = 4) partners. Member satisfaction with the Committee’s mandate and format was 100%. Conclusions The CRCHUS co-constructed a Patient-Partner Strategic Committee which resulted in meaningful bilateral, trusting and fruitful collaborations between patients, researchers and partners. The “bottom-up” approach - envisioned and implemented by the Committee, where the expertise and the needs of patients complemented those of researchers, foundations, networks and decision-makers - is key to the success of a cultural shift. The CRCHUS Committee created a hub to develop the relevant intrinsic potential aimed at changing the socio-cultural environment of science.

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