Porous Materials for Immune Modulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Moonkyoung Jeong ◽  
Hansol Kim ◽  
Ji-Ho Park
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Porous Materials ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunomodulatory Agents ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Future Direction ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Immunomodulatory Potential

Abstract Biocompatible materials have a great potential to engineer immunology towards therapeutic applications. Among them, porous materials have attracted much attention for immune modulation due to their unique porous structure. The large surface area and pore space offer high loading capacity for various payloads including peptides, proteins and even cells. We first introduce recent developments in the porous particles that can deliver immunomodulatory agents to antigen presenting cells for immunomodulation. Then, we review recent developments in the porous implants that can act as a cellattracting/ delivering platform to generate artificial immunomodulatory environments in the body. Lastly, we summarize recent findings of immunogenic porous materials that can induce strong immune responses without additional adjuvants. We also discuss future direction of porous materials to enhance their immunomodulatory potential for immunotherapeutic applications.

scholarly journals Regulation of the Migration of Distinct Dendritic Cell Subsets

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Feng ◽  
Shuping Zhou ◽  
Yong Yu ◽  
Qinghong Su ◽  
Xiaofan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Dendritic Cell Subsets ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Dendritic cells (DCs), a class of antigen-presenting cells, are widely present in tissues and apparatuses of the body, and their ability to migrate is key for the initiation of immune activation and tolerogenic immune responses. The importance of DCs migration for their differentiation, phenotypic states, and immunologic functions has attracted widespread attention. In this review, we discussed and compared the chemokines, membrane molecules, and migration patterns of conventional DCs, plasmocytoid DCs, and recently proposed DC subgroups. We also review the promoters and inhibitors that affect DCs migration, including the hypoxia microenvironment, tumor microenvironment, inflammatory factors, and pathogenic microorganisms. Further understanding of the migration mechanisms and regulatory factors of DC subgroups provides new insights for the treatment of diseases, such as infection, tumors, and vaccine preparation.

scholarly journals The Essential Role of anxA2 in Langerhans Cell Birbeck Granules Formation

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shantae M. Thornton ◽  
Varsha D. Samararatne ◽  
Joseph G. Skeate ◽  
Christopher Buser ◽  
Kim P. Lühen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Viral Antigen ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Birbeck Granules ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Langerhans cells (LC) are the resident antigen presenting cells of the mucosal epithelium and play an essential role in initiating immune responses. LC are the only cells in the body to contain Birbeck granules (BG), which are unique cytoplasmic organelles comprised of c-type lectin langerin. Studies of BG have historically focused on morphological characterizations, but BG have also been implicated in viral antigen processing which suggests that they can serve a function in antiviral immunity. This study focused on investigating proteins that could be involved in BG formation to further characterize their structure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Here, we report a critical role for the protein annexin A2 (anxA2) in the proper formation of BG structures. When anxA2 expression is downregulated, langerin expression decreases, cytoplasmic BG are nearly ablated, and the presence of malformed BG-like structures increases. Furthermore, in the absence of anxA2, we found langerin was no longer localized to BG or BG-like structures. Taken together, these results indicate an essential role for anxA2 in facilitating the proper formation of BG.

scholarly journals The role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of xylan and mannan in gut health of monogastric animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utsav P. Tiwari ◽  
Stephen A. Fleming ◽  
Muhammed S. Abdul Rasheed ◽  
R. Jha ◽  
Ryan N. Dilger
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Immune Organ ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Cereal Grain

Abstract Apart from its role as a digestive and absorptive organ, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vital immune organ that encompasses roughly 70 % of the total immune cells of the body. As such, the physical, chemical and nutrient composition of the diet influences overall GI function, effectively as an immune organ. With the improvement in feed technology, agro-industrial co-products that are high in fibre have been widely used as a feed ingredient in the diets of pigs and poultry. Arabinoxylan (AX) and mannan are the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharides present in cereal grain and co-product ingredients used in the livestock industry. When monogastric animals consume diets containing high amounts of AX and mannans, stimulation of GI immune cells may occur. This involves the activation of several cellular and molecular pathways of the immune system and requires a considerable amount of energy and nutrients to be expended by the animal, which may ultimately influence overall health and growth performance of animals. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of AX and mannan in immune modulation will be helpful in modulating untoward GI immune responses, thereby minimising nutrient and energy expenditure toward this effort. This review will summarise pertinent research on the role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides containing AX and mannans in immune modulation in order to preserve gut integrity.

scholarly journals Pathologic changes in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-429
Author(s):  
M. Babazhitsu ◽  
O.O. Adegoke ◽  
S.A. Abayomi ◽  
B. Adegboro
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
The Body ◽  
Prise En Charge ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Immunomodulatory Agents ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Résultats Cliniques

Severe acute respiratory syndrome–coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) enters cells using the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which are expressed by the respiratory tract endothelium, epithelial cells of the stomach, duodenum, ileum, rectum, cholangiocytes, and hepatocytes. Pathological examinations of these organs are not feasible method of diagnosis but can explain pathological changes, pathogenesis of the disease, and the cause of death in COVID-19 cases. In this review, we performed a literature search for COVID-19-related pathological changes seen during post-mortem examinations in different organs of the body including the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart and blood. Our findings showed that SARS-CoV-2 has damaging effects on many organs, probably due to the host immune responses to the presence of the virus. It is recommended that both antiviral and immunomodulatory agents should be considered in the management of COVID-19 patients for better prognosis, and clinical outcome.   French title: Changements pathologiques chez les patients infectés par le SRAS-CoV-2: une revue Le syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pénètre dans les cellules à l'aide de l'enzyme de conversion de l'angiotensine 2 (ACE2), qui est exprimée par l'endothélium des voies respiratoires, les cellules épithéliales de l'estomac, du duodénum, de l'iléon, du rectum, des cholangiocytes, et les hépatocytes. Les examens pathologiques de ces organes ne sont pas une méthode de diagnostic réalisable, mais peuvent expliquer les changements pathologiques, la pathogenèse de la maladie et la cause du décès dans les cas de COVID-19. Dans cette revue, nous avons effectué une recherche bibliographique sur les changements pathologiques liés au COVID-19 observés lors d'examens post-mortem dans différents organes du corps, notamment les poumons, le tractus gastro-intestinal, le foie, les reins, la peau, le coeur et le sang. Nos résultats ont montré que le SRAS-CoV-2 a des effets néfastes sur de nombreux organes, probablement en raison des réponses immunitaires de l'hôte à la présence du virus. Il est recommandé que les agents antiviraux et immunomodulateurs soient pris en compte dans la prise en charge des patients COVID-19 pour un meilleur pronostic et des résultats cliniques.  

scholarly journals Sliding set-points of immune responses for therapy of autoimmunity

2010 ◽  
Vol 207 (9) ◽  
pp. 1819-1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chyi-Song Hsieh ◽  
Jhoanne Lynne Bautista
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Recent Developments

Although recent developments in the treatment of autoimmune disease have dramatically improved patient outcomes, these medications are not curative. Two studies in this issue demonstrate the feasibility of curing spontaneous autoimmunity in animal models via short-term enhancement of naturally arising regulatory T (T reg) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells needed for maintaining self-tolerance. Importantly, these therapies seemed to generate a new equilibrium, or “set-point,” at which self-tissue damage no longer occurred long after the drug was eliminated from the body.

Role of convalescent plasma therapy in new Coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19): A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 546-549
Author(s):  
Shweta Dadarao Parwe ◽  
Milind Abhimanyu Nisargandha ◽  
Rishikesh Thakre
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Antibodies ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Transparent Liquid

Hitherto, there is no proper line of treatment for the new (nCOVID19). The development of unique antiviral drugs has taken precedence. Therapeutic antibodies () will be a significantly beneficial agent against nCOVID-19. Here the host immune responses to new discussed in this review provide strategy and further treatment and understanding of clinical interventions against nCOVID-19. Plasma therapy uses the antibodies found in the blood of people recovering (or convalesced) from an infection to treat infected patients. When an infection occurs, the body begins producing proteins specially made to kill the germ, called antibodies. Those antibodies coat specifically plasma in the blood of survivors, the yellow transparent liquid blood portion for months or even years. research assesses plasma use from Convalescent patients of infected with nCOVID-19 as a possible preventive treatment. But it is not yet recommended as a line of treatment, and it is used as a clinical trial in the new in Indian population.

Novel Nanolipoidal Systems for the Management of Skin Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Apoorva Singh ◽  
Nimisha
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Skin Cancers ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
The Stability

: Skin cancer, among the various kinds of cancers, is a type that emerges from skin due to the growth of abnormal cells. These cells are capable of spreading and invading the other parts of the body. The occurrence of non-melanoma and melanoma, which are the major types of skin cancers, has increased over the past decades. Exposure to ultraviolet radiations (UV) is the main associative cause of skin cancer. UV exposure can inactivate tumor suppressor genes while activating various oncogenes. The conventional techniques like surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiation therapy lack the potential for targeting cancer cells and harm the normal cells. However, the novel therapeutics show promising improvements in the effectiveness of treatment, survival rates and better quality of life for patients. Different methodologies are involved in the skin cancer therapeutics for delivering the active ingredients to the target sites. Nano carriers are very efficient as they have the ability to improve the stability of drugs and further enhance their penetration into the tumor cells. The recent developments and research in nanotechnology have entitled several targeting and therapeutic agents to be incorporated into nanoparticles for an enhancive treatment of skin cancer. To protect the research works in the field of nanolipoidal systems various patents have been introduced. Some of the patents acknowledge responsive liposomes for specific targeting, nanocarriers for the delivery or co-delivery of chemotherapeutics, nucleic acids as well as photosensitizers. Further recent patents on the novel delivery systems have also been included here.

scholarly journals Effects of Inbreeding on Genetic Characteristic, Growth, Survival Rates, and Immune Responses of a New Inbred Line of Exopalaemon carinicauda

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jiajia Wang ◽  
Jitao Li ◽  
Qianqian Ge ◽  
Zhao Chen ◽  
Jian Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The Body ◽  
Exopalaemon Carinicauda ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Gene Frequencies ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Ssr Loci ◽  
Genetic Detection

The Exopalaemon carinicauda could be a useful crustacean laboratory animal in many research fields. We newly established an inbred line of Exopalaemon carinicauda named EC4 inbred line by brother×sister mating and keeping to F11 generation. Trends in heterozygosity in the process of producing EC4 inbred line were examined through the characterization of polymorphisms based on gene frequencies of SNP and EST-SSR loci. The results demonstrated that the number of alleles (N), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and polymorphism information content (PIC) gradually decreased with the increase of inbreeding generations. The genetic detection results indicated that 9 (29.03%, 9/31) of the SNP loci and 15 (32.61%, 15/46) of the EST-SSR loci were homozygous in F11 generation of EC4 inbred line. The variation of the growth-related traits, the immune responses, and antioxidant status were described in experimental full-sibling inbred populations of E. carinicauda at five levels of inbreeding coefficient (F=0.785, F=0.816, F=0.859, F=0.886, F=0.908) under controlled laboratory conditions. The body weight, body length, and survival rate in EC4 inbred line of all generations were less than the control population. Inbreeding affected the antibacterial activity, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) which decreased at the eleventh generation of EC4 inbred line. This study demonstrated that inbreeding had a negative effect on the economic traits and immune response, but our inbred line was established successfully until F11 and confirmed by genetic detection using SNP and EST-SSR loci.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Therapeutic Properties Discovered with Extraordinary SuccessOK

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Gabriella Racchetti ◽  
Jacopo Meldolesi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cell Aging ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Properties

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the cells distributed in the stromas of the body, are known for various properties including replication, the potential of various differentiations, the immune-related processes including inflammation. About two decades ago, these cells were shown to play relevant roles in the therapy of numerous diseases, dependent on their immune regulation and their release of cytokines and growth factors, with ensuing activation of favorable enzymes and processes. Such discovery induced great increase of their investigation. Soon thereafter, however, it became clear that therapeutic actions of MSCs are risky, accompanied by serious drawbacks and defects. MSC therapy has been therefore reduced to a few diseases, replaced for the others by their extracellular vesicles, the MSC-EVs. The latter vesicles recapitulate most therapeutic actions of MSCs, with equal or even better efficacies and without the serious drawbacks of the parent cells. In addition, MSC-EVs are characterized by many advantages, among which are their heterogeneities dependent on the stromas of origin, the alleviation of cell aging, the regulation of immune responses and inflammation. Here we illustrate the MSC-EV therapeutic effects, largely mediated by specific miRNAs, covering various diseases and pathological processes occurring in the bones, heart and vessels, kidney, and brain. MSC-EVs operate also on the development of cancers and on COVID-19, where they alleviate the organ lesions induced by the virus. Therapy by MSC-EVs can be improved by combination of their innate potential to engineering processes inducing precise targeting and transfer of drugs. The unique properties of MSC-EVs explain their intense studies, carried out with extraordinary success. Although not yet developed to clinical practice, the perspectives for proximal future are encouraging.

The effect of polysaccharide-based hydrogels on the response of antigen presenting cell lines to immunomodulators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Teng, Melody Chung ◽  
Chi Ming Laurence Lau ◽  
Ying Chau
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Foreign Material ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cell ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Hydrogel presents as foreign material to the host and participates in immune responses which would skew the biofunctions of immunologic loads (antigen and adjuvants) for in-situ DC priming. This study...

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