Polythiophene composites: a review of selected applications

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeshwar S. Bobade
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Inorganic Semiconductors ◽  
Polymer Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mechanical Sensors ◽  
Low Cost Manufacturing

Abstract Conducting polymers (CPs) provide a class of processible, film forming semiconductors and metals. Electrical and optical properties of CPs, similar to those of metals and semiconductors, and the attractive properties associated with conventional polymers such as ease of synthesis and processing, has given these polymers a wide range of applications in the microelectronics industry, in biological field and also as humidity, chemical and mechanical sensors. The principal interest in the use of polymers lies in the scope for low cost manufacturing. Organic polymers offer several advantages over analogous inorganic semiconductors, the most important of which are the processability and the large surface film technology together with the possibility of tuning the polymer properties through a chemical design of the constituent units. In contrast, problems of environmental stability and the inability to process these into useful devices constitute the main drawbacks of organic materials. To set a material suitable for applications in various technological fields one has to improve the processability, mechanical strength and environmental stability of the polyheterocycles: one method adopted to do this is synthesizing the composites of conducting polymers within a matrix of insulating polymers. In this paper, the science of conducting polymers will be discussed. A review from literature on selected applications of organic devices based on conducting polythiophene and its composites will be discussed with a view to targeting the areas of future research in this topic.

The Relations between Polymer Structure and Properties in Urethans

1960 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 1259-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Structure ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reliable Control ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Structure Property Relationships ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Polymer Properties ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many

Abstract Sufficient data are available from studies of urethan foams and elastomers to draw semiquantitative conclusions regarding the effect of any gross structural change on most polymer properties. These relationships apply to other areas of application as well, e.g., coatings, adhesives and sealants. Future research may be expected to provide more reliable control of the many reactions involved in preparing urethans, thus better control over structure. Similarly a more quantitative and extensive knowledge of polymer properties may be expected. The result of these combined efforts will be a more precise knowledge of structure-property relationships and an improved ability to produce polymers having the properties desired for a wide range of applications.

scholarly journals Estudio piloto para la valoración del equilibrio en mujeres adultas con un elemento cinemático (Balance assessment in adult women with a cinematic element: a pilot study)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
Raquel Leirós Rodríguez ◽  
Mª Elena Arce Fariña ◽  
José Luis García Soidán
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Spinous Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Wide Range

En este trabajo se valora el equilibrio a través de una amplia gama de condiciones de valoración cinemáticas para poder contrastarlos posteriormente con pruebas de equilibrio vigentes en la práctica clínica. Todo ello con el objetivo de conseguir una medida holística del equilibrio e identificar con mayor fiabilidad qué sistemas subyacentes están más presentes en cada una de las pruebas. Se valoraron un total de 30 mujeres con una media de edad de 63.07 años (DT = 6.06) con un instrumento de medición cinemático triaxial a la altura de la apófisis espinosa de L4 durante la realización de diferentes pruebas de equilibrio estático y dinámico. Los resultados mostraron que a medida que las tareas solicitadas aumentaban en complejidad, las variaciones de velocidad se hacían más amplias y complejas. A su vez, se encontraron correlaciones con la edad y el resultado obtenido previamente en la prueba Timed Up & Go, lo que confirma la correspondencia entre las variaciones de velocidad del tronco y el estado de los sistemas de control postural. Este instrumento se ha reafirmado como una herramienta de valoración única por su capacidad de reconocer y registrar el comportamiento natural del cuerpo en combinación con su bajo coste. Ambos aspectos lo hacen potencialmente útil en la práctica clínica de diferentes especialidades médicas. Ampliar la muestra del estudio así como cotejar los datos extraídos de las mediciones cinemáticas con otras variables fisiológicas y antropométricas, se sugieren como posibles mejoras en investigaciones futuras.Abstract. This paper assesses the balance through a wide range of kinematic conditions assessment for later compare them with existing balance tests in clinical practice. The goal was to achieve a holistic measure of balance and more reliably identify what underlying systems are present in each of the tests. A total of 30 women with a mean age of 63.07 years (SD = 6.06) were evaluated with a triaxial instrument at the height of the spinous process of L4 while performing different tests of static and dynamic balance kinematic measurement. The results showed that as the required tasks increased in complexity, speed variations became larger and more complex. In turn, correlations were found with age and the result obtained previously in the Timed Up & Go test, confirming the correspondence between the velocity variations of the trunk and the state of postural control systems. This instrument has been reaffirmed as a single assessment tool for its ability to recognize and record the natural behavior of the body in combination with low cost. Both aspects make it potentially useful in clinical practice in different medical specialties. Larger study sample and collate data from the kinematic measurements with other physiological and anthropometric variables are suggested as possible improvements in future research.

scholarly journals A Mini Review on pH-Sensitive Photoluminescence in Carbon Nanodots

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui Liu ◽  
Fang Zhang ◽  
Jiao Hu ◽  
Wenhui Gao ◽  
Mingzhen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ph Sensitive ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Carbon Nanodots ◽  
Ph Sensing ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Light Emitting Devices ◽  
Wide Range

Carbon nanodots (C-dots) with sp2/sp3 framework and diameter of <10 nm contain abundant functional groups or polymers on their surface. C-dots have attracted immense attention because of their unique optical properties, excellent biocompatibility, facile preparation, and low cost. With these merits, C-dots have been used in a wide range of applications including sensing, bioimaging, catalysis, and light-emitting devices. C-dots exhibit good optical properties, such as tunable emission wavelength, good photostability, nonblinking, up-conversion emission, etc. Of note, C-dots show intrinsic pH-sensitive photoluminescence (PL), indicating their great potential for pH sensing, especially in biotic pH sensing. In this review, we systematically summarize the pH-sensitive PL properties and the pH-sensitive PL mechanism, as well as recent research progress of C-dots in pH sensing. The current challenges of pH-sensitive C-dots and their future research focus are also proposed here. We anticipate this review might be of great significance for understanding the characteristics of pH-sensitive C-dots and the development of photoluminescent nanomaterials with pH-sensitive properties.

Preparation, Characterization and Performance of Polyethersulfone(PES) – Polyaniline(Pani) Blended Membrane

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 3018-3022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Faizah Binti Razali ◽  
Abdul Wahab Mohammad ◽  
Sulaiman Al Fadul
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chemical Oxidation ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Hydrophilic Property ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Blended Membrane

Polyaniline nanoparticle was synthesized via the chemical oxidation of aniline with ammonium persulphate in aqueous hydrochloric acid where the polyaniline particle size obtained was in the range of 22-53 nm. Polyaniline is one type of conducting polymers, where this polymer exhibit high electrical conductivity and have a wide range of interesting application due to its light weight, conductivity and chemical properties. Amongst the family of conducting polymers, polyaniline is unique due to ease of synthesis, environmental stability, simple doping/dedoping chemistry and relatively inexpensive cost. Polyaniline has been used to improve hydrophilic property and permeability of substrate membrane. It is used to obtain superhydrophilic surface because of their high surface energy and hydrophilic property. In this research, these nanoparticles have been used to improve hydrophilic property and permeability of polyethersulfone membrane. The blended membrane was characterized using pure water flux, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and contact angle. As a result, polyaniline can distribute stably in polyaniline membrane to produce stable structure and preferable performance.

scholarly journals Textile-Based Mechanical Sensors: A Review

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6073
Author(s):  
Zaiwei Zhou ◽  
Nuo Chen ◽  
Hongchuan Zhong ◽  
Wanli Zhang ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Machine Interaction ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Mechanical Sensors ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Innovations related to textiles-based sensors have drawn great interest due to their outstanding merits of flexibility, comfort, low cost, and wearability. Textile-based sensors are often tied to certain parts of the human body to collect mechanical, physical, and chemical stimuli to identify and record human health and exercise. Until now, much research and review work has been carried out to summarize and promote the development of textile-based sensors. As a feature, we focus on textile-based mechanical sensors (TMSs), especially on their advantages and the way they achieve performance optimizations in this review. We first adopt a novel approach to introduce different kinds of TMSs by combining sensing mechanisms, textile structure, and novel fabricating strategies for implementing TMSs and focusing on critical performance criteria such as sensitivity, response range, response time, and stability. Next, we summarize their great advantages over other flexible sensors, and their potential applications in health monitoring, motion recognition, and human-machine interaction. Finally, we present the challenges and prospects to provide meaningful guidelines and directions for future research. The TMSs play an important role in promoting the development of the emerging Internet of Things, which can make health monitoring and everyday objects connect more smartly, conveniently, and comfortably efficiently in a wearable way in the coming years.

Secondary-electron yield measurements of conducting polymers in the Scanning electron microscope

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 1066-1067
Author(s):  
D. M. Susczynsky ◽  
F. I. Klavetter
Keyword(s):  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Photoelectron Emission ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Charging Current ◽  
Solar Uv ◽  
Typical Satellite

In recent years, research on conducting polymers has been motivated to a large extent by the prospect of developing low-cost, light-weight conducting polymeric materials for commercial use. Conducting polymers have potential uses as electrodes and/or electrolytes for rechargeable batteries, as power conductors andpowercable sheathing and as material for space photovoltaics and spacecraft-charging applications.The utilization of conducting polymers for spacecraft construction and instrumentation requires an understanding of how such materials respond to the spacecraft environment. Of particular importance is how and to what degree such a material will charge when exposed to the wide range of energetic fluxes of electrons and protons that characterize a typical satellite environment. For typical space plasma environments, the total charging current to a satellite is given by the net sum of the electron and proton particle currents from the ambient plasma to the satellite, the secondary-electron and backscatter-electron emission currents arising from ambient-particle impact, and the photoelectron emission current resulting from solar UV.

scholarly journals Printability of the Screen-Printed Strain Sensor with Carbon Black/Silver Paste for Sensitive Wearable Electronics

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 6983
Author(s):  
Xue Qi ◽  
Heebo Ha ◽  
Byungil Hwang ◽  
Sooman Lim
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Strain Sensor ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Electronic Products ◽  
Consumer Markets ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Cost Manufacturing

Printing technology enables not only high-volume, multipurpose, low-impact, low-cost manufacturing, but also the introduction of flexible electronic devices, such as displays, actuators, and sensors, to a wide range of consumer markets. Consequently, in the past few decades, printed electronic products have attracted considerable interest. Although flexible printed electronic products are attracting increasing attention from the scientific and industrial communities, a systematic study on their sensing performance based on printability has not been reported so far. In this study, carbon black/Ag nanocomposites were utilized as pastes for a flexible wearable strain sensor. The effects of the rheological property of the pastes and the pattern dimensions of the printed electrodes on the sensor’s performance were investigated. Consequently, the printed sensor demonstrated a high gauge factor of 444.5 for an applied strain of 0.6% to 1.4% with a durability of 1000 cycles and a linearity of R2 = 0.9974. The sensor was also stable under tough environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Recent Progress in the Abatement of Hazardous Pollutants Using Photocatalytic TiO2-Based Building Materials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anantha-Iyengar Gopalan ◽  
Jun-Cheol Lee ◽  
Gopalan Saianand ◽  
Kwang-Pill Lee ◽  
Prashant Sonar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Stability ◽  
Photocatalytic Efficiency ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Energy Environment ◽  
Hazardous Pollutants ◽  
Low Cost Manufacturing

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been extensively investigated in interdisciplinary research (such as catalysis, energy, environment, health, etc.) owing to its attractive physico-chemical properties, abundant nature, chemical/environmental stability, low-cost manufacturing, low toxicity, etc. Over time, TiO2-incorporated building/construction materials have been utilized for mitigating potential problems related to the environment and human health issues. However, there are challenges with regards to photocatalytic efficiency improvements, lab to industrial scaling up, and commercial product production. Several innovative approaches/strategies have been evolved towards TiO2 modification with the focus of improving its photocatalytic efficiency. Taking these aspects into consideration, research has focused on the utilization of many of these advanced TiO2 materials towards the development of construction materials such as concrete, mortar, pavements, paints, etc. This topical review focuses explicitly on capturing and highlighting research advancements in the last five years (mainly) (2014–2019) on the utilization of various modified TiO2 materials for the development of practical photocatalytic building materials (PBM). We briefly summarize the prospective applications of TiO2-based building materials (cement, mortar, concretes, paints, coating, etc.) with relevance to the removal of outdoor/indoor NOx and volatile organic compounds, self-cleaning of the surfaces, etc. As a concluding remark, we outline the challenges and make recommendations for the future outlook of further investigations and developments in this prosperous area.

A Travel Blog as a Space for Creation and Communication of Travel Models

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (0) ◽  
pp. 119-0 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Morozova
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Travel Blog ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to present the variety of travel models which are conveyed and promoted by amateur travel blogs. Methods. The research sample was constituted on the bases of selected Polish travel blogs which promote travel models. The basic criteria for the selection of these particular blogs was the representativeness and popularity among readers. The testing method was content analysis of selected blogs. Findings. The present study suggests a classification of travel blogs. The research hypothesis claiming that the authors of travel blogs publicize travel models was confirmed. Research and conclusions limitations. The study is focused only on amateur travel blogs which are written in Polish. During the process of research, the author focused on a range of topics of the posts as well as on the publication genres. The present study includes blogs about world travels, travelling with children as well asdogs and low-cost travels. Practical implications. The results of this study indicate a wide range of possible future research studies regarding travel blogs from different perspectives. Originality. This article attempts to establish the definition of a travel model and the main characteristics of a travel blogger which aspire to become a travelebrity. A classification of travel blogs using the 'travel model' key is also provided. Type of paper. The article presents the results of empirical research conducted by the author.

scholarly journals Recent Advances on Conducting Polymers Based Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1308
Author(s):  
Weichi Zhang ◽  
Liwen You ◽  
Xiao Meng ◽  
Bozhi Wang ◽  
Dabin Lin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Conducting Polymers ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications

With the rapid growth of numerous portable electronics, it is critical to develop high-performance, lightweight, and environmentally sustainable energy generation and power supply systems. The flexible nanogenerators, including piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENG) and triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG), are currently viable candidates for combination with personal devices and wireless sensors to achieve sustained energy for long-term working circumstances due to their great mechanical qualities, superior environmental adaptability, and outstanding energy-harvesting performance. Conductive materials for electrode as the critical component in nanogenerators, have been intensively investigated to optimize their performance and avoid high-cost and time-consuming manufacture processing. Recently, because of their low cost, large-scale production, simple synthesis procedures, and controlled electrical conductivity, conducting polymers (CPs) have been utilized in a wide range of scientific domains. CPs have also become increasingly significant in nanogenerators. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on CP-based PENG and TENG for biomechanical energy harvesting. A thorough overview of recent advancements and development of CP-based nanogenerators with various configurations are presented and prospects of scientific and technological challenges from performance to potential applications are discussed.

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