scholarly journals Simulation and improvement of the separation process of synthesizing vinyl acetate by acetylene gas-phase method

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 912-922
Author(s):  
Qiuli Zhang ◽  
Zhaoyang Chen ◽  
Ziyue Song ◽  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Xiaogang Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Polyvinyl Acetate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Reflux Ratio ◽  
Excessive Heat ◽  
Classical Design ◽  
Separation Equipment

Abstract Vinyl acetate, as an essential organic chemical raw material, can be used to produce polyvinyl acetate, polyester vinyl alcohol, and other products. The existing classical vinyl acetate production process has the problems of low product purity and excessive heat load. In this study, in the classical design of the process, acetylene is separated first, and then acetaldehyde is removed with the formation of an azeotrope between ethylene acetate and water. Meanwhile, considering the solubility of acetaldehyde in water and insolubility of vinyl acetate in water, the process was optimized to separate acetic acid after removing acetylene, so as to avoid the azeotrope formation of vinyl acetate and water. The nonrandom two-liquid-Hayden–O’Connell thermodynamic hybrid model was used to simulate the classical process and improved process (IP). Finally, the reflux ratio and theoretical tray number of the main separation equipment of IP were optimized to get the better parameters. The simulated results show that the purity of vinyl acetate increased from 99.1% to 99.8%, the cooling energy consumption was reduced by 16.83%, and the thermal energy consumption was reduced by 6.18%. At the same time, the equipment investment was also decreased.

scholarly journals Progress in Vinyl Acetate

CONVERTER ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 861-867
Author(s):  
Heng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Production Route ◽  
Film Adhesive ◽  
Development Direction ◽  
Adhesive Coating

Vinyl acetate is an organic chemical raw material of great industrial value. It is widely used in synthetic film, adhesive, coating and textile slurry. The production route of vinyl acetate is introduced, and the advantages and disadvantages of synthesis methods of vinyl acetate method, acetylene method, EDA cracking method, base synthesis method and Halcon method are compared. The method of carbide acetylene has high economic efficiency, low energy consumption and good environmental protection, proposing the development direction of ethylene acetate production technology.

scholarly journals Life-Cycle Assessment of Carbon Footprint of Bike-Share and Bus Systems in Campus Transit

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 158
Author(s):  
Sishen Wang ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Pengyu Xie ◽  
Xiaodan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Bus System ◽  
Bike Share

Low-carbon transport system is desired for sustainable cities. The study aims to compare carbon footprint of two transportation modes in campus transit, bus and bike-share systems, using life-cycle assessment (LCA). A case study was conducted for the four-campus (College Ave, Cook/Douglass, Busch, Livingston) transit system at Rutgers University (New Brunswick, NJ). The life-cycle of two systems were disaggregated into four stages, namely, raw material acquisition and manufacture, transportation, operation and maintenance, and end-of-life. Three uncertain factors—fossil fuel type, number of bikes provided, and bus ridership—were set as variables for sensitivity analysis. Normalization method was used in two impact categories to analyze and compare environmental impacts. The results show that the majority of CO2 emission and energy consumption comes from the raw material stage (extraction and upstream production) of the bike-share system and the operation stage of the campus bus system. The CO2 emission and energy consumption of the current campus bus system are 46 and 13 times of that of the proposed bike-share system, respectively. Three uncertain factors can influence the results: (1) biodiesel can significantly reduce CO2 emission and energy consumption of the current campus bus system; (2) the increased number of bikes increases CO2 emission of the bike-share system; (3) the increase of bus ridership may result in similar impact between two systems. Finally, an alternative hybrid transit system is proposed that uses campus buses to connect four campuses and creates a bike-share system to satisfy travel demands within each campus. The hybrid system reaches the most environmentally friendly state when 70% passenger-miles provided by campus bus and 30% by bike-share system. Further research is needed to consider the uncertainty of biking behavior and travel choice in LCA. Applicable recommendations include increasing ridership of campus buses and building a bike-share in campus to support the current campus bus system. Other strategies such as increasing parking fees and improving biking environment can also be implemented to reduce automobile usage and encourage biking behavior.

scholarly journals Crushed Bricks: Demolition Waste as a Sustainable Raw Material for Geopolymers

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7572
Author(s):  
Gigliola D’Angelo ◽  
Marina Fumo ◽  
Mercedes del Rio Merino ◽  
Ilaria Capasso ◽  
Assunta Campanile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Demolition Waste ◽  
Crushed Brick

Demolition activity plays an important role in the total energy consumption of the construction industry in the European Union. The indiscriminate use of non-renewable raw materials, energy consumption, and unsustainable design has led to a redefinition of the criteria to ensure environmental protection. This article introduces an experimental plan that determines the viability of a new type of construction material, obtained from crushed brick waste, to be introduced into the construction market. The potential of crushed brick waste as a raw material in the production of building precast products, obtained by curing a geopolymeric blend at 60 °C for 3 days, has been exploited. Geopolymers represent an important alternative in reducing emissions and energy consumption, whilst, at the same time, achieving a considerable mechanical performance. The results obtained from this study show that the geopolymers produced from crushed brick were characterized by good properties in terms of open porosity, water absorption, mechanical strength, and surface resistance values when compared to building materials produced using traditional technologies.

Conversion Enhancement of Vinyl Acetate Monomer to Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsion through Emulsion Polymerization Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 1028 ◽  
pp. 263-268
Author(s):  
Rafly Aprilian ◽  
Mas Ayu Elita Hafizah ◽  
Azwar Manaf ◽  
Andreas
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Polyvinyl Acetate ◽  
Batch Process ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Amphoteric Surfactant ◽  
Polymerization Reaction ◽  
Vinyl Acetate Monomer ◽  
Polymerization Method

Synthesis of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) through the conversion of Vinyl Acetate Monomer (VAM) was carried out by emulsion polymerization method assisted by thermal initiator Ammonium persulfate (APS) under reaction temperature was kept at 70 °C – 80 °C with 5 hours of reaction time and agitation speed at 300 rpm. The polymerization reaction was running used batch process technique where is all components were mixed all together simultaneously. A set of polymerization reactions was conducted when the absence of surfactant and cationic and amphoteric surfactant presence. The monomer chain's double bond was found at 1645 cm-1 was measured by FTIR Spectrophotometer did not disappear after polymerization reaction was utterly done. The spectrum FTIR of Polyvinyl acetate did not explicitly found at 1644 cm-1. During the reaction, characterization was conducted by measuring the solid content value where the maximum solid content was achieved was 6,1 % when using Amphoteric surfactant while the lowest solid content was obtained when the absence of surfactant. Other parameters were conducted to observe the acidity value by pH Meter.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cementitious repair mortars modified with polymers

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 168781401668858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsai-Lung Weng
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Polyvinyl Acetate ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Cement Ratio ◽  
Water Cement Ratio ◽  
Repair Mortars

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of added polymers on the properties of repair mortars. Two types of polymers, ethylene vinyl acetate and polyvinyl acetate–vinyl carboxylate, were used as a replacement for 3%, 5%, and 8% of the cement (by weight). All tests were conducted using two water–cement ratios of 0.5 and 0.6. The effectiveness of the repair materials was evaluated according to setting time, drying shrinkage, thermal expansion, compressive strength, and bond strength. Specimens containing polyvinyl acetate–vinyl carboxylate at a water–cement ratio of 0.5 presented the highest compressive and bond strength. Specimens containing ethylene vinyl acetate presented strength characteristics exceeding those of the control at 28 days. The drying shrinkage of polyvinyl acetate–vinyl carboxylate specimens was similar to that of the control. At a water–cement ratio of 0.5, the thermal expansion of polyvinyl acetate–vinyl carboxylate specimens was lower than that of ethylene vinyl acetate specimens; however, at a water–cement ratio of 0.6, the thermal expansion was independent of the type of polymer.

Flame-retardant properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate/oil sludge/ fumed silica composites

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (67) ◽  
pp. 63091-63098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Qian ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhu ◽  
Shanshan Li ◽  
Xilei Chen
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Fumed Silica ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)/oil sludge (OS)/fumed silica (SiO2) composites were synthesized using OS containing CaCO3as raw material.

The Influencing Factors Analysis of Implementing Green Supply Chain Based on the Investigation Data in Shandong Province of China

2013 ◽  
Vol 671-674 ◽  
pp. 3049-3054
Author(s):  
Cao Qian ◽  
Xi Jian Quan ◽  
Yu Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Product Design ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Green Supply Chain ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Factors Analysis

On the basis of investigation and research, we firstly determined factors that impact manufacturing enterprises to implement green supply chain. Then, based on data of Parts of manufacturing enterprises in Shandong Province implementing green supply chain, the influencing factors of manufacturing enterprises implementing green supply chain is analyzed by factor analysis. The conclusion show that the influencing factors mainly concentrates in seven aspects that is raw material purchase, the enterprise internal management, the worn recycling, the product design, the enterprise prestige, the enterprise energy consumption, the reject processes.

scholarly journals PENGARUH RESIN TERHADAP PERUBAHAN WARNA PADA CAT TEMBOK

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Nurlela Nurlela ◽  
Risnawati Risnawati
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Polyvinyl Acetate ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Background Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Synthetic Resins ◽  
Color Background

The Influence of Resin against the Change of Color on the Wall PaintThe quality of the paint is determined by the resin used. Synthetic resins for polymer paints are made by combining several monomers to achieve various characteristics. The incorporation of some monomers such as polyvinyl acetate resin, acrylic vinyl resin and acrylic styrene resin which act as a binder can affect the quality of the paint especially the color change. The purpose of this study is to find the color changes that occur on the wall paint by using Poly Styrene Acrylic , Poly Vinyl Acetate and Poly Vinyl Acrylic. From the results of the measurement of color difference, significant color change occurs in the Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVAc) + Poly Vinyl Acrylic (PVA) and Poly Styrene Acrylic (PSA). The results of the quality test of the three resins based on pH test, scrub test and viscosity test, PSA has better quality compared to PVA + PVAc and PVA resin. From the color difference measurement test, some things need to be considered, are temperature, film thickness, substrate color/background color and measurement conditions (measured in wet sample/in plate/dry surface) and test on resin added additive according to the type of each resin.Keywords: Paint, Resin, Color Changes, Poly Vinyl Acetate, Poly Styrene.ABSTRAK Kualitas dari cat sangat ditentukan oleh resin yang digunakan. Resin sintetis untuk cat berupa polimer yang dibuat dengan menggabung beberapa monomer untuk mencapai berbagai karakteristik. Penggabungan dari beberapa monomer seperti resin poli vinil asetat, resin vinil akrilik dan resin stirena akrilik yang berfungsi sebagai pengikat mampu mempengaruhi kualitas cat terutama dari perubahan warna. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan warna yang terjadi pada cat tembok dengan menggunakan Poli Stirena Akrilik, Poli Vinil asetat dan Poli Vinil Akrilik. Dari hasil pengukuran perbedaan warna, perubahan warna cukup signifikan terjadi pada resin Poli vinil Asetat (PVAc) + Poli Vinil Akrilik (PVA) dan resin  Poli Stirena Akrilik (PSA). Hasil uji Kualitas cat dari ketiga resin berdasarkan uji pH, uji scrub dan uji viscositas, PSA memiliki kualitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan resin PVA+PVAc dan PVA. Dari pengujian pengukuran perbedaan warna, beberapa hal yang perlu di perhatikan, yaitu suhu, film thickness, warna substrat/background color dan kondisi pengukuran (diukur dalam keadaan wet sample/dalam bentuk plate/dry surface) dan pengujian terhadap resin yang ditambahkan zat aditif yang sesuai dengan tipe masing-masing resin tersebut.Kata Kunci: Cat, Resin, Perubahan Warna, Poli Vinil, Poli Stirena.

scholarly journals Processes of heat and mass transfer during drying of red beetroot

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Zhanna Petrova ◽  
◽  
Kateryna Samoilenko ◽  
Vitaly Vishnevsky
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Heat And Mass Transfer ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Drying Process

Red beetroot is the main raw material which has a high content of betanine with antioxidant properties. An important emphasis in the processing of antioxidant raw materials by drying is to reduce energy consumption for the dehydration process, the maximum preservation of biologically active substances, and to reduce the cost of the final product. Drying is a complex and energy-intensive process. Therefore, to optimize energy consumption during drying and selection of rational modes of dehydration, it is necessary to apply the calculated analysis of heat and mass transfer on the basis of adequate mathematical models. Calculated and experimental results are compared. In general, the comparison of the results of numerical modeling of convection drying processes of the red beetroot sample with the experimental results showed their rather satisfactory qualitative agreement. The calculation model can be used to approximate the characteristics of the drying process of red beetroot, in particular the time required for drying. The obtained results of calorimetric studies allow stating that with correctly selected compositions, not only the components of native raw materials are stabilized, but also the drying process is intensified with the reduction of energy consumption to process.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption, Trade and GDP: A Case Study of South Asian Countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (4II) ◽  
pp. 461-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shakeel ◽  
M. Mazhar Iqbal ◽  
M.. Tariq Majeed
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Production Process ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
Reasonable Cost

Acute shortage of energy sources in developing countries in general and South Asian countries in particular has shown that energy has become a binding input for any production process. Nowadays operation of heavy machinery and electrical equipment, and transportation of raw material and final products from their place of origination to their destination require heavy consumption of energy in one form or the other. Therefore, energy consumption that was previously ignored in the production function of a firm and an economy is now considered a vital input in production process. It affects GDP directly as by increasing energy consumption; more output can be produced with given stock of capital and labor force in a country. Also uninterrupted availability of energy at reasonable cost improves competiveness of home products in international markets and thus increases exports of home country a great deal. Resulting increase in net exports further adds to the GDP through multiplier effect

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