scholarly journals Philippine Literature in Spanish: Canon Away from Canon

Iberoromania ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (85) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Ortuño Casanova
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
Philippine Literature ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Linguistic Reality

AbstractWhy does everyone know Claro M. Recto’s name in the Philippines but almost nobody has ever read his works? Following Pascale Casanova as well as some postulates by Pierre Bourdieu and Itamar Even-Zohar, the article outlines the complex linguistic reality in the Philippines at the beginning of the 20th century and traces the origins of the current literary canon of Philippine literature, as well as its contemporary position both nationally and internationally. It also discusses how markers of literary prestige were supplanted by markers of political and patriotic prestige, thereby creating a literary canon based on an author’s contribution to the creation of a suitable ‘Philippine national identity’.

scholarly journals The ideocratic state and national identity: the Serbian experience in the 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1/2020) ◽  
pp. 9-34
Author(s):  
Kosta Nikolić
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
The Creation ◽  
First Time

Since the end of the second decade of the 21st century the Serbian people have been living on the ruins of Yugoslavia. In this country, formed over a century ago, the Serbs were united for the first time in their history, yet they gambled it away. How did this happen? While some interpretations emphasize the role of individuals, others give prevalence to structural elements. As a potential link between the two, this paper examines the influence different ideologies had on the creation of the Serbian identity in the 20th century and scrutinizes the role of these ideocratic tendencies in the process of nation building and state formation, as well as its integration and disintegration.

scholarly journals Proces integracije lokalne zadarske sastavnice hrvatske književnosti u središnju nacionalnu književnost – od (pred)romantizma do moderne

2021 ◽  
pp. 389-407
Author(s):  
Zvjezdana Rados
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The Sixties ◽  
Revival Movements ◽  
Folk Stories

The paper will analyze Zadar’s components of Croatian literature in the period from 1840s until the first decade of the 20th century, marked by nationalintegrative processes and forming a modern national identity. The research object will be the specifics of the development of that part of Croatian literature as well as its relations to literary and historical processes in the center, the mainstream, of national literature – from national revival movements or the period of preromanticism and romanticism, through pre-realism and realism to the period of moderna and stronger integration of Zadar’s (provincial, Dalmatian) segment into central, national Croatian literature. Considerable attention will be paid to the processes of mutual permeating, accepting and rejecting, affirming and negating of Zadar’s periphery, one of the most important peripheries of the Croatian literary canon, and its national center, Zagreb’s mainstream. This issue will be presented through paradigmatic writers and journals that marked key periods of Croatian linguistic and literary homogenization: in the period of (pre)romanticism, during 1840s, this implies the journal Zora dalmatinska and paradigmatic personalities of the literary circle formed around that revival journal (Šime Starčević and Petar Preradović, even Ana Vidović); in the period of folk-enlightenment (pre)realism, from the sixties to the end of the eighties, this includes paradigmatic personality of the Croatian National Revival in Dalmatia – politician and writer Mihovil Pavlinović, as well as Iskra journal and its editor Nikola Šimić (a writer who created a specific peripheral genre of folk stories from rural life); in the time of disintegration of realism and turning towards modernist styles this implies the initiator of Croatian modern literary criticism Jakša Čedomil and the prominent names of the Croatian literary canon in the period of moderna – Ivo Vojnović, Vladimir Nazor and Milan Begović, as well as Lovor magazine of Milutin Cihlar Nehajev.

scholarly journals The Birth of a Nation: Views on the Emergence of National Identities in European and Muslim Societies

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-55
Author(s):  
Melisa Zukić
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Aspect ◽  
The State ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Religious Feeling ◽  
The Creation

The emergence of a nation can be understood through the prism of modernist or traditionalist ideas but both ideas agree on the fact that the struggle for territory and influence, the development of the state through the bureaucracy and the collective experience of the community are fundamental conditions for the emergence of a nation and national identity. National identity creates an atmosphere and space in which members of the nation exist, providing the possibility of socialization and cooperation between different strata of society that accept common values and traditions, which has enabled a uniform collective self-definition. The theoretical starting points for understanding the origin of the nation inevitably touch on the French theoretical aspect for which the state is a community of people in a certain area, the homeland is represented by a repository of historical memories, and the patria by a community of laws and institutions of unified political will. From the German theoretical aspect, the emphasis is on the nation as a community of birth and gender culture. The people are understood as a superfamily of common ancestors, languages, customs and religions. In addition to the above theories, the theory of the historical will to live together is unavoidable, which emphasizes the common historical destiny of people living in one country, thus creating a common identity that has a transcendent meaning. In addition to the above, the nation can be understood as a judicial-administrative product with a collective foundation in the state within which sovereignty arises. The cultural background of the creation of the nation and national identities, in its essence, opposes the modern desacralization of the world. Although Western nationalism offered an integrative force for the creation of larger states that no other ideology could provide until then, it led to bloody conflicts and violence in the transition from agrarian to industrial societies. The crises produced by nationalism have been overcome by secularized ideas, values, myths and symbols from the Judeo-Christian tradition, which is easiest to reach in Western European societies in times of crisis. Nation-states in the Muslim world did not appear until the 20th century. After the decisive secularization, nation-states became a political framework in Muslim societies as well. Nationality in its loyalty to the nation was opposed to the hitherto generally accepted loyalty to the ummah. In order to alleviate the tension in this regard, the starting point for the development of nations in Muslim societies is the secularization of traditional values. Religious feeling remains at the root of nationalism in Muslim societies, so loyalty to a nation implicitly means religious loyalty as well. Nevertheless, modern processes of globalization transcend nation and national identities as sources of interethnic conflicts. The foundations are being laid for a global pacification culture that encourages self-definition of local cultural identities and a new way of emphasizing people's sovereignty. As modernization failed in the expectation of weakening national consciousness, national identities and nationalist movements strengthened at the end of the 20th century. The nation once again has the potential to offer solutions to problems that have emerged in a globalizing world in which a sense of continuity of a common past has been disrupted, as important determinants of identity.

scholarly journals On the transformation of the Kalmyk costume in the second half of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-25
Author(s):  
Д.В. Сангаджиева
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
The Creation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Private Collections ◽  
Modern Technologies

Исследование посвящено изучению специфики бытования калмыцкого костюма во второй половине ХХ века – начале XXI века в Калмыкии, сравнению элементов кроя и способов декорирования в традиционных образцах народного костюма и в сценических национальных костюмах, а также в художественной стилизации авторских моделей одежды в этническом стиле. Материалом для исследования послужили костюмы из собраний и архивов российских музеев и частных коллекций. Объектом исследования является калмыцкий костюм, его эстетическая и смысловая доминанта как маркер национальной идентичности и ретранслятор традиционных ценностей. Целью исследования является выявление трансформационных процессов в бытовании калмыцкого народного костюма во второй половине ХХ века – начале XXI века. Впервые зафиксированы изменения технологических особенностей в создании декора и примеры внедрения инокультурных элементов в структуру повседневного и сценического народного костюма, которые несут с собой видоизменение смыслов и функциональности элементов национального костюма. Статья вводит в научный оборот новые данные о народных мастерах, художниках, дизайнерах, работающих в сфере народного костюма, зафиксированы созданные ими образцы национальной одежды и ее вариации. The research is devoted to the study of the specifics of the existence of the Kalmyk costume in the second half of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century in Kalmykia, comparing the elements of cut and methods of decoration in traditional samples of folk costume with the design and decor in scenic national costumes and in the artistic stylization of author's clothing models in ethnic style. The material for the study was the costumes from the collections and archives of Russian museums and private collections. The object of the study is the Kalmyk costume, its aesthetic and semantic dominant, as a marker of national identity and a repeater of traditional values. The aim of the study is to identify transformational processes in the existence of the Kalmyk folk costume in the second half of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century, as well as for the first time recorded changes in technological features in the creation of decor and examples of the introduction of foreign cultural elements into the structure of everyday and scenic folk costume, which carry with them a modification of the meanings and functionality of elements of the national costume. The author fixes the process of substitution of traditional crafts in the manufacture of elements of folk costume, in the context of the development of scientific and technological progress, using modern technologies for creating clothing decor, in the author's collections of ethnic fashion in Kalmykia. The article introduces into scientific circulation data on folk masters, artists, designers working in the field of folk costume, recorded samples of national clothing created by them and its variations.

Social appreciation for the improvement of tourism management of 20th-century heritage: a methodological proposal

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gema Ramírez-Guerrero ◽  
Javier García-Onetti ◽  
Juan Adolfo Chica-Ruiz ◽  
Manuel Arcíla-Garrido
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cultural Assets ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Creation

Purpose This paper attempts to fill the gap that exists in research regarding 20th-century heritage and its social appreciation. The purpose of this paper is to explore different ways of evaluating the heritage value and tourism potential and to propose an innovative model validated in the Zarzuela Hippodrome as an example of cultural asset from 20th century with important economic, social, cultural, aesthetic and architectural aspects. Design/methodology/approach This study opted for an interpretation of heritage from an ecosystem, integrating and global paradigm, understanding the asset as a set of resources that interact with each other, generating a common and enriched tourist experience among all the elements that make it up. From this perspective, it is conceived that by modifying one of the elements, the whole (tourist) ecosystem will be equally influenced. On the other side, it was incorporated non-parametric techniques based on the implementation of surveys for the validation of the tool to the case study of the Zarzuela hippodrome. Findings The results suggest that the hippodrome's internal values have been evaluated very positively, while its external values are low. Through this study, the paper has identified several weaknesses that impede its functioning as a viable “tourist product.” The distance from the city center, the lack of available information and the scarce diffusion and tourism promotion are its main weaknesses. The proposed analysis tool reveals the importance of the active participation of visitors to evaluate cultural assets through the combination of aspects related to the conservation of cultural assets and, in turn, elements that encourage their commodification as tourist products, break down barriers between these two disciplines. Research limitations/implications The management tool proposed in this study can be used to underpin the creation of tourism experiences in cultural or heritage assets by diagnosing the current state of its tourist potential, quantifying its value in relation to the visitors’ perception and making visible those problematic aspects to develop actions to solve them. Although the present study is support for future research, as well as for improving the marketing of heritage in tourist settings, an in-depth analysis of the technical elements of heritage, as well as of its intervention (if applicable), will be necessary for the managers who want to use the tool. Social implications One of the most differentiating characteristics between the construction typology of 20th-century historical buildings is perhaps the scarcity of decorative ornamentation, with exposed concrete being the main surface coating. Many of these constructions have an important cultural and historical relevance, however, the social perception, as regards its consideration as architectural and artistic heritage seems to reflect discordant aspects. This study provides support as a decision-making tool to determine the existing valuation of a building and how to enhance it. Originality/value This study takes steps toward the creation of a model that supports decision-makers and owners of cultural assets through a measurement system that makes it possible to quantify and determine the current state of tourism use through the social evaluation of heritage criteria. It defines which are the elements that favor the resilience of the property or, on the contrary, which are those that undermine its enhancement.

Problems and Perspectives of Methodological Reflection (Using H. White, F. Braudel, and P. Bourdieu's Works as Examples)

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8 (106)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Matvey Iakovlev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Pierre Bourdieu ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Its Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Theory Of History ◽  
Hayden White ◽  
Methodological Reflection ◽  
Fernand Braudel

The article deals with the problem of analyzing the methodology of historical research. The author dwells on three possible strategies of such an analysis, going back to the concepts of Hayden White, Pierre Bourdieu, and Fernand Braudel. All three concepts belong to the second half of the 20th century, a period when methodological reflection was actively developing, and although the theory of history has moved on since then, the author believes that an analysis of the classical works will make it possible to create a better methodological map on their basis in the future. The author believes that the problems of methodological reflexion raised in the article stimulate discussions about the methodology of historical research and the ways of its analysis.

The “Latin” Melting Pot

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-118
Author(s):  
Yuval Tal
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Literary Representations ◽  
Immigrant Assimilation ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
The North ◽  
The Creation ◽  
French National Identity ◽  
Nationality Law ◽  
Communal Organization ◽  
Ethnic Origins

Abstract This article explores how, through discussions about immigrant assimilation in fin de siècle Algeria, French republicans contemplated and wrote into law the ethnic traits of French national identity. Republicans assumed that the North Mediterranean immigrants who settled in Algeria shared ethnic origins with French settlers and consequently asserted that France should work to “fuse” the two groups. Assertions about immigrants' ethnicity took different forms. In the colony they appeared either at the margins of colonial administrators' attacks against immigrant communal organization or in literary representations of French-Mediterranean fusion. In the metropole republican legislators portrayed immigrants as innately prone to becoming French and thus supported the 1889 nationality law that naturalized them. The passing of the 1889 law prompted the creation of an explicitly ethnorepublican assimilatory model. The model's proponents combined sociological and eugenicist principles to both socialize immigrants into the nation and promote the transfer of their Mediterranean “vigor” into French bodies. Cet article examine les efforts des intellectuels et des dirigeants républicains pour assimiler les immigrés européens en Algérie à la fin du dix-neuvième siècle. Il affirme que les identités communautaires et la prépondérance démographique des immigrés ont poussé l'élite républicaine à envisager leur capacité ethnique à s'assimiler à la société française, et montre que l'idée que les Français et les immigrés avaient la même origine ethnique a façonné les débats sur l'assimilation nationale et a influencé la formation des lois républicaines fondamentales. En Algérie, des affirmations à propos de l'identité ethnique des immigrés européens apparaissaient en marge des discussions politiques sur leur organisation communautaire et dans les romans des écrivains algérianistes. En métropole, des législateurs républicains supposaient que la « ressemblance ethnique » entre Français et immigrés assurait l'assimilation rapide de ces derniers et ils ont soutenu la loi de 1889 sur la nationalité qui les a naturalisés. A l'issue de la législation de 1889, une vision de fusionnement des colons français et des membres de la « race méditerranéenne » en Algérie s'est développée. Ses partisans ont combiné des principes sociologiques avec des principes eugéniques dans le but d'incorporer les immigrés européens dans la nation et de faire transporter leur « vigueur » dans les corps des Français.

scholarly journals From foundling homes to day care: a historical review of childcare in Chile

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Rodrigo ◽  
René van der Veer ◽  
Harriet J. Vermeer ◽  
Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Reduce Infant Mortality ◽  
Psychosocial Condition ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Childcare Policy

This article discusses significant changes in childcare policy and practice in Chile. We distinguish four specific periods of childcare history: child abandonment and the creation of foundling homes in the 19th century; efforts to reduce infant mortality and the creation of the health care system in the first half of the 20th century; an increasing focus on inequality and poverty and the consequences for child development in the second half of the 20th century; and, finally, the current focus on children’s social and emotional development. It is concluded that, although Chile has achieved infant mortality and malnutrition rates comparable to those of developed countries, the country bears the mark of a history of inequality and is still unable to fully guarantee the health of children from the poorest sectors of society. Recent initiatives seek to improve this situation and put a strong emphasis on the psychosocial condition of children and their families.

scholarly journals A short history of ocean acidification science in the 20th century: a chemist's view

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 7411-7422 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical Knowledge ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Ph Scale ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. This review covers the development of ocean acidification science, with an emphasis on the creation of ocean chemical knowledge, through the course of the 20th century. This begins with the creation of the pH scale by Sørensen in 1909 and ends with the widespread knowledge of the impact of the "High CO2 Ocean" by then well underway as the trajectory along the IPCC scenario pathways continues. By mid-century the massive role of the ocean in absorbing fossil fuel CO2 was known to specialists, but not appreciated by the greater scientific community. By the end of the century the trade-offs between the beneficial role of the ocean in absorbing some 90% of all heat created, and the accumulation of some 50% of all fossil fuel CO2 emitted, and the impacts on marine life were becoming more clear. This paper documents the evolution of knowledge throughout this period.

scholarly journals Luigi Pirandello’s Works in Lithuania: Why the Dialogue Did Not Take Place

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 216
Author(s):  
Gitana Vanagaitė
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Luigi Pirandello ◽  
Literary Canon ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Academic Paper ◽  
Henry Iv ◽  
Modern Identity ◽  
Creative Life

Luigi Pirandello (1867–1936) was an Italian modernist writer and playwright who enriched literature with questions of modern identity as it relates to the contradiction between human consciousness and reality. Pirandello pondered questions of art and reality, mask and essence, life and form, and the fragmentation of a personality. In his works, he also foresaw what would later constitute the base of existential philosophy.The reception of Pirandello’s works in Lithuania has been limited, in part because of the small number of his works translated into Lithuanian – only a dozen short stories, two plays, and a novel.The first more or less systematic and thorough introduction to the play wright and his works took place in 1934, when the Italian writer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his “bold and brilliant renovation of the drama and the stage.” A few articles on Pirandello’s creative principles appeared in the Lithuanian press. A Lithuanian poet, Kazys Binkis, translated the beginning of Pirandello’s play, Sei personaggi in cerca d’autore (Six Characters in Search of an Author, 1921), and a writer, Kostas Korsakas, edited a book consisting of five novels, Pirmoji naktis (‘First Night’). A Lithuanian translation of his novel, Il fu Mattia Pascal (The Late Mattia Pascal, 1904), and two plays, Sei personaggi in cerca d’autore and Enrico IV (Henry IV, 1922), came out during the Soviet period.All translations were accompanied by a foreword containing basic biographical details about and introducing Pirandello’s cultural, literary and creative life. Although Pirandello gets attention in Lithuanian university textbooks, no academic paper about him or his works has been published yet. There have been no translations of Pirandello’s theoretical texts, his thoughts on the cultural situation, literature, and man at the beginning of the 20th century, i.e., a volume of essays Arte e Scienza (Art and Science) written in 1908 or an important long essay, L’umorismo (On Humor), in which author also examines the principles of his own art. On the other hand, the literary reception of Pirandello’s works has been supplemented by theater performances. Five plays of his were mounted and the play, Henry IV, was twice produced on Lithuanian theater stage.The article examines why Pirandello’s artistic ideas, which reached Lithuania during the second decade of the 20th century, remained on the periphery and failed to influence the literary canon. Keywords: Luigi

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