scholarly journals CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO AND NITROGENOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION IN THE INTENSIVE CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus) CULTURE

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Bambang Gunadi ◽  
Enang Harris ◽  
Eddy Supriyono ◽  
Sukenda Sukenda ◽  
Tatag Budiardi
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Nitrogenous Waste ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Individual Size ◽  
Waste Accumulation

This experiment was carried out to determine the optimum C/N ratio for heterotrophic bacteria (biofloc) growth in order to control nitrogenous waste accumulation in the catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture. Twenty fish with an initial individual size of about 50 g were stocked in fiberglass tanks which were filled with 200 L of water. Fish were fed with commercial floating fish feed with a protein level of 31%-33% (manufacturer label). The daily feeding rate was 2.5% of the fish biomass. The inoculation of commercial Bacillus sp. isolates was applied in the first day of the experiment after fish stocking in order to obtain a bacterial density in water of 106 cfu/L. Molases was suplemented daily to the tanks to adjust C/N ratio in water. Four C/N ratios, i.e. 0, 7, 14, and 21, were applied as treatments in this experiment. The results showed that molasses suplementation up to C/N ratio 14 to 21 were able to support the growth of heterotrophic bacteria and to inhibit the accumulation of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite in water therefore increase water quality for better growth of cultured catfish.

scholarly journals Protein digestibility and ammonia excretion in catfish Clarias gariepinus culture

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Bambang Gunadi ◽  
Enang Harris ◽  
Eddy Supriyono ◽  
. Sukenda ◽  
Tatag Budiardi
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Phytoplankton Dynamics ◽  
Total Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Fish Weight ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
Individual Size

<p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">A series of experiments was performed to analyze protein digestibility, ammonia excretion, and also heterothropic bacteria and phytoplankton dynamics in the catfish <em>Clarias gariepinus</em> culture. In the digestibility experiment, catfish with an individual initial size of 43.67±0.83 g were stocked into 120 L conical fiberglass tanks at a density of 20 fish per tank. Fish were fed on with commercial diet supplemented with Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> indicator at a concentration of 1%. In the ammonia excretion experiment, catfish with an individual size of 111.6±9.5 and 40.6±3.4 g, respectively,  were placed into a 10 L chamber filled with 8 L of water. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in the chambers were monitored every hour for six consecutive hours. In the bacteria and phytoplankton dynamics experiment, catfish were stocked in the 25 m<sup>2</sup> concrete tanks which was divided into two compartments (catfish 10 m<sup>2</sup>, and heterotrof compartments 15 m<sup>2</sup>). Catfish with individual size of 42,5±0 g were stocked into the tanks at a density of 100 fish per tank. Water was recirculated from catfish compartments to heterotrophic compartments. Fish were fed with floating feed. Molasses as carbon source for heterotrophic bacteria was applied daily. The experiment was conducted for six weeks. The results showed that the protein digestibility was 61.97±7.24%. Larger fish (size of 111.6 g) excreted ammonia at a rate of 0.008±0.003 mg TAN/g fish-weight/hour, which was lower than that of the smaller catfish (size of 40.6 g), i.e. 0.012±0.004 mg TAN/g fish-weight/hour.</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Keywords: protein digestibility, ammonia excretion, catfish</p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle" align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle">Serangkaian penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menganalisis ketercernaan pakan dan protein, ekskresi amonia, serta dinamika bakteri dan fitoplankton pada budidaya ikan lele (<em>Clarias gariepinus</em>). Pada penelitian ketercernaan pakan, ikan lele berukuran 43,67±0,83 g/ekor dipelihara dalam bak <em>fiberglas</em> berbentuk corong berukuran 120 L dengan kepadatan 20 ekor/bak. Ikan diberi pakan berupa pelet yang diberi indikator Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> sebanyak 1%. Pada penelitian ekskresi amonia, ikan lele berukuran 111,6±9,5 dan 40,6±3,4 g/ekor yang telah diberi makan sampai kenyang dimasukkan ke dalam stoples berisi 8 L air. Kadar amonia total (<em>total ammonia nitrogen</em>, TAN) di dalam stoples diukur setiap jam selama enam jam. Pada penelitian dinamika bakteri dan fitoplankton, ikan lele dipelihara pada bak beton berukuran 25 m<sup>2</sup> yang disekat menjadi dua bagian yaitu bagian ikan lele (10 m<sup>2</sup>) dan bagian heterotrof (15 m<sup>2</sup>). Ikan lele dengan bobot awal 42,5 g/ekor ditebar ke dalam bak dengan kepadatan 100 ekor/bak. Air mengalir secara resirkulasi dari bagian ikan lele ke bagian heterotrofik dengan bantuan pompa. Pakan yang diberikan berupa pelet apung komersial. Molase ditambahkan setiap hari sebagai sumber karbon untuk pertumbuhan bakteri heterotrofik. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama enam minggu. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa ketercernaan protein dari pakan yang diuji adalah 61,97±7,24%. Ikan lele berukuran besar (111,6 g/ekor) menghasilkan amonia sebanyak 0,008±0,003 mg TAN/g ikan/jam, lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan ikan yang berukuran lebih kecil (40,6 g/ekor), yaitu 0,012±0,004 mg TAN/g ikan/jam. </p><p class="NoParagraphStyle"> </p><p>Kata kunci: ketercernaan protein, ekskresi amonia, ikan lele</p>

scholarly journals EFEKTIFITAS ECENG GONDOK (Eichornia crassipess) TERHADAP REDUKSI TOTAL AMMONIA NITROGEN (TAN) DAN PERTUMBUHAN BENIH IKAN LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariepinus)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ega Puspita Famila Boden Junaedi Putri ◽  
Salnida Yuniarti Lumbessy ◽  
Nanda Diniarti
Keyword(s):  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Catfish (Clarias gariepinus.) is one of the leading commodities that are widely cultivated in Indonesia. The current development of the aquaculture industry, which leads to intensive cultivation systems with an increase in stocking and high amount of feed, causes an increase in organic waste that can reduce water quality. Phytoremediation is one way to stabilize pollutants, both organic and inorganic compounds, through aquatic plants. Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipess) is one aquatic plant that can reduce total nitrogen up to 73.05%. This study aims to analyze the effect of water hyacinth (E. crassipess) as a phytoremediator on TAN reduction, survival rates, and growth of catfish (C. gariepinus) seeds. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with four treatments and four replications, namely P1 / control (without water hyacinth), P2 (without replacement of water hyacinth), P3 (alternation of water hyacinth every 21 days), and P4 (alternation of water hyacinth) every 14 days). The results showed that the P4 treatment (alternation of water hyacinth every 14 days) gave the lowest TAN content 0.01 mg / L and provided the highest survival rate of 89.88%, as well as the absolute weight and length growth of the most catfish seeds height, i.e., 9.80 g, and 5.50 cm, respectively.

scholarly journals Two organic carbon application rates to control inorganic nitrogen in minimal water exchange, biofloc, shallow water, shrimp nursery systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jack Crockett ◽  
Addison Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial Conversion ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Reactive Carbon ◽  
Water Replacement ◽  
Total Ammonia

The objectives of this study were to develop and test a quantitative method for reactive carbon application to control inorganic nitrogen, and to compare the effect of carbon application using 40% and 60% microbial conversion efficiency (MCE) while leaving a residual 11.3 mg/l nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) level. The organic carbon requirement was based on the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the elemental composition of microbial cells. The source of supplemental organic carbon was shortchained fructooligosaccharide (scFOS). Correction for moisture was duplicated on the first 2 days of scFOS application, so the actual efficiency rates were 35.1% and 58.3%. The proposed carbon quantitative method was effective in predicting the amount of carbon required to control inorganic nitrogen. Both 35.1% MCE and 58.3% MCE maintained total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2-N) at desired levels of equal to or less than 2.3 mg/l and 3.1 mg/l, respectively. The amount of carbon applied using 35.1% MCE was higher than with 58.3% MCE. e 58.3% MCE treatment resulted in slightly higher NO3-N levels than 35.1 % MCE. The most toxic species of inorganic nitrogen, TAN and NO2-N, are assimilated by heterotrophic bacteria before NO3-N, permitting decreased reactive carbon input and water quality improvement. The benefits of 58.3% MCE vs. 35.1% MCE were lower organic loading, reduced water replacement, and decreased costs. The total water replacement associated with biofloc control was 0.24% using 35.1% MCE and 0% using 58.3% MCE. After a culture period of 14 days the mean weight was 65.5 mg and 61.9 mg for 31.5% MCE and 58.1% MCE, respectively, and a survival of 79.5% for both MCE’s.

Periphyton use on microbial dynamics, water quality, and Nile tilapia growth in rearing tanks

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica Lucinda Saldanha da Silva ◽  
Fátima Cristiane Teles de Carvalho ◽  
Rubson Mateus Matos Carvalho ◽  
Oscarina Viana de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Artificial Substrate ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Total Ammonia ◽  
Periphytic Biofilm

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the use of an artificial substrate for periphytic biofilm growth on the microbiological composition of the biofilm, water quality, and zootechnical performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in rearing tanks. The experiment consisted of two treatments: presence and absence of artificial substrate for the growth of periphyton, with five replicates. Water quality parameters were evaluated throughout the entire experimental period. Every two weeks, samples of the periphyton were collected for the analysis of its microbiological composition and biometric measurements of the fish were performed. The number of heterotrophic bacteria in the biofilm increased during the experimental period, but that of Aeromonas decreased with the use of the artificial substrate. The total ammonia nitrogen in the tanks with periphyton reduced in 30% compared with that of the control. Tilapia reared with the biofilm showed a final weight 2.4 times greater than that of those subjected to the control, as well as an increase of 59.19% in their productivity. The use of an artificial substrate for periphytic biofilm in Nile tilapia rearing tanks favors the maintenance of the quality of the culture water, the protection of the fish against pathogens, and the improvement of the zootechnical performance of the fish.

scholarly journals More, smaller bacteria in response to ocean's warming?

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1810) ◽  
pp. 20150371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xosé Anxelu G. Morán ◽  
Laura Alonso-Sáez ◽  
Enrique Nogueira ◽  
Hugh W. Ducklow ◽  
Natalia González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Marine Food Webs ◽  
Flow Cytometric ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Major Shift ◽  
Temperature Manipulation ◽  
Atlantic Coastal ◽  
Individual Size ◽  
Interannual Scale

Heterotrophic bacteria play a major role in organic matter cycling in the ocean. Although the high abundances and relatively fast growth rates of coastal surface bacterioplankton make them suitable sentinels of global change, past analyses have largely overlooked this functional group. Here, time series analysis of a decade of monthly observations in temperate Atlantic coastal waters revealed strong seasonal patterns in the abundance, size and biomass of the ubiquitous flow-cytometric groups of low (LNA) and high nucleic acid (HNA) content bacteria. Over this relatively short period, we also found that bacterioplankton cells were significantly smaller, a trend that is consistent with the hypothesized temperature-driven decrease in body size. Although decadal cell shrinking was observed for both groups, it was only LNA cells that were strongly coherent, with ecological theories linking temperature, abundance and individual size on both the seasonal and interannual scale. We explain this finding because, relative to their HNA counterparts, marine LNA bacteria are less diverse, dominated by members of the SAR11 clade. Temperature manipulation experiments in 2012 confirmed a direct effect of warming on bacterial size. Concurrent with rising temperatures in spring, significant decadal trends of increasing standing stocks (3% per year) accompanied by decreasing mean cell size (−1% per year) suggest a major shift in community structure, with a larger contribution of LNA bacteria to total biomass. The increasing prevalence of these typically oligotrophic taxa may severely impact marine food webs and carbon fluxes by an overall decrease in the efficiency of the biological pump.

Tilapia rearing with high rate algal pond effluent: ammonia surface loading rates and stocking densities effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
I. A. Sánchez ◽  
R. K. X. Bastos ◽  
E. A. T. Lana
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Surface Loading ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Total Ammonia

Abstract In two pilot-scale experiments, fingerlings and juvenile of tilapia were reared in high rate algal pond (HRAP) effluent. The combination of three different total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) surface loading rates (SLR1 = 0.6, SLR2 = 1.2; SLR3 = 2.4 kg TAN·ha−1·d−1) and two fish stocking densities (D1 = 4 and D2 = 8 fish per tank) was evaluated during two 12-week experiments. Fingerlings total weight gain varied from 4.9 to 18.9 g, with the highest value (equivalent to 0.225 g·d−1) being recorded in SLR2-D1 treatment; however, high mortality (up to 67%) was recorded, probably due to sensitivity to ammonia and wide daily temperature variations. At lower water temperatures, juvenile tilapia showed no mortality, but very low weight gain. The fish rearing tanks worked as wastewater polishing units, adding the following approximate average removal figures on top of those achieved at the HRAP: 63% of total Kjeldahl nitrogen; 54% of ammonia nitrogen; 42% of total phosphorus; 37% of chemical oxygen demand; 1.1 log units of Escherichia coli.

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan Tepung Biji Pepaya (Carica papaya) Terhadap Respons Pertumbuhan dan Tingkat Kelangsungan Hidup Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus)

Jurnal MIPA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Aprelia Martina Tomasoa ◽  
Deidy Azhari
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Feeding Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fish Feed ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Papaya Seeds ◽  
Papaya Seed

Laju pertumbuhan dan tingkat reproduksi yang tinggi merupakan karakteristik unggul yang dimiliki ikan nila sebagai komoditi budidaya. Tingkat reproduksi yang tinggi menyebabkan terjadinya pematangan gonad sebelum mencapai ukuran produksi dimana hal tersebut dapat merugikan pembudidaya, karena saat ikan mengalami matang gonad energi hasil asimilasi pakan sebagain besar akan dialokasikan untuk perkembangan gonad dan menghambat pertumbuhan somatik. Pemanfaatan senyawa aktif dari bahan alami biji pepaya dapat menjadi solusi untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ikan yang dibudidayakan sekaligus menjaga keamanan pangan dan konsumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemanfaatan tepung biji pepaya terhadap respons pertumbuhan dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan nila. Ikan nila diberi perlakuan dengan lima dosis tepung biji pepaya berbeda (0, 1, 3, 5 dan 7 g/kg pakan) secara oral berdasarkan feeding rate 5% dengan tiga ulangan selama 30 hari pemeliharaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dosis 5 g/kg meningkatkan pertumbuhan bobot tubuh tertinggi sebesar 547 g dibandingkan kontrol sebesar 406 g. Sejalan dengan pertumbuhan bobot tubuh, dosis 5 g/kg menghasilkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan nila sebesar 100% dibandingkan kontrol sebesar 66%. Dari hasil yang diperoleh dapat disimpulkan bahwa tepung biji pepaya dengan dosis 5 g/kg pakan dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan nila selama 30 hariHigh growth rate and high reproductive cycle are some economical triats on nile tilapia. This is a setback for nile tilapia culture because when the fish reach gonad maturity before reach market size, all the energy demand will flow to reproduction and can cause stunt growth. The utilization of natural compound from papaya seeds can be a solution to enhance growth of farmed nile tilapia and for consumer and food safety. This research aim to know how papaya seed powder can enhance growth and survival rate of nile tilapia. This research conducted into five groups of 5 papaya seeds powder dosage (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 g/kg) that feed orally to the treatment fishes. Result showed the fishes feed with 5 g/kg papaya seed experienced highest growth performance 547 g compare to control which is 406 g. Same as growth performance, survival rate shown that group feed with 5 g/kg papaya seed had 100% survival rate compare with control which is 66% during treatment periods. Base on this result, we can make conclusion that fish feed with 5 g/kg of papaya seed have a better growth performance and survival rate compare with control group for 30 days treatment periods

scholarly journals Sustainability and feasibility assessments of nanobubble aeration technology in economic-socio environment of Penaeus vannamei shrimp farming

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 05005
Author(s):  
Lily Susanti ◽  
Suyud Warno Utomo ◽  
Noverita Dian Takarina
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Shrimp Farming ◽  
Penaeus Vannamei ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Community Members ◽  
The Social ◽  
Total Ammonia

Penaeus vannamei shrimp farming in Indonesia is faced with several challenges in the environmental, economic, and social aspects. Therefore, this study aims to assess the benefits of novel nanobubble aeration systems for the ecosystem, businesses, and communities. This is an experimental study conducted by comparing P. vannamei post larva 10 reared at a density of 2000 inds./L in a pond treated with nanobubble and without treatments (control). Furthermore, the Net Present Value (NPV) and payback period were calculated to assess the economic feasibility of nanobubble, while community interviews were used for the social sectors. Based on the results, environmental wastes of shrimp farming in form of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) were reduced by 9% from 2.58 mg/l (95%CI: 0,91, 4,25) in control compared to 2.35 mg/l (95%CI: 0,86, 3,84) in treatment. Furthermore, the revenues from post larva sales for five years and nanobubble investment costs showed that the estimated NPV was IDR 64,824,374 with a payback period of 1.7 years. The interviews on traditional shrimp farming showed that 61.1% to 72.2% of community members agreed on the use of nanobubble aeration to support livelihoods. Therefore, the use of nanobubbles is feasible to support sustainable P. vannamei farming.

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