scholarly journals Effect of Lime Pretreatment on Microstructure of Cassava Stalk Fibers and Growth of Aspergillus niger

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramesti Dewi ◽  
Retno Indrati ◽  
Ria Millati ◽  
Sardjono Sardjono
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pretreatment Method ◽  
Lime Pretreatment ◽  
Sem Micrograph ◽  
Sugar Levels

Cassava stalk can be converted into sugar-based product by using microorganism. Unfortunately, lignin act as a barrier of optimal bioconversion. Cassava stalk needs pretreatment process for removing this barrier. The effect of lime pretreatment on microstructure of cassava stalk fibers and the growth of Aspergillus niger FNCC 6114 were observed in this research. The cassava stalks were reduced into 0.147- 0.297 mm size and pretreated with 1 % Ca(OH)2. Lime pretreated and unpretreated cassava stalk was used as solid medium for Aspegillus niger FNCC 6114. The effect of pretreatment method on fibers microstructure of cassava stalk was evaluated through SEM micrograph. The growth and metabolism activities of Aspergillus niger FNCC 6114 were monitored through SEM micrograph of media after fermentation. The other parameters examined were changes in glucosamine, reducing sugar levels, and spores’ quantity. Lime pretreatment altered microstructure of cassava stalk fibers. However, cassava stalk without lime pretreatment gave better growth of Aspergillus niger FNCC 6144 based on metabolism activities parameters. Cassava stalks is suitable as media for Aspergillus niger FNCC 6144 through solid state fermentation. For better growth of Aspergillus niger FNCC 6144 fine-sized cassava stalk should not be lime pretreated. The results of this study  provide  information about the pretreatment of cassava stems which was effective in supporting the growth of Aspergillus niger. Enhancements the utilization of cassava stems by using fungi, for example Aspergillus niger can overcome the accumulation of organic waste that can interfere with environmental sustainability.

Morpho-Biochemical Characteristics of Brinjal Germplasms Affect the Abundance And Infestation of Jassid

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
F Yasmin ◽  
MR Amin ◽  
M Afroz ◽  
MAH Swapon ◽  
MM Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Total Sugar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Positive Correlation

The tropical vegetable, brinjal is cultivated throughout the year in Bangladesh but the crop is infested by a number of insects including jassid. This study investigated the effects of different biophysical and biochemical characteristics of twelve brinjal germplasms on the abundance and infestation of jassid. The experiment was conducted during September 2018 to March 2019 in Gazipur, Bangladesh with twelve brinjal germplasms namely BD-7320, BD-7328, BD-9952, BD-10154, BD-10158, BARI Begun-1, BARI Begun-4, BARI Begun-5, BARI Begun- 6, BARI Begun-7, BARI Begun-8 and BARI Begun-9. The incidence of jassid was recorded from 3rd December to 26th March, and the lowest population was found on BARI Begun- 6. Among the biophysical traits, plant height, number of branch and leaf per plant, and leaf area exerted significant positive correlation; whereas trichome on lower and upper surfaces of leaf, spine per stem and leaf showed significant negative correlation with the abundance of jassid. On the other hand, moisture, reducing sugar, total sugar and protein content of the leaves and fruits, chlorophyll content of the leaves exerts significant positive correlation but ash and pH contents of the leaves and fruits were negatively correlated with the abundance of jassid. Jassids showed the lowest level of leaf infestation on BARI Begun-6, which could be for further analysis to develop jassid resistant brinjal. SAARC J. Agric., 19(1): 81-91 (2021)

scholarly journals Pengolahan Limbah Kulit Durian dan Baterai Bekas Menjadi Salah Satu Sumber Energi Listrik yang Ramah Lingkungan

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Gifron ◽  
Nelmi Agustina ◽  
Doris Wela
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Waste Rubber ◽  
The World ◽  
Parallel Circuit

Abstrak. Seiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah penduduk dunia, selalu diiringi oleh masalah limbah yang berasal dari sampah, baik sampah organik maupun non organik. Berbagai usaha untuk mengatasi masalah limbah tersebut secara berkesinambungan terus dilakukan , baik itu sampah-sampah anorganik seperti, berbahan plastik, karet dan lain-lain. Bisa dimanfaatkan kembali melalui daur ulang menjadi barang-barang kebutuhan harian. Sedangkan untuk sampah organik selain dimanfaatkan untuk pupuk, juga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan dasar pengisi baterai untuk menghasilkan energi alternatif yang ramah lingkungan. Terkhususnya untuk pemanfaatan limbah organik dalam pembuatan baterai telah dilakukan dengan beda potensial tertinggi yang dihasilkan adalah 1,67 volt. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan modifikasi massa bahan pengisi baterai yang bersumber dari kulit durian yang yang diproses khususnya melalui pengeringan menggunakan oven serta dicampur dengan asam dan ada juga kulit durian yang dijemur selama 7 hari dengan massa kulit durian 3, 5, dan 10. Beda potensial baterai tertinggi yang didapatkan adalah 10 gram yaitu sebesar 1,67 volt. Selanjutnya baterai dengan massa 10 gram difabrikasi dalam jumlah tertentu yang digunakan untuk menyalakan LED. Baterai tersebut dirangkai baik secara seri maupun paralel untuk menghasilkan beda potensial yang bervariasi. Abstract. Along with the growing number of the world populations, there always followed by troubles waste derived from trash, organic waste, and non-organic waste. Many attempts to deal with an organic waste such as plastic waste, rubber, and etc, has been continued, so those waste can be recycled and reused for daily demand. On the other hand, organic waste can be used as fertilizer, and basic material for the battery that results an environmental friendly alternative energy. Especially to utilize the organic waste, the making of battery has been done that yields highest voltage, 1.67 volts. This research aims to modify the mass filler of the battery that obtained from durian skin which is processed by mixing it with acid and drying it using oven, there also other technique by drying the durian skin under the sun for about 7 days which varied masses of 3 gram, 5 gram, and 10 gram. The highest voltage that obtained is 1.67 volt using 10 gram durian skin. Further, the battery with 10 grams durian skin is then fabricated in a specified number to light up the LED. This battery placed either in serial or parallel circuit to obtain varied voltage.

scholarly journals THE COMPARATIVE VIABILITY OF PNEUMOCOCCI ON SOLID AND ON FLUID CULTURE MEDIA

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-590
Author(s):  
L. J. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Made In ◽  
Fluid Culture

1. Pneumococci, when freshly isolated from the body, are able to live and multiply when a small number of them are inoculated into a small amount of broth. If, however, the inoculations are made in large amounts of broth, many more bacteria must be inoculated in order that they may grow. 2. It requires much smaller numbers of pneumococci to start a growth on agar than are required to start a growth in broth. 3. This predilection for solid medium disappears when the bacteria are grown for some time outside the body. 4. This phenomenon is not dependent on differences in chemical composition between the two media employed or on the presence of more available oxygen in one case than in the other. 5. It is probably dependent entirely on physical differences in the two kinds of media, and bears some relation to the differences in possibilities for diffusion in the two media.

Estimating Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Oman Using Different Frameworks

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-348
Author(s):  
Tariq Umar
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
Council Member ◽  
Tackle Climate Change

Reduction in emissions is the key to tackle climate change issues and achieve environmental sustainability. The Gulf Cooperation Council member countries however, not only generate the highest quantity of MSW/capita when compared globally but also in most of these countries such waste is just dumped at different landfill stations. In Oman, the total quantity of MSW stood at 2.0 million tonnes/year. The emission from this waste is estimated at 2,989,467 tonnes/year (CO2 Equivalent). This article attempts to develop frameworks that considered landfilling, composting, and recycling of MSW and compared the emissions of these frameworks. The framework (F2) which proposes the landfilling and composting process for the organic waste which normally goes to landfills results in an increase of emissions by 7% as compared to landfill practice. Similarly, the samples of MSW collected in Oman show a good amount of recycling waste. The framework (F3) which considers the landfill, composting, and recycling reduced the total Greenhouse Gas emissions from 2,989,467 tonnes/year to 2,959,735 tonnes/year (CO2 Equivalent); representing a total reduction of 1% in emissions. Although composting increases the emissions, however, considering composting and recycling will not only reduce the burden on landfills but will promote agricultural and industrial activates.

Epilogue

2020 ◽  
pp. 254-257
Author(s):  
Ramprasad Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conservation Of Resources ◽  
Social Tension ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

The discussions within this book have analysed the interdependences among economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. The social and environmental sustainability of development requires the process of growth to be socially non-disruptive and it should not involve any serious environmental risk of the collapse of its ecosystem. The former would require a just distribution of resources and social products among its people so that there is no serious poverty or inequality due to absolute or relative deprivation of resources or income for some of its people, and therefore no economic source of social tension. The empirical findings using advanced econometric and quantitative methods on the interrelationships among poverty, inequality, social tension, social discrimination, and religious polarization on the one hand and their fallouts in the form of crime, riots, and insurgencies across Indian states on the other have been quite informative, not always stereotypical, and insightful from the point of view of policy planning for social sustainability. The environmental sustainability condition would, on the other hand, require the reduction of the ecological footprint and improvement of environmental protection through conservation of resources and control of pollution, including CO...

scholarly journals Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of commercial dog food in Brazil

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e5828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo de Aro Galera ◽  
Adibe Luiz Abdalla Filho ◽  
Luiza Santos Reis ◽  
Janaina Leite de Souza ◽  
Yeleine Almoza Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Average Standard Deviation ◽  
Specific Product ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Dry Food

Background Brazil is a low- to medium-income country and has the second largest pet food market in the world with 8% of world pet food consumption. The lowest-income social class spends around 17% of their domestic budget on pet food and other items related to pets. Consumers are frequently misled by advertising as there is no precise information about the main sources of protein, carbohydrates and fat in the labels, and the Brazilian pet food industry can legally claim that their products contain certain items like salmon or beef even if they use just a flavoring compound. Methods The stable isotope methodology compares the stable isotope ratios of carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) between source and product. The 13C/12C ratio of a specific product (e.g., dog food) reveals the proportions of C4 (maize) and C3 (soybean, rice and wheat) plants in that product and the 15N/14N ratio reveals the proportion of the compounds derived from animals. With this isotopic data, we used MixSIAR, a Bayesian stable isotope-mixing model, to estimate the proportion of maize, grains, poultry and beef in dog food. Results The δ13C values of dry dog food ranged from −24.2‰ to −12.8‰, with an average (± standard-deviation) of −17.1‰ ± 2.8‰. The δ13C values of wet pet food ranged from −25.4‰ to −16.9‰, with an average (± standard-deviation) of −21.2‰ ± 2.4‰, which was significantly lower (p < 0.01). The δ15N values of the dry and wet food ranged from 1.7‰ to 4.2‰, and from 0.5‰ to 5.5‰, respectively. The average δ15N values of dry food (2.9‰ ± 0.5‰) was not higher than the wet food (2.6‰ ± 1.3‰) (p > 0.01). The output of the MixSIAR showed a low proportion of bovine products in dry dog food samples. On the other hand, poultry was obviously the dominant ingredient present in most of the samples. Maize was the second dominant ingredient. Wet and dry dog food showed similar isotopic analysis results. The only difference was a lower proportion of maize and higher proportion of grains in wet dog food. Discussion The main finding is that dog food in Brazil is mostly made of approximately 60% (ranging from 32% to 86%) animal-based and 40% (ranging from 14% to 67%) plant-based products. Poultry and maize are the main ingredients. Poultry is added as a by-product or meal, which avoids competition between dogs and humans for meat products, while they can compete for maize. On the other hand, a large proportion of plant-based products in dog food decreases the energy and environmental footprint, since plant-based food products tend to be less harmful compared to animal-based products. Labels can mislead consumers by showing pictures of items that are not necessarily part of the product composition and by not showing the detailed information on the proportion of each ingredient. This information would allow customers to make their own choices considering their pet’s nutrition, the competition between animals and humans for resources and environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals Biotransformation of Bicyclic Sesqui- and Diterpene 1,2-dials and Their Derivatives by the Fungus, Aspergillus niger

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Asakawa ◽  
Masako Sekita ◽  
Toshihiro Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
The Other ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Derivatives Of

Microbial biotransformation of naturally occurring pungent sesquiterpene 1,2-dials, polygodial and cinnamodial, and a diterpene 1,2-dial, sacculatal as well as their tetrahydro derivatives was carried out by using Aspergillus niger. The pungent polygodial and sacculatal are toxic against A. niger not to produce any metabolites while A. niger biotransformed cinnamodial to the lactonized products in small amount. On the other hands, the dihydroxy derivatives of the former two dialdehydes were bioconverted by the same fungus to give hydroxy-, oxo-, carboxylic- and epoxy-products. The stereostructures of each metabolite and their metabolic pathways were described.

The synthesis, separation, and identification of the methyl ethers of arabinose and their derivatives

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Williams ◽  
J. K. N. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
The Other ◽  
Partition Chromatography ◽  
Ring Form ◽  
Optical Rotations ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Spray Reagents

A study has been made of various methods available for the identification and separation of the methyl ethers of arabinose. Gas–liquid partition chromatography has been used to separate the acetylated glycosides and the acetylated alditols of the methyl ethers of arabinose. All of the methyl ethers of arabinopyranose and arabinofuranose have been separated by paper chromatography. Several spray reagents have been used to distinguish between those methyl ethers with similar rates of movement. Thin-layer chromatography has been used to separate the methyl glycosides, acetylated methyl glycosides, and glycitols of the methyl ethers of arabinose, as well as the methyl ethers of the reducing sugar. The optical rotations of the reducing sugars and of the methyl glycosides of the methyl ethers of arabinose provide information about the ring form and, in the case of the glycosides, about the anomer present. The rotations of the acetylated and unacetylated O-methyl arabinitols aid in the determination of the position of the methyl substitutents. In connection with this study, all of the mono-O-methyl and tri-O-methyl, and most of the di-O-methyl ethers of arabinose have been synthesized. New syntheses have been devised for 4-O-methyl and 2,3-di-O-methyl arabinose, and the other sugars have been synthesized by known or partially revised syntheses. During this work, previously unreported derivatives of these sugars have been prepared.

PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BENECKEA PARAHAEMOLYTICA: A PRELIMINARY REPORT1

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Baumann ◽  
Linda Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Medium ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
The Other ◽  
Polar Flagellum ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
General Properties

Eighty-six strains which were isolated from cases of gastroenteritis and had the general properties of the genus Beneckea were submitted to an extensive nutritional, physiological, and morphological characterization. The results indicated that this collection of strains, which included the type strain of Beneckea parahaemolytica, was phenotypically homogeneous and distinguishable from the other known species of Beneckea by multiple, unrelated, phenotypic traits. When grown in liquid medium, strains of B. parahaemolytica had single, sheathed, polar flagella; when grown on solid medium, these strains had unsheathed, peritrichous flagella in addition to the sheathed, polar flagellum. Additional traits of use for differentiation of this species from the remaining species of the genus Beneckea were the ability of B. parahaemolytica to grow at 40 C, utilize d-galactose, l-leucine, l-histidine, and putrescine and the inability to utilize sucrose, dl-β-hydroxy-butyrate or give a positive Voges-Proskauer reaction. The validity of some of the traits previously used to identify B. parahaemolytica as well as the possible difficulties encountered in the identification of this organism from marine sources are considered.

Recherche de nouvelles activités saccharifiantes thermostables chez les champignons filamenteux

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Vanacker ◽  
B. Bacle ◽  
G. Vidal ◽  
L. Lacoste
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Half Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermostable Enzymes ◽  
Life Measure ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Better Than

We have searched for producers of a saccharifying activity with improved thermostability compared with industrial amyloglucosidases. These producers were chosen among thermophilic, thermotolerant, or even mesophilic fungi. Among the 846 isolated strains, five species (two Thermoascus spp., a member of the Aspergillus fumigatus group, and two members of the Aspergillus niger group) showed an amyloglucosidasic complex with the required property. Whereas the first three of these were thermophilic or thermotolerant strains, the latter two strengthen the idea that mesophilic strains can produce thermostable enzymes. The thermostability of the saccharifying complex of the Thermoascus spp., established with a half-life measure, was found to be far better than the other ones. The industrial use of these strains was discussed, and Thermoascus crustaceus seems to be the most advantageous one. Key words: filamentous fungi, amyloglucosidases, thermostability, Thermoascus.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document