scholarly journals Industry of Mordovia during the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945: conditions of formation and ways of development

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
Olga V. Koshina ◽  
Larisa G. Skvorcova
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Post War ◽  
Multifactorial Approach

Introduction. The problem of the development of industry in Mordovia during the war remains relevant in modern conditions. In the year of the celebration of the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, researchers again turn their attention to various aspects of the industrial development of the republic during the war years. Materials and Methods. The theoretical and methodological paradigm of the study was the theory of modernization. The socio-economic processes in the MASSR are analyzed, which testify to the formation of the foundations of an industrial society in the agrarian republic. The narrative method is actively combined with the sociological and historical-comparative. The multifactorial approach allowed the authors to identify the conditions for the formation of the industrial base of the republic in wartime. Results. The main problems in the development of the industrial base of Mordovia during the war were: shortage and low qualification of personnel, imbalance between the engineering and working staff of enterprises, interruptions in the supply of raw materials and electricity, the absence of heavy industry in pre-war Mordovia, lack of production space for evacuated enterprises, and difficult social living conditions for evacuated specialists. Discussion and Conclusions. The ways to increase industrial production during the war were: socialist competition, various methods of advanced training, overtime in wartime, an innovative movement, the mobilization of different sectors of the population at industrial facilities. Evacuated enterprises formed the basis of the industrial base of post-war Mordovia.

scholarly journals Inwestycje austriackie w Polsce przed 1989 rokiem

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-87
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kisztelińska-Węgrzyńska
Keyword(s):  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Eastern Area ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Political Position ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War ◽  
Polish Government ◽  
The Impact

Austrian investments in Poland developed with varying intensity throughout the 20th century. The Second Austrian Republic exerted a visible influence on the eastern area in terms of entrepreneurship, the intensity of this process, the degree of generated changes and the effects in relation to Poland require clarification. Poland was treated by post-war Austria as an initiator of changes in the region and a partner in the exchange of goods and raw materials. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of Austrian economic stimuli, mainly direct investments, on the political situation in Poland. Their effectiveness is estimated on the basis of specific initiatives undertaken, not only for the sake of the national interest of the republic, but also responsibility for economic and political support for the area of Central and Eastern Europe. An important question remains how the Polish government reacted to the offers made by the Austrian authorities. The adopted hypothesis concerns integration in the region. The Austrians, through cooperation with Poland, sought to strengthen the economic and political position of the neighboring eastern countries.

scholarly journals Military Burials of the Great Patriotic War on the Territory of the Belarusian-Latvian- Russian Border in the Soviet Practice of Immortalization of Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-183
Author(s):  
A. I. Korsak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Archive ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Primary Analysis ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Pskov Region ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Village

Using archival materials from the National Archive of the Republic of Belarus, the State Archive of Vitebsk region, the Polotsk Zonal State Archive, and the Daugavpils Zonal State Archive of the National Archive of Latvia, as well as published documents of Russian archives and works of historians, this article examines the process of preserving the memory of the fallen soldiers of the Red (Soviet) Army on the territory of the Belarusian- Latvian-Russian border in the post-war Soviet period. The main conclusion is the correctness (incorrectness) of decision making by Soviet authorities at the level of districts and cities in relation to immortalization of the memory of fallen soldiers of the Red (Soviet) Army and partisans. One example of the primary analysis of a common grave in the village of Shevelevo in the Palkinskiy district of the Pskov region. The comparative analysis of the policy of preserving the memory of those who died during the Great Patriotic War, by taking into account military burials and their further memorialization at the Belarusian-Latvian-Russian border in the post-war period, gives us the opportunity to ascertain the specifics of the Soviet republics in this direction. The actions of the Soviet leadership depended on the time of liberation of the territory from the Nazis, as well as the quality of work of the “funeral teams” that were to perform the function of burial of the bodies of the Red (Soviet) Army soldiers after the end of the battle.

scholarly journals PERSPECTIVE AND MANAGEMENT OF TOURIST ENVIRONMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-439
Author(s):  
Baki Koleci ◽  
Redon Koleci
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
University Education ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Social Product ◽  
Post War

Tourism in developed countries, but also in some transition countries, is an important export product and a generator of employment. It includes a wide array of phenomena and relationships that arise during the touristic journey, while in its realization it comes to the economic, but also the ecological, social and cultural aspect of life. Tourism in Kosovo is an important economic branch. The Tourism Industry of Kosovo has realized 10-12% of the domestic social product, depending on the year in question and whether all the direct factors (hotel industry, gastronomy) or indirect factors (agriculture, construction, etc.) have been taken into account. The large turnout of the tourism economy in the local social product reveals, in the first place, the weaknesses of other sectors of the economy, while the tourism potential has not been utilized as well. Intensive development is largely spontaneous and uncontrolled in post-war hotels, accompanied by imbalance in the environment and territory. These consequences are detrimental to the interests of the two groups: local residents and respective tour operators. Quality planning of space is one of the most important preconditions for the long-term and sustainable development of tourism in Kosovo. It is appreciated that after defining the status of Kosovo, the interest of investors to invest in the tourism sector is greater, but also in other sectors of the economy that directly or indirectly influence the development of the tourism sector so that the government most works for the development of tourism in different regions of Kosovo, is now in the final stage the international tender for the privatization of Brezovica, where according to the information there are a number of interested persons appearing in the tender for privatization of the tourist complex of Brezovica. Today's modern tourism does not ask where we are going but what we will do where we are going. Kosovo institutions are seriously involved in managing tourism firstly to build conditions to attract foreign tourists and to convince citizens themselves that there are conditions in their country, the money they spend in other countries can help the economy of Kosovo. However, the conditions and nature that nature has created in Kosovo requires a more serious approach to elevating it to a higher level given the conditions to be met to keep up the turret. Tourism is an industry characterized by intensive labor involvement. Human resources for this industry have been rated as "raw materials" or are anticipated by experts as the most important factor to be faced by this industry over the last decades and onwards the Kosovo government has set up a university education school for tourism which can be said that there are many well-prepared frames. Starting from this apparent tourism site, infrastructure and building up of incomparable units is progressing day by day. It is time to evaluate the motivation of visitors who pay for a couple of days of summer or winter in one place.

scholarly journals THE PROCESS OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIBRARY SPECIALISTS IN KAZAKHSTAN AFTER THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1946-1960)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Assanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Training And Development ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Direct Impact ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War

In the postwar period, the library staff played an important role in the restoration of the national economy and the development of virgin and fallow lands in the Republic. They aсtively assisted the party and the Soviet government in political and ideological work, provided services for citizens in the cultural and educational sphere. Undoubtedly, these years had a direct impact on the continuous cultural growth of the population in enhancing employability and rising of socio-political activity. The article comprehensively examines the level of young specialist staffing in libraries in the post-war years (1946-1960), the ways and development of training library personnel and its professional development efficiency and the opening and activities of educational institutions for librarians. In this regard, archival and other materials on this topic are analyzed and reviewed. Also, the ideological policy of the party and state institutions for the training of employees of political and educational fields are examined. Overall, the Soviet bodies played a significant role in the formation and education of library professionals despite of some shortages in this sphere.

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF THE CARTOGRAPHIC SUPPORT OF GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION WORKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
Marzhan Rakhymberdina ◽  
Dinara Nurmoldakyzy ◽  
Rustam Sagadiyev
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Geological Exploration ◽  
Current State ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Three Sheets ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Stable Source

The article is devoted to the current state of geological study of the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the update of the State geological map of 1 : 200 000 scale according to the results of geological studies of the three sheets of M-44-XXVIII, XXIX, XXX. The article shows a detailed description of the updated territory, in order to update the data on mineral deposits, which should ensure the industrial development of Kazakhstan with a stable source of raw materials.

scholarly journals Marriage and Family in Udmurtia between 1939-1959

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-154
Author(s):  
Sergey N. Uvarov
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Family Structures ◽  
Average Family Size ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Family And Marriage ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War

The article deals with the transformation of the marriage and family structures of the population of Udmurtia in the period between 1939 to 1959. Attention is paid to the study of the infl uence of the Great Patriotic War on the family and marriage in the republic. Sources used include census materials from 1939 and 1959 and statistical records from the period in question. With the beginning of the war, the number of marriages in Udmurtia sharply decreased. The smallest number of marriages was observed in 1942. In the countryside, this was a reduction of more than three times, indicating a unusually great shortage of men. A direct consequence of the war was a reduction in the average family size as well as an increase in families headed by women. By 1959, 38.5 % of families in the countryside were led by women. With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, remarriages became more frequent in Udmurtia. Between 1944 and 1951 they were mostly concluded by women who presumably had lost their husbands in the fi ghting. The extramarital birth rate also sharply increased. In the post-war period, particularly in the rural areas many children were born out of wedlock. The extramarital birth rate reached its peak in 1950, when every third child in Udmurtia was born out of wedlock.

scholarly journals Prospects for the 2nd Five-Year Socialist Healthcare Plan in the Republic of Tatarstan

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 537-541
Author(s):  
I. S. Alufa ◽  
N. A. Laptev
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Healthcare Plan ◽  
Successful Fulfillment ◽  
Classless Society ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Masses

Successful fulfillment of the 1st five-year plan, which prepared the industrial base for the further gigantic expansion of industry, the Bolshevik pace of construction, the country's enormous energy and raw materials reserves, which provide inexhaustible resources for its development, the collectivization of agriculture, the growing activity and consciousness of the masses, transforming labor for the proletariat into a matter of valor and heroism create the preconditions for building a classless society in the second five-year plan.

scholarly journals Soǵystan keıіngі jyldardaǵy Qazaqstan shyǵarmashylyq odaqtarynyń quramy men qurylymy [Composition and Structure of Kazakhstan Creative Unions in the Postwar Years (after the Second World war)]

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (117) ◽  
pp. 253-262
Author(s):  
T.Ia. Sátbaı ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Staff ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Oral Literature ◽  
World War ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World

The article examines the structure and composition of creative unions in Kazakhstan in the post-war years. In the post-war period, creative unions of writers, artists, architects and composers continued to function in the country. These unions were created in the 1930s, that is, before the great Patriotic war. In 1957–1958, the Union of journalists and cinematographers was additionally created, so the number of creative unions in the Republic reached six. The quantitative and qualitative composition of Creative Unions in Kazakhstan grew rather slowly. The reason for this was the constant lack of professional staff, and secondly, representatives of traditional Kazakh art were excluded from the activities of creative Unions, for the simple reason that they were not professionals by Soviet standards. In Soviet times, poets-improvisers, representatives of oral professionals by Soviet standards. In Soviet times, poets-improvisers, representatives of oral literature, masters of applied arts, melodists-composers were not recognized as professionals. The article also examines the national composition of the creative unions of the Republic. Мақалада соғыстан кейінгі жылдардағы Қазақстан шығармашылық одақтарының құрамы мен құрылымы қарастырылады. Соғыстан кейінгі жылдары жазушылардың, суретшілердің, композиторлар мен сәулетшілердің шығармашылық одақтары жұмыс жасап жатты. Бұл одақтар 30-жылдары, яғни соғысқа дейінгі жылдары құрылған болатын. 1957–58 жылдары бұларға қосымша журналистер мен кинематографистер одағы құрылды, сөйтіп олардың саны алтауға жетті. Қазақстан шығармашылық одақтарының сандық және сапалық құрамы баяу өсті. Өйткені маман кадрлар тұрақты жетіспеді, екіншіден, кеңестік өлшемдер бойынша дәстүрлі қолданбалы қазақ қол өнерінің өкілдері кәсіби мамандар болып саналмағандықтан шығармашылық одақтар қызметінің аясынан тысқары қалды. Кеңес жылдары суырыпсалма ақындар, ауыз әдебиетінің өкілдері, қолданбалы өнер, мелодист-композиторлар кәсіби мамандар болып саналмады. Мақалада сондай-ақ республика шығармашылық Одақтарының ұлттық құрамы қарастырылады.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONCEPT OF THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE AS «BIG BROTHER» IN THE NATIONAL POLICY OF I.V. STALIN IN THE BSSR DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR AND DURING THE POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
А.А. Федотов ◽  
Владимир Владимирович Терентьев
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Russian People ◽  
Big Brother ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War ◽  
Short Time

На основе материалов Государственного архива Российской Федерации и Российского государственного архива социально-политической истории показывается, что концепция русского народа как «старшего брата» имела исключительно большое значение для Советской Беларуси как в годы Великой Отечественной войны, так и в ходе послевоенного восстановления республики. Показываются конкретные меры, предпринимавшиеся Совнаркомом СССР по возрождению освобождённых от нацистской оккупации областей БССР. Автор показывает, как осуществлялась помощь в возрождении республики «снизу» - по инициативе рабочих коллективов городов РСФСР и других союзных республик. Ощущение братского единства, государства как семьи советских народов позволило не только одержать победу над нацизмом, но и в короткие сроки произвести восстановление разрушенных войной народного хозяйства и социальной сферы, благодаря сплочению людей для решения общегосударственных задач. The article, based on the materials of the State Archive of the Russian Federation and the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, shows that the concept of the Russian people as an «older brother» was extremely important for Soviet Belarus both during the Great Patriotic War and during the post-war reconstruction of the republic. The article shows the specific measures taken by the Soviet People's Commissar of the USSR to revive the regions of the BSSR liberated from the Nazi occupation. It also shows the assistance provided in the revival of the republic «from below» - at the initiative of the working collectives of the cities of Russia and other union republics. The sense of fraternal unity, of the state as a family of the Soviet peoples, made it possible not only to defeat Nazism, but also to restore the national economy and social sphere destroyed by the war in a short time, thanks to the unity of people to solve national problems.

scholarly journals Urbanization Processes in the Oil Region of Tatarstan in 1950–1960-s

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
Marat Rinalovich Minkin ◽  
Irina Yuryevna Danilova
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
War Economy ◽  
Oil Reserves ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Impact

Large-scale urbanization processes that took place in the USSR in the 1950–1960s were associated with the restoration of the post-war economy and the continuation of the implementation of the industrial development program. The intensity of urbanization was directly dependent on the development of pro-duction in a particular region. The paper considers urbanization processes in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, where the country’s larg-est oil reserves were discovered during the study period, and the formation of an oil-producing indus-trial hub began. For several years, the backward agrarian region transformed into an industrial center with a developed urban economy and culture. The paper revealed the peculiarities of urbanization pro-cesses that took place in the 1950–1960s, using the example of the oil-producing region – the Tatar Au-tonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, analyzed the impact of the formation and development of large industrial production on changing the size and structure of the region's population. In this study individual stages of urbanization are shown, posi-tive and negative aspects are considered. The re-sults of urbanization in the Tatar Autonomous Sovi-et Socialist Republic in the economic, demographic and social spheres were revealed. The authors con-cluded that urbanization processes in the oil-producing region led to the formation of a new so-cio-cultural image of the republic, the active devel-opment of an urban society characterized by nation-al and regional specifics.

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