scholarly journals Soil degradation in Volyn region: current state, dynamics, ways of reduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-249
Author(s):  
Vasyl O. Fesyuk ◽  
Iryna A. Moroz ◽  
Ruslan V. Kirchuk ◽  
Serhii V. Polianskyi ◽  
Mykola A. Fedoniuk
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Land Conservation ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Main Aspect ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Arable Farming ◽  
High Level

Recently, the problem of decrease in soil fertility has become more serious, pos- ing a threat to food safety of the country. The main cause is violation of technologies of rational arable farming, which leads to deterioration of the qualitative condition of soils, their degradation. Therefore, development of protective measures for soils against degradation processes is a relevant problem nowadays, solving which would preserve soils and improve their condition. The article evaluates the current condition of degradation of soils in Volyn Oblast. We determined the main aspect of degradation processes, their scales and territorial distribution. We determined that in the structure of the land fund of the Oblast, 52% is occupied by agricultural land, indicating high level of agrarian cultivation of lands. For the last 15 years, the structure of the land fund of Volyn Oblast had undergone insignificant changes, and the most of the area of the land remains unaltered. The area of agricultural lands has somewhat decreased, whereas the area of forests and forest-covered territory has increased. The area of open lands with no vegetative cover has decreased by 0.15%. Ploughed fields in the southern districts of Volyn Oblast exceed the allowable limits, accounting for over 60%. We analyzed the dynamics of the degradation process of soils in the Oblast. We determined that the degradation of soils was to the greatest degree caused by manifestations of erosion and deflation. Water erosion manifested in the territory of Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Ivanychi, Lokachi, Horohiv, Lutsk and Kivertsi districts. Deflatable soils in the Oblast account for 258.2 thousand ha, most of which are in Kovel, Turiisk, Rozhyshche, Stara Vyzhivka districts. Measures for improving low-productive lands, and also land conservation, are being implemented in the Oblast. However, their scale is insufficient. We propose a complex of measures for protecting soils and preventing their degradation.

scholarly journals The Republic of Moldova Soil Fertility State in Conditions of Degradation Processes

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamarac LEAH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Critical Current ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Soil Humus ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Annual Loss ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Humus State ◽  
The Republic

The state of soil fertility from Republic of Moldova in the intensification of degradation processes has been presented. Arable soil humus state is the worst in the last 30-35 years. The annual loss of humus from agricultural land cleared from above the level of mineralization of 700 kg/ha and the total deficit, given the erosion losses consists 1100 kg/year. The current state of actual soil fertility is unsatisfactory on the 90% of the land, and about 10% of agricultural land - is critical. Current balance of nutrients in soils is profoundly negative caused by non-application of fertilizers. Developed programs for increasing soil fertility provide scientifically substantiated measures for their implementation on agropedoclimatic zones.

CURRENT STATE OF THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGES IN THE AREAS OF LAND FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 56-66
Author(s):  
SINTSOV ALEXANDER V. ◽  
◽  
BARMIN ALEXANDER N. ◽  
MAKSIMOVA OKSANA YU. ◽  
KLACHKOVA IRINA V. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Environmental Management System ◽  
The State ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The South ◽  
Current State ◽  
High Level ◽  
Almost All

Land resources are one of the most important resources in the environmental management system. This resource is necessary for almost all types of human activity: agriculture, construction, industry, mining, recreation, etc. According to the intended purpose in the Land Code of the Russian Federation, lands are divided into seven categories, differing from each other in the economic and legal regime of use. One of these categories is agricultural land. This category of land includes territories necessary for obtaining agricultural products or other purposes related to agriculture, as well as they are geographically distributed outside settlements. Lands of this category of designated purpose are characterized by a high level of anthropogenic impact (agro-preparatory processing of the territory, obtaining agricultural products, placement and grazing of livestock), which significantly affects the indicators of natural biodiversity downward. In order to study the state of land resources in the South of Russia, an analysis was made of the dynamics of changes in the area of agricultural land in the regions that are part of the Southern Federal District. The relevance of the work lies in the study of the current state of agricultural land in the South of Russia. The aim of the work was to study the dynamics of changes in the area of agricultural land in the period from 2009 to 2019. Statistical and analytical methods of geographical research were involved in the work, information was searched for on the state of lands of this category of lands in a certain period of time. In the course of the work, information was collected on the state of agricultural land in each of the regions that are part of the Southern Federal District and the features of changes in the area of land of this category were determined.

scholarly journals Current State and Development of Land Degradation Processes Based on Soil Monitoring in Slovakia

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-85
Author(s):  
Jozef Kobza ◽  
Gabriela Barančíková ◽  
Jarmila Makovníková ◽  
Boris Pálka ◽  
Ján Styk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Soil Monitoring ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Current State ◽  
Physical Degradation

Abstract Current state and development of land degradation processes based on soil monitoring system in Slovakia is evaluated in this contribution. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993 year in 5-years repetitions. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principle, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, soil organic matter, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The result of soil monitoring network is 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows: soil erosion and compaction, soil acidification, decline in soil organic matter and soil contamination. The most significant change has been determined in physical degradation of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. It was determined that about 39% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, slight decline in soil organic matter indicates the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Soil contamination is without significant change for the time being. It means the soils contaminated before soil monitoring process this unfavourable state lasts also at present.

Ukrainian Chernozem Fertility Reproduction under Soil Conservation Agriculture

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-79
Author(s):  
Yu. Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Instructional Materials ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Biological Potential

In Ukraine 57.5 % of agricultural land is subjected to erosion with 10–24 million tons of humus, 0.3–0.96 million tons of nitrogen, 0.7–0.9 million tons of phosphorus and 6–12 million tons of potassium lost annually. Degradation processes are also common on chernozems, which cover about 60 % of the Ukrainian territory. The aim of the research is to defi ne the most eff ective soil conservation practices and legislative decisions aimed to conservation/recovering the Ukrainian chernozem fertility. The experimental data of the agrochemical certifi cation of Ukrainian lands, data from scientifi c papers, stock and instructional materials as well as our own fi eld and laboratory studies were used. It has been established that the long-term use of deep subsurface tillage on typical chernozem increases, compared with plowing, the content of 10–0.25 mm of air-dry and water-resistant aggregates, the bulk density, soil water storages, water infi ltration rates, the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium, pHH2O, CaCO3 stocks, the contents of humic and fulvic acids, molecular weights of humic acids – by 5.5 and 3.06 %; 0.05 g/cm3; 25.5 mm; 22.6 mm/h; 0.1 and 3 mg/100 g of soil; 0.03 pHH2O; 18 t/ha, 0.02 and 0.04 %, 91195 kDa, respectively. Fertilizers may contribute to the crop yields increase from by 60% in the Polissya, by 40 % – in the Forest Steppe, by 15 % – in the Wet Steppe, by 10 % – in the Dry Steppe and by 40 % – in the Irrigated Steppe areas. In soil-conservation rotations, the crop placement and alternation are advisable to combine with strips or hills sowing, taking into account the local relief features; soil alkalinization, applying anti-erosion structures. Ukrainian agriculture will receive additional 10–12 million tons of forage units or 20–22 % from all fodder in a fi eld agriculture under increasing 8–10 % of arable lands for intercrops. It is advisable to mulch the eroded chernozems of Ukraine depending on their texture composition: 1.3 t/ha of mulch for sandy and loamy soils, 1.9 t/ha – for sandy and 1.1 t/ha – for loamy soils. The implementation of soil conservation agriculture can minimize some soil degradation processes and improve eff ective soil properties required to realize the biological potential of cultivated plants. Key words: chernozem, degradation, fertility, soil conservation technologies, agriculture policy.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ КУРСАНТОВ КАК НЕОБХОДИМОЕ УСЛОВИЕ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ СОТРУДНИКА УИС

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Votinov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Professional Culture ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Current State ◽  
Professional Self ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Executive System ◽  
High Level

Современное состояние и развитие уголовно-исполнительной системы Российской Федерации диктует необходимость овладения будущими специалистами комплексом определенных знаний, умений и навыков, позволяющих им эффективно решать служебные задачи. Одним из путей повышения профессионального уровня специалистов является формирование и развитие профессиональной культуры. Проведенный в статье анализ понятия «профессиональная культура» позволяет констатировать сложность его содержания, что связано с особенностями профессиональной деятельности сотрудников УИС, многообразием решаемых задач. Автором подробно исследуется процесс формирования профессиональной культуры в вузах ФСИН России, рассматриваются особенности работы в данном направлении профессорско-преподавательского состава, командиров строевых подразделений, сотрудников отделов по работе с личным составом, приводятся возникающие при этом проблемы и предлагаются возможные пути решения. Отмечается, что успешность формирования профессиональной культуры курсантов зависит от их профессионализма, дисциплинированности, инициативности, настойчивости и личного примера сотрудников. В заключение подчеркивается, что высокий уровень профессиональной культуры сотрудника УИС является условием успешной служебной деятельности и целью дальнейшего профессионального самосовершенствования.The current state and development of the criminal Executive system of the Russian Federation dictates the need for future specialists to master a set of certain knowledge, skills and abilities that allow them to solve official tasks effectively. One of the ways to improve the professional level of specialists is the formation and development of professional culture. The analysis of the concept of «professional culture» in the article allows us to state the complexity of its content, which is associated with the peculiarities of professional activity of employees of the UIS, the variety of tasks to be solved. The author studies in detail the process of formation of professional culture in the universities of the Federal penitentiary service of Russia, examines the features of work in this direction of the teaching staff, commanders of combat units, employees of departments for work with personnel, presents the problems arising in this case and suggests possible solutions. It is noted that the success of the formation of professional culture of cadets depends on their professionalism, discipline, initiative, perseverance and personal example. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the high level of professional culture of the employee is a condition of successful performance and the purpose of further professional self-improvement.

scholarly journals A Review of Algorithms and Hardware Implementations for Spiking Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Duy-Anh Nguyen ◽  
Xuan-Tu Tran ◽  
Francesca Iacopi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Training Algorithms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Hardware Implementations ◽  
Neuromorphic Hardware ◽  
High Level ◽  
Event Based ◽  
Hardware Platforms

Deep Learning (DL) has contributed to the success of many applications in recent years. The applications range from simple ones such as recognizing tiny images or simple speech patterns to ones with a high level of complexity such as playing the game of Go. However, this superior performance comes at a high computational cost, which made porting DL applications to conventional hardware platforms a challenging task. Many approaches have been investigated, and Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is one of the promising candidates. SNN is the third generation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), where each neuron in the network uses discrete spikes to communicate in an event-based manner. SNNs have the potential advantage of achieving better energy efficiency than their ANN counterparts. While generally there will be a loss of accuracy on SNN models, new algorithms have helped to close the accuracy gap. For hardware implementations, SNNs have attracted much attention in the neuromorphic hardware research community. In this work, we review the basic background of SNNs, the current state and challenges of the training algorithms for SNNs and the current implementations of SNNs on various hardware platforms.

Distribution of Acidity and Alkalinity on Degraded Manuscripts Containing Iron Gall Ink

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Marín ◽  
Maria Carme Sistach ◽  
Jessica Jiménez ◽  
Miguel Clemente ◽  
Guillem Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Good Condition ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Degradation Processes ◽  
Alkaline Reserve ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Iron Gall ◽  
The Stability

AbstractLong-time preservation of manuscripts depends on the stability of their support. One of the most important degradation processes of paper manuscripts containing iron gall ink is the acid hydrolysis of cellulose. The heterogeneity of the distribution of their constituent materials, together with the defined position of ink as a source of degradation agents, makes it difficult to obtain reliable and detailed information about degradation processes. The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the acid degradation process by looking at the distribution of relevant variables (pH, acidity and alkaline reserve) on real untreated iron gall ink containing manuscripts at different degradation stages. The study discusses the well-known differences between surface and cold extraction pH determination. It corroborates the relationship between pH, acidity and alkalinity and degradation stages, pointing out that acidity values for some manuscripts in apparent good condition are not far from those obtained for degraded manuscripts. The results indicate that in some partially degraded manuscripts, the coexistence of acid areas and areas with an alkaline reserve which do not participate in the neutralization process is possible. The role of water as a solvent for this equilibrium has also been evaluated.

Puzzles Unpuzzled

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (CHI PLAY) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Andrey Krekhov ◽  
Katharina Emmerich ◽  
Ronja Rotthaler ◽  
Jens Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Design Framework ◽  
Emotional Challenges ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Board Games ◽  
Current State ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
High Level

Escape rooms exist in various forms, including real-life facilities, board games, and digital implementations. The underlying idea is always the same: players have to solve many diverse puzzles to (virtually) escape from a locked room. Within the last decade, we witnessed a rapidly increasing popularity of such games, which also amplified the amount of related research. However, the respective academic landscape is mostly fragmented in its current state, lacking a common model and vocabulary that would withstand these games' variety. This manuscript aims to establish such a foundation for the analysis and construction of escape rooms. In a first step, we derive a high-level design framework from prior literature. Then, as our main contribution, we establish an atomic puzzle taxonomy that closes the gap between the analog and digital domains. The taxonomy is developed in multiple steps: we compose a basic structure based on previous literature and systematically refine it by analyzing 39 analog and digital escape room games, including recent virtual reality representatives. The final taxonomy consists of mental, physical, and emotional challenges, thereby providing a robust and approachable basis for future works across all application domains that deal with escape rooms or puzzles in general.

Criteria for the Evaluation of Social Policy Effectiveness of States

2014 ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
V. Sautkina
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
State Control ◽  
National Education ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cost

The following article is devoted to the study of current state of national education and healthcare systems. The cost of services in these areas constantly increases, there for even developed countries are forced to make significant efforts in order to maintain earlier achieved results. Due to this reason countries entered into the period of constant reforms with the purpose of maintaining that high level of health and educational services for all segments of population with a constant reduction of its volume of financing. The legal aspects of these changes are requiring manifestation of the will of politicians in order to overcome the opposition of parties which are defending their interests. As an example, the main opponents of the healthcare reforms proposed by Barak Obama in the USA are Republicans who are concerned about a significant increase of a state control over the entire national insurance system. The author comes to the conclusion that only joint actions of the government and every segment of population might actually improve the quality of medical and educational services.

scholarly journals A Survey of Graphical Page Object Detection with Deep Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jwalin Bhatt ◽  
Khurram Azeem Hashmi ◽  
Muhammad Zeshan Afzal ◽  
Didier Stricker
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Object Detection ◽  
Conceptual Understanding ◽  
Deep Neural Networks ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Document Images ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Current State ◽  
High Level

In any document, graphical elements like tables, figures, and formulas contain essential information. The processing and interpretation of such information require specialized algorithms. Off-the-shelf OCR components cannot process this information reliably. Therefore, an essential step in document analysis pipelines is to detect these graphical components. It leads to a high-level conceptual understanding of the documents that makes digitization of documents viable. Since the advent of deep learning, the performance of deep learning-based object detection has improved many folds. In this work, we outline and summarize the deep learning approaches for detecting graphical page objects in the document images. Therefore, we discuss the most relevant deep learning-based approaches and state-of-the-art graphical page object detection in document images. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the current state-of-the-art and related challenges. Furthermore, we discuss leading datasets along with the quantitative evaluation. Moreover, it discusses briefly the promising directions that can be utilized for further improvements.

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