scholarly journals Kiberbiztonság a koronavírus idején – a COVID–19 nemzetbiztonsági aspektusai

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Tamás Palicz ◽  
Balázs Bencsik ◽  
Miklós Szócska
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Data Traffic ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Emergency Case ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Almost All

Összefoglaló. A COVID–19 pandémia az információbiztonság területén új kihívásokat jelentett. A távolról végzett munka különböző formái jelentős mértékben növelték az online tér biztonsági kockázatát. Nőtt a hálózatok nagysága, az adatforgalom, és azon felhasználók száma, akiknek nem volt érdemi tapasztalatuk az online térben. A járvány ideje alatt a kibertérből érkező támadások szektoronként és időszakonként eltérő intenzitásúak voltak, a támadások típusa a phishingtől a malwareken keresztül az információs zavarkeltésig széles spektrumban változott. Számos jelenségnek nemzetbiztonsági vonatkozásai is voltak. Összefoglaló cikkünkben a fenti jelenségek nemzetközi és hazai tapasztalatait összegezzük, különös figyelmet szentelve az egészségügyi rendszernek, illetve a vakcinafejlesztés kibertérből érkező fenyegetéseinek. Summary. During the COVID-19 pandemic, new challenges emerged in the field of information security and cyber security. Home office, home schooling and distance learning, or even telemedicine hit some organizations unprepared. Security risks in online space have increased significantly: the number of network endpoints and the number of computers, laptops and mobile devices have increased with network data traffic as well as the number of users who had no significant experience in online space. They appeared as a significant risk factor. This has been exacerbated, especially in healthcare, by the extremely high workload, which has made systems highly vulnerable. During the epidemic, attacks from cyberspace varied in intensity from sector to sector and period to period. Statistics from international and national organizations have shown that from the end of the first quarter of 2020, the number of cyber security incidents jumped sharply and then remained high even after a small decline. The types of attacks had an extremely wide range: from phishing through malware to misinformation, almost all types of attacks occurred. Many phenomena also had national security implications. Ransomware virus attacks on health have affected almost all health systems and reached high levels by the end of 2020 in particular. It was during the first period that, in an emergency case, there is thought to be an association between a ransomware virus attack and the death of a patient who was not admitted because of the attack. In addition to distance measures and the associated increase in cyber threats, the emerging threats related to vaccination, which is central to the fight against the epidemic, should also be highlighted. This period has shed light on how many vulnerabilities there are, from vaccine development through drug trials to delivery to vaccines and the organization of vaccines, that cybercriminals are able to attack. In order to prevent and combat these threats and attacks, and to respond appropriately, complex, multidisciplinary collaborations are needed in which security science has a privileged place. In our review article, we summarize the international and national experiences of the above phenomena, paying special attention to the health care system and the threats coming from cyberspace in vaccine development.

scholarly journals Polyamine Metabolism and Gene Methylation in Conjunction with One-Carbon Metabolism

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 3106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuniyasu Soda
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Carbon Metabolism ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Dna Methyltransferases ◽  
Polyamine Metabolism ◽  
Methyl Group ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
One Carbon Metabolism

Recent investigations have revealed that changes in DNA methylation status play an important role in aging-associated pathologies and lifespan. The methylation of DNA is regulated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b) in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), which serves as a methyl group donor. Increased availability of SAM enhances DNMT activity, while its metabolites, S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dcSAM), act to inhibit DNMT activity. SAH, which is converted from SAM by adding a methyl group to cytosine residues in DNA, is an intermediate precursor of homocysteine. dcSAM, converted from SAM by the enzymatic activity of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, provides an aminopropyl group to synthesize the polyamines spermine and spermidine. Increased homocysteine levels are a significant risk factor for the development of a wide range of conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. However, successful homocysteine-lowering treatment by vitamins (B6, B12, and folate) failed to improve these conditions. Long-term increased polyamine intake elevated blood spermine levels and inhibited aging-associated pathologies in mice and humans. Spermine reversed changes (increased dcSAM, decreased DNMT activity, aberrant DNA methylation, and proinflammatory status) induced by the inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase. The relation between polyamine metabolism, one-carbon metabolism, DNA methylation, and the biological mechanism of spermine-induced lifespan extension is discussed.

scholarly journals Asthma and Keratoconus: An analysis of the risk factors association with the severity of keratoconus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srujana Sahebjada ◽  
Elsie Chan ◽  
Jing Xie ◽  
Grant Snibson ◽  
Mark Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Multivariable Regression

Abstract Background: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in Australia to explore a wide range of risk factors associated with keratoconus. A questionnaire addressing age, gender, educational background, ocular and medical history, smoking and alcohol consumption, and physical examination comprising anthropometric measurements was collected; eye examination was undertaken. The associations between a range of risk factors and keratoconus was determined using univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses.Main Text: A total of 260 keratoconus subjects were included in this study. Mean age of subject was 35.5 (SD= 14.8) years and the majority of the subjects were European 171 (68.2%). Initial univariate regression analysis identified the following risk factors at the p<0.1 level with keratoconus: higher body mass index, smoking cigarettes, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and asthma were associated with increased severity of keratoconus, whereas eczema was associated with less severe keratoconus. Following multivariable regression analysis, only asthma remained as a significant risk factor associated with 2.2 diopters (D) steeper average mean keratometry compared to keratoconus subjects having no asthma [p = 0.03; β= 2.18; 95% confidence intervals: 1.22, 4.14].Conclusion: Our study describes the comprehensive assessment of all the known risk factors in a large keratoconus cohort recruited in Australia. Our study has reported asthma as the only risk factor found to be significantly associated with keratoconus. The results of this study allow us to better understand the aetiology of keratoconus and such a knowledge could be useful in instigate systemic management of patients to slow or prevent keratoconus.

scholarly journals A Game-Theory Method to Design Job Rotation Schedules to Prevent Musculoskeletal Disorders Based on Workers’ Preferences and Competencies

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4666
Author(s):  
Asensio-Cuesta ◽  
García-Gómez ◽  
Poza-Luján ◽  
Conejero
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Job Rotation ◽  
Work Related ◽  
High Repetition ◽  
Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Short Time

Job rotation is an organizational strategy based on the systematic exchange of workers between jobs in a planned manner according to specific criteria. This study presents the GS-Rot method, a method based on Game Theory, in order to design job rotation schedules by considering not only workers’ job preferences, but also the competencies required for different jobs. With this approach, we promote workers’ active participation in the design of the rotation plan. It also let us deal with restrictions in assigning workers to job positions according to their disabilities (temporal or permanent). The GS-Rot method has been implemented online and applied to a case in a work environment characterized by the presence of a high repetition of movements, which is a significant risk factor associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). A total of 17 workstations and 17 workers were involved in the rotation, four of them with physical/psychological limitations. Feasible job rotation schedules were obtained in a short time (average time 27.4 milliseconds). The results indicate that in the rotations driven by preference priorities, almost all the workers (94.11%) were assigned to one of their top five preferences. Likewise, 48.52% of job positions were assigned to workers in their top five of their competence lists. When jobs were assigned according to competence, 58.82% of workers got an assignment among their top five competence lists. Furthermore, 55.87% of the workers achieved jobs in their top five preferences. In both rotation scenarios, the workers varied performed jobs, and fatigue accumulation was balanced among them. The GS-Rot method achieved feasible and uniform solutions regarding the workers’ exposure to job repetitiveness.

scholarly journals From Liver Cirrhosis to Cancer: The Role of Micro-RNAs in Hepatocarcinogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1492
Author(s):  
Raphael Mohr ◽  
Burcin Özdirik ◽  
Joeri Lambrecht ◽  
Münevver Demir ◽  
Johannes Eschrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Liver Diseases ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Chronic Liver ◽  
Chronic Liver Diseases ◽  
Micro Rnas ◽  
Almost All

In almost all cases, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops as the endpoint of a sequence that starts with chronic liver injury, progresses to liver cirrhosis, and finally, over years and decades, results in liver cancer. Recently, the role of non-coding RNA such as microRNA (miRNA) has been demonstrated in the context of chronic liver diseases and HCC. Moreover, data from a phase II trial suggested a potential role of microRNAs as therapeutics in hepatitis-C-virus infection, representing a significant risk factor for development of liver cirrhosis and HCC. Despite progress in the clinical management of chronic liver diseases, pharmacological treatment options for patients with liver cirrhosis and/or advanced HCC are still limited. With their potential to regulate whole networks of genes, miRNA might be used as novel therapeutics in these patients but could also serve as biomarkers for improved patient stratification. In this review, we discuss available data on the role of miRNA in the transition from liver cirrhosis to HCC. We highlight opportunities for clinical translation and discuss open issues applicable to future developments.

Graft rejection after pediatric living related liver transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gihan Ahmed Sobhy ◽  
◽  
Hazem Mohamed Zakaria ◽  
Haidy Mohammed Zakaria ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Chronic Rejection ◽  
Transplant Rejection ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Background Rejection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Living Related

Background: Rejection is an important adverse event after pediatric liver transplantation (LT). Aim: We aimed to study the incidence and risk factors for post-transplant rejection in pediatrics. Methods: The study included 40 pediatric patients underwent LT. All patients' records were reviewed. A wide range of potential risk factors for rejection, were recorded. Results: Rejection occurred in 13/40 (32.5%) of recipients. For the 13 rejecters, a total of 24 rejection attacks have occurred. 25% of which occurred during the 1st month post-LT. Acute rejection accounted for 54% of total rejection attacks, while chronic rejection occurred in 46%. LT for biliary atrasia (BA) was a significant risk factor for rejection. The means of transaminases levels were 268 ± 141 (IU/L) AST and 221 ± 119 (IU/L) ALT, biliary enzymes were 962 ± 687 (IU/L) for the ALKP and 485 ± 347 (IU/L) for the GGT, total BIL was 6.5 ± 7.1 (mg/dl), and FKL levels were 10.4 ± 5.6 (ng/ml) during the rejection attacks. Chronic rejection contributed to death of only one of the cases. Conclusion: BA was a significant risk for rejection. Elevated transaminases and biliary enzymes but not FK trough level is alarming signs for presence of rejection. Keywords: liver transplantation; pediatrics; rejection.

Association of recurrent acute otitis media with nasopharynx dimensions in children

1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjo Niemelä ◽  
Matti Uhari ◽  
Pentti Lautala ◽  
Jan Huggare
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Recurrent Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Multivariate Modelling ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Recurrent Otitis Media

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that the nasopharyngeal anatomy has influence in the risk of recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) attacks. We analysed the occurrence of acute otitis media in 238 healthy schoolchildren who were X-rayed for orthodontic purposes. Six measurements reflecting the size and shape of the bony nasopharynx were recorded from lateral cephalograms. The means for almost all the dimensions of the bony nasopharynx measured were smaller in the children with two or more attacks of AOM in their history than in those with no attack or only one attack. Logistic multivariate modelling showed the distance from the posterior nasal spine to the sella-basion line to be a significant risk factor for recurrent otitis media in girls (difference 1.0 mm; 95 per cent confidence interval 0.1–2.0 mm; p = 0.04) and the shape of the nasopharynx (roundness) in boys (difference 1.9 mm; 95 per cent confidence interval 0.1–4.0 mm; p = 0.01). Measuring the nasopharyngeal bony dimensions may help to identify those children with a risk of recurrent otitis media, at whom prophylactic therapies should be targeted.

scholarly journals Exosomes: Versatile Nano Mediators of Immune Regulation

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li ◽  
Wang ◽  
Peng ◽  
Huyan ◽  
Cacalano
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Novel Drug

One of many types of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes are nanovesicle structures that are released by almost all living cells that can perform a wide range of critical biological functions. Exosomes play important roles in both normal and pathological conditions by regulating cell-cell communication in cancer, angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, osteogenesis, and inflammation. Exosomes are stable in vivo and they can regulate biological processes by transferring lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and even entire signaling pathways through the circulation to cells at distal sites. Recent advances in the identification, production, and purification of exosomes have created opportunities to exploit these structures as novel drug delivery systems, modulators of cell signaling, mediators of antigen presentation, as well as biological targeting agents and diagnostic tools in cancer therapy. This review will examine the functions of immunocyte-derived exosomes and their roles in the immune response under physiological and pathological conditions. The use of immunocyte exosomes in immunotherapy and vaccine development is discussed.

scholarly journals A Firm Recommendation: Measuring the Softness of Infant Sleep Surfaces

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheena Gillani ◽  
Gina S. Lowell ◽  
Kyran P. Quinlan
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Infant Sleep ◽  
University Of Michigan ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
New Information ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract BACKGROUND: Approximately 3600 sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUID) occur annually in the United States, and a quarter of SUIDs are caused by unintentional suffocation and strangulation in bed, with soft bedding use being a significant risk factor. Therefore, The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends infants sleep on a “firm” surface, though neither an objective definition nor national standard has been established. The purpose of this study is to report on the performance of a device that measures mattress softness and to provide quantitative values of softness for various infant sleep surfaces.METHODS: In collaboration with the authors and a national child product safety organization (Kids in Danger), University of Michigan engineering students designed and validated a device that measures the vertical depression (softness) of a simulated 2-month-old’s head on a sleep surface. A total of 17 infant sleep surfaces -14 household surfaces and 3 hospital mattresses - were measured between April 2019 and January 2020. The average softness of each surface was calculated. Surfaces were also measured with soft bedding, which included an infant fleece blanket, and firm and soft pillows.RESULTS: The average softness for the 14 household sleep surfaces ranged from 7.4-36.9 mm. The 2019 cribette playard and the 2018 infant spring had similar softness (21mm) as the 2018 and 2019 adult foam and 2015 sofa. An infant’s fleece blanket folded once added an additional 2.3-6.5mm of softness, folded twice added 4.8-11.6mm, and folded three times added 11-21.8mm. Using a firm pillow added 4.0-20.9mm of softness while using a soft pillow added 24.5-46.4mm. The softness for the 3 hospital sleep surfaces ranged from 14-36.9mm, with the infant bassinet being the firmest and the pediatrics mattress being the softest.CONCLUSIONS: We found a wide range of softness among sleep surfaces, with some infant mattresses as soft as some adult mattresses. Adding blankets and pillows to mattresses measurably increased softness. Quantifying sleep surface softness will advance our understanding of how softness relates to SUID risk. We hope this new information will further inform safe infant sleep recommendations and improve mattress safety standards nationally.

scholarly journals A firm recommendation: measuring the softness of infant sleep surfaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheena H. Gillani ◽  
Gina S. Lowell ◽  
Kyran P. Quinlan
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Infant Sleep ◽  
University Of Michigan ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
New Information ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Background Approximately 3600 sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUID) occur annually in the United States, and a quarter of SUIDs are caused by unintentional suffocation and strangulation in bed, with soft bedding use being a significant risk factor. Therefore, The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends infants sleep on a “firm” surface, though neither an objective definition nor national standard has been established. The purpose of this study is to report on the performance of a device that measures mattress softness and to provide quantitative values of softness for various infant sleep surfaces. Methods In collaboration with the authors and a national child product safety organization (Kids in Danger), University of Michigan engineering students designed and validated a device that measures the vertical depression (softness) of a simulated 2-month-old’s head on a sleep surface. A total of 17 infant sleep surfaces − 14 household surfaces and 3 hospital mattresses - were measured between April 2019 and January 2020. The average softness of each surface was calculated. Surfaces were also measured with soft bedding, which included an infant fleece blanket, and firm and soft pillows. Results The average softness for the 14 household sleep surfaces ranged from 7.4–36.9 mm. The 2019 cribette playard and the 2018 infant spring had similar softness (21 mm) as the 2018 and 2019 adult foam and 2015 sofa. An infant’s fleece blanket folded once added an additional 2.3–6.5 mm of softness, folded twice added 4.8–11.6 mm, and folded three times added 11–21.8 mm. Using a firm pillow added 4.0–20.9 mm of softness while using a soft pillow added 24.5–46.4 mm. The softness for the 3 hospital sleep surfaces ranged from 14 to 36.9 mm, with the infant bassinet being the firmest and the pediatrics mattress being the softest. Conclusions We found a wide range of softness among sleep surfaces, with some infant mattresses as soft as some adult mattresses. Adding blankets and pillows to mattresses measurably increased softness. Quantifying sleep surface softness will advance our understanding of how softness relates to SUID risk. We hope this new information will further inform safe infant sleep recommendations and improve mattress safety standards nationally.

Cyber Risk Management in Banks

2019 ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
İsmail Yıldırım
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cyber Risk

Security vulnerabilities available in cyber security systems lead to virtual and physical damages to financial systems which in turn cause national- and individual-level security issues. Today's world is being shaped by digital technology, and cyber threats to information constitute a significant risk factor for businesses. This study explores the cyber security risks the banking system may encounter. The status of banking system, a system which includes a number of online services, in Turkey with respect to cyber security risks and the current risks are assessed and presented along with possible solutions. This study analyzes e-payment systems (online banking and e-trade/the use of debit/credit cards) and the supply chain, the backbone of the e-finance system, with respect to national cyber security risks. Nevertheless, cyber risk insurance, an emerging tool for cyber risk management, was analyzed in detail.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document