Pediatrician's Practice Choices: Differences Between Part-time and Full-time Practice

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 764-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy E. Fritz ◽  
John D. Lantos
Keyword(s):  
Career Paths ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Family Patterns ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Status Number ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Teaching Responsibilities ◽  
Almost All

A national survey was used to study the differences in career and family patterns of pediatricians who work part-time (PT) vs those who work full-time (FT). A questionnaire mailed to 375 members of the American Academy of Pediatrics asked about age, marital status, number of children, type of practice, hours worked in particular duties, and attitudes about their choices. Sixty-five percent (n = 216) of the questionnaires were completed. The mean age of both the PT and FT women was 40 years, and FT men averaged 46 years. Thirty-seven percent of women had worked PT at some point in their careers; 21% were currently working PT. Only 70% of the FT women were married compared with 97% and 95% of PT women and FT men. The FT women had significantly fewer children (mean 1.27, compared with 2.34 for PT women and 2.39 for FT men). Part-time women in academic medicine tended to do little research or administrative work, but they had more teaching responsibilities. Almost all the PT women were happy with their decisions and careers despite the feeling among many that they had made career compromises. Many of the FT pediatricians wanted to work less. It is concluded that many women, particularly those with children, choose PT work in order to combine career and family duties. These choices may lead to different career paths for women pediatricians. By recognizing these different career paths, it may be possible for academic institutions to benefit from the unique contributions that PT women pediatricians can make.

Trait Anxiety in Mothers: Differences Associated with Employment Status, Family Size and Age of Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilly J. Schubert Walker ◽  
James L. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Full Time ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Status Number ◽  
The Impact

The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to 345 adult women to determine if anxiety was related to employment status, number of children, and age of children. Respondents were categorized as not employed, employed part-time, or employed full-time and also in terms of number and ages of children. The results indicated that women not employed outside their homes have slightly higher levels of anxiety than the employed women. A significant relationship between ages of children and anxiety was also obtained with Trait-anxiety being highest in women with all children between 2 and 5 yr. of age and lowest in women whose children were all older than 5. The importance of the ages of children and the impact of employment status in contributing to maternal stress are discussed.

scholarly journals Structural Changes in Israeli Family Farms: Long-Run Trends in the Farm Size Distribution and the Role of Part-Time Farming

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Ayal Kimhi ◽  
Nitzan Tzur-Ilan
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Higher Moments ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Mean

Israeli agriculture has experienced rapid structural changes in recent decades, including the massive exit of farmers, a resulting increase in average farm size, a higher farm specialization and a higher reliance on non-farm income sources. The higher farm heterogeneity makes it necessary to examine changes in the entire farm size distribution rather than the common practice of analyzing changes in the average farm size alone. This article proposes a nonparametric analysis in which the change in the distribution of farm sizes between two periods is decomposed into several components, and the contributions of subgroups of farms to this change are analyzed. Using data on Israeli family farms, we analyze the changes in the farm size distribution in two separate time periods that are characterized by very different economic environments, focusing on the different contributions of full-time farms and part-time farms to the overall distributional changes. We found that between 1971 and 1981, a period characterized by stability and prosperity, the farm size distribution has shifted to the right with relatively minor changes in higher moments of the distribution. On the other hand, between 1981 and 1995, a largely unfavorable period to Israeli farmers, the change in the distribution was much more complex. While the overall change in the size distribution of farms was smaller in magnitude than in the earlier period, higher moments of the distribution were not less important than the increase in the mean and led to higher dispersion of farm sizes. Between 1971 and 1981, the contributions of full- and part-time farms to the change in the size distribution were quite similar. Between 1981 and 1995, however, full-time farms contributed mostly to the growth in the average farm size, while the average farm size among part-time farms actually decreased, and their contribution to the higher dispersion of farm sizes was quantitatively larger. This highlights the need to analyze the changes in the entire farm size distribution rather than focusing on the mean alone, and to allow for differences between types of farms.

Parenting stress and self-reported discipline strategies of Kenyan caregiving grandmothers

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 505-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Odhiambo Oburu ◽  
Kerstin Palmérus
Keyword(s):  
Parenting Stress ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Total Stress ◽  
Behaviour Modification ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Child Age

The present study examined the discipline methods used and personal and social determinants of power assertive strategies amongst 113 part-time and 128 full-time adoptive grandmothers of Kenyan children aged 1–10 years. Most of these children had been orphaned by AIDS. Evidence obtained from the study suggested that these caregivers’ employment of power assertive strategies were linked to the total stress experienced, educational attainment, and child age but not to the gender of children adopted. The results also indicated a higher prevalence of the assertive and behaviour modification strategies amongst participants over the mean age of 62 years, respondents having basic education (1–12yrs), and those dealing with transgressions of children aged 6 years and above. Coercive verbal forms of control were mainly used by younger grandmothers, or caregivers of children aged less than 6 years. The least preferred inductive strategies were employed by younger respondents, persons lacking formal education, or those dealing with children of both gender aged below 6 years. These findings suggested that the antecedents of power assertive strategies lay both within personal and contextual factors.

Prevalence of Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Problems Among Professional Orchestra Musicians in South Africa: A Study Using the Musculoskeletal Pain Intensity and Interference Questionnaire for Musicians (MPIIQM)

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Clorinda Panebianco
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Professional Musicians ◽  
Musculoskeletal Problems ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Orchestral Musicians

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of playing-related musculoskeletal problems (PRMPs) in professional musicians is well documented in the literature, but few studies have been done on South African professional musicians. OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of PRMPs, pain intensity, and pain interference among full-time and part-time orchestral musicians, using a validated self-report instrument specifically designed for musicians. METHODS: Seventy-nine full-time and part-time professional orchestral musicians took part in the study and completed the Musculoskeletal Pain Intensity and Interference Questionnaire for Musicians (MPIIQM). RESULTS: A lifetime prevalence of PRMPs was 76% and point prevalence 30%. Of the PRMP group, 30% experienced current pain that interfered with their ability to play. Upper strings players reported the most PRMPs. The most commonly reported pain locations were right and left upper limb, neck, forearm, and elbow. The mean pain intensity score for the PRMP group was 16.3 (SD 6.62) (out of 40) and the mean pain interference score was 21.2 (9.98) (out of 50). Female musicians reported experiencing pain more frequently and intensely and also reported more pain sites than males. CONCLUSIONS: This study, the first to make use of a validated self-report instrument, shows that musculoskeletal problems are common among full-time and part-time professional orchestral musicians in South Africa.

scholarly journals Economics of Part-Time Farming

1981 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Wysong
Keyword(s):  
Animal Production ◽  
Full Time ◽  
General Will ◽  
Northeastern Part ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
The Past ◽  
Farm Operators ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Metropolitan Center

Part-time farming in Maryland and the Northeast with full-time off-farm employment of one or more of the farm operators is competitive income-wise with many types and sizes of commercial farms. Individuals, families, and society in general will benefit in the future from the encouragement of fuller utilization of underutilized or unemployed rural resources to produce marketable agricultural output and subsistence types of food for household and local charitable purposes. Labor extensive types of crop and animal production activities have increased relatively and absolutely during the past decade on Maryland and Northeastern part-time farms. Average characteristics of a sample of 80 part-time farmers showed 1) age of male operator – 44 years, 2) education of operator − 12 years, 3) number of children on the farm − 3 children, 4) years of experience in farming − 15 years, 5) days of off-farm employment − 225 days, 6) proximity of off-farm job to a major metropolitan center − 20 miles and 7) distance to off-farm job − 29 miles.

scholarly journals Determining the efficacy of full-time occlusion therapy in severe amblyopia at different ages

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Sameera Irfan ◽  
Nausherwan Adil ◽  
Haris Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Ophthalmological Examination ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Tertiary Referral Center ◽  
Occlusion Therapy ◽  
Visual Improvement ◽  
Previous Part ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Refractive Correction ◽  
Almost All

Objective: To find out how much visual improvement is possible in severe amblyopia using full-time occlusion therapy and if improvement is influenced by the patient’s age. Methods: A trial of 115 consecutive cases with unilateral, severe amblyopia was conducted at a tertiary referral center from Jan 2010 to Oct 2012. Patients were divided into three age groups: 3-7 years (n= 38), 8-12 years (n=41), 13-35 years (n=36). After a complete ophthalmological examination by a single ophthalmologist, cases with organic visual loss were excluded; cases with previous part-time occlusion therapy that had failed were included in the study. Patients were given optimal refractive correction for a month, followed by full-time occlusion therapy along with near visual activities for 3-4 hours/day. The therapy was continued until maximum visual recovery was achieved (6/6 Snellen’s). Therapy was gradually reduced and stopped. Patients were followed-up regularly for the next 18 months. Results: There was 100% success in the 3-7 year group, 92.68% in the 8-12 year group and 97.22% in the 13-35 year group. Conclusion: Visual improvement is possible in almost all patients with severe amblyopia irrespective of their age with full-time occlusion therapy.

A Comparative Study of Rural Clinics in Remote Islands and Inland Areas

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Inoue ◽  
Shun Matoba ◽  
Yoshihiro Sugita ◽  
Masataka Okuno
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The Social ◽  
Remote Island ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Remote Islands ◽  
Rural Clinics ◽  
Public Clinics ◽  
Almost All

The social and professional isolation of physicians remains an important issue in rural areas. However, few studies have investigated the involvement of geographic factors in the isolation. This study investigates rural public clinics in inland and remote island locations and attempts to objectively compare the isolation of these physicians. A mailed questionnaire was sent to rural clinics where graduate physicians from Jichi Medical School were working in 1994 and 1995. Among the 198 clinics with one or more full-time physicians, 185 (93 percent) responded to the inquiry. Geographic and demographic factors of the communities were compared between 43 clinics located in remote islands and the other 142 rural inland clinics. Rural clinics in remote islands have smaller subject populations, fewer part-time physicians, a longer journey to the nearest city, and a longer distance and travel time to the base hospital than rural inland clinics. Physicians in remote island clinics had less medical training and are more isolated than other physicians. More than half of the clinic physicians in remote islands have no regular training schedule, in contrast to less than a quarter of the inland clinic physicians. Almost all clinics (97.7%) in remote islands do not have a part-time physician, whereas about 20 percent of the rural inland clinics do. Physicians in remote island clinics are more socially and professionally isolated than those in inland clinics. Strategies to reduce these problems should be given priority in rural health policy and measures tailored to rural clinics in remote islands. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000;12(1): 22-26

scholarly journals P0224THE POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN UNDETERMINED CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKDU) AND ACUTE INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS (AIN) IN THE DRY ZONE REGIONS OF SRI LANKA

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakila Premarathne ◽  
Nishantha Nanayakkara ◽  
Rohana Chandrajith ◽  
R M S K Rathnayake ◽  
Neelakanthi Rathnathunga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Acute Interstitial Nephritis ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Dry Zone ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background and Aims An environmental nephropathy which is widely known as Chronic Kidney Disease of uncertain aetiology (CKDu) has been reported in dry zone of Sri Lanka and few other tropical countries. It is already become a major public health problem resulting immense social, economic and health impacts. In recent past, symptomatic presentation of CKDu with tubulitis (CKDuT)/ Acute Interstitial Nephritis indicating activity (AIN) has been reported from Sri Lanka and Central America. The AIN is a nonspecific response of kidney to an injurious agent. Usually the responsible aetiology is obvious in AIN, but not in CKDu cases, however, believed to be a sequel of interstitial nephritis. The aim of this study was to identify the occupational exposures or risk factors associated in AIN cases. Method In a two years of a comprehensive investigation, 60 individuals who reported with AIN were investigated. Once a case is reported, a home visit was carried out and behavioural pattern associated risk factors were assessed by a structured questionnaire in which working behaviours and conditions, spraying of agrochemical, usage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and probable exposed environmental conditions were considered. Results Majority of AIN patients were male (90:10%) with the mean age of (44 ± 1.2) ranging from 26 - 62years. Among the study group, 53% were full time farmers while 77% of were doing farming either full time or part time. 55% of patients applied agrochemicals by themselves. 52% of individuals have used Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). 12% of individuals were sand miners while 7% and 5% were full time masons or labourers. 2% were engaged both farming and mason as full time employment. 15% were doing other employment except the above. Smoking, alcohol consumption and betel chewing were reported in the group as 50%, 57% and 72% respectively. Majority of patients were reported from Girandurukotte (17%), Wilgamuwa (32%) and Mahiyanganaya (35%) regions where CKDu are widely reported. Study indicated that there was no any significant pattern of AIN incidents over the study period. Conclusion Mean age of reported CKDuT were at least ten years younger than the mean age of CKDu. Comparatively higher number of sex ratio has been found in CKDuT indicating the male dominance. Some of the demographic features of AIN patients were similar with CKDu patients and both CKDu and AIN patients are engaged in farming either full time or part time.

An Australian Bureau of Education for the Handicapped. A present-day imperative

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Brian E. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Special Education Services ◽  
Australian Capital Territory ◽  
Special Schools ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
School Population ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Special Classes

Today there are approximately three million children in Australian schools. Of these 35,268 are in full time special classes or special schools. A further 21,194 are receiving special education help through part-time special classes, while an additional 2,569 are receiving help through consultative visiting teacher services (Table 9, 20, Australian Students and their Schools, 1979). On those figures 1.96 per cent of our school population are receiving special education services. As can be seen from Table 1 the number of children receiving special education varies from .99 percent of the school population in the Australian Capital Territory to 6.02 percent in the Northern Territory.

scholarly journals Retirement and Management of Diabetes in Medically Under-served Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Preliminary Findings and Literature Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
Iyabo Obasanjo ◽  
William Mann
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Mean

Background: Studies have found that diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of early retirement in the high-income countries. In this study, we examined the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by employment status to determine if early retirement confers a benefit to managing diabetes. Methods: The data was from a primary care center serving the uninsured and medically underserved in the greater Williamsburg area in the State of Virginia. Plasma concentration of HbA1c (%) from the last visit was used to measure the average level of blood glucose and as an assessment test for glycemic control in people with diabetes. Data analyses were carried out using general linear regression with HbA1c as the dependent variable and employment status, gender and age as the independent variables; and the interaction of gender and employment status and interaction of age and employment status were assessed to control for potential confounding factors. Results: The results showed that males tended to have a higher level of HbA1c; overall age was negatively associated with the levels of HbA1c; there was a significant difference in the mean levels of HbA1c between the retired people and people working part-time (p=0.032). After controlling for age and gender in the multiple linear regression analysis, employment status became non-significantly associated with HbA1c levels. Post hoc analysis showed a difference in HbA1c between individuals working part-time (the highest HbA1c group) and the full-time employed at a marginal significance (p=0.0823). While almost 20 years older, the retired people had the lowest level of HbA1c. However, the mean level of HbA1c was no longer significantly different from that in other groups, probably because age explained much of this variation in the levels of HbA1c among employment status. Multiple regression analysis showed that age was negatively associated with the levels of HbA1c (The retired people mainly derived Beta=-0.046, p<0.0001). Conclusion: In this underserved population, the HbA1c level is the lowest in people after retirement, even though they are older. Our study indicates that retirement may be a beneficial factor for the management of diabetes, which warrants further investigation.

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