Morphological and anatomical properties of Veronica crista-galli Steven

The aim of this work was to study of diagnostic signs of the morphological and anatomical structure of Veronica crista-galli Steven. from the flora of Azerbaijan. Materials and methods. The samples for research were collected during their flowering time in June 2018, in the Ismailli region of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Plant samples were fixed in a solution made in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH=7.4), containing 2.5 % glutar-aldehyde, 2.5 % paraformal-aldehyde and 0.1 % picric acid. In the next stage was the preparation of block and their filling in Araldite – Epon according to the TEM method. Results. The leaf is simple, lower part is short-petiolate and upper is sessile. The surface, on both sides of the leaf, is reliefly, and 7–8 conductive veins are clearly visible. The lower and upper sides of the leaf, and also margin, are strewn with multicellular hairs. The calyx of the flower consists of two sepals which grown together at the base, covered with simple multicellular hairs. The stalk in is a long filiform. The corolla of flower consists of 4 petals which grown together at the base and 2 stamens attached to the tube of the corolla. On the epidermis, cells with sinuous and bead-like walls, numerous stomata of the stavrocytic type, capitate hairs are visible. From the cross section of the leaf, it is visible that palisade tissue at the upper and sponge tissue at the bottom. Conclusions. As a result of morphological and anatomical studies, it was revealed that diagnostic signs of plant raw material can be: Present of multicellular hairs on the leaf blade; The location of the capsule between the sepals; Stavrocytic type of the stoma structure; The bead-like walls of the epidermis; Capitate hairs on the epidermis; Sepals covered by hairs. The established anatomical diagnostic features can be used for the drafting of the normative document on the plant raw materials and for identification of plant raw material of Veronica crista-galli

Download Full-text

TECHNOLOGY FOR OBTAINING PECTIN CONCENTRATE FROM ROSEHIP FRUITS

Farmaciâ Kazahstana ◽

10.53511/pharmkaz.2021.40.42.023 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 87-90

Author(s):

М.Ж. Кизатова ◽

Д.А. Абдуллаева

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Plant Raw Material ◽

Pectin Substances

Статья посвящена важности пектиновых веществ, а также расширению сферы использования лекарственного растительного сырья. В качестве лекарственного растительного сырья представлены технологии получения пектинового экстракта из плодов шиповника, которые встречаются на территории Казахстана 25 видов. Применение пектина в медицине. The article is devoted to the importance of pectin substances, as well as to the expansion of the use of medicinal plant raw materials. As a medicinal plant raw material, technologies for obtaining pectin extract from rosehip fruits, which are found in 25 species on the territory of Kazakhstan, are presented. The use of pectin in medicine

Download Full-text

STUDY OF MICROSCOPIC FEATURES OF TANACETUM SANTOLINA PLANT

Farmaciâ Kazahstana ◽

10.53511/pharmkaz.2021.80.14.008 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 38-44

Author(s):

М.С. Жанибек ◽

К.К. Орынбасарова

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Microscopic Analysis ◽

Anatomical Structure ◽

Raw Material ◽

Plant Fibers ◽

Oil Glands ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Diagnostic Signs

В данной статье представлены результаты микроскопического исследования особенностей анатомического строения (листья, цветки) растения пижмы сантолинной (Tanacetum Santolina). Цель работы: изучение анатомического строения надземных органов, определение подлинности и отличия от других видов. Материалы и методы: объект исследования - цветки пижмы сантолинной, собранные в период цветения в мае 2020 года в предгорных равнинах Каратау. Микроскопическое исследование цветков пижмы сантолинной проводилось в соответствии с требованиями государственной фармакопеи Республики Казахстан. С помощью микроскопа Биолам-5 изучался объект с увеличением от х40 до х400. Исследование срезов и создание микрорисунков проводили с помощью цифрового камерного тринокулярного микроскопа «МТ300L» (Япония) (увеличенный 7х1,5х4,5; 7х1,5х8; 7х1,5х40). Результаты и обсуждения: изучены диагностические признаки для определения цельного сырья: диагностические признаки листьев, форма клеток эпидермиса, тип аппарата устьиц, строение волосков и эфирномасличных желез; формы оксалата кальция. Выводы: проведен микроскопический анализ цветков пижмы сантолинной. Для определения подлинности этого сырья были выявлены анатомодиагностические признаки. Во всех частях растения встречаются одноклеточные волоски и пучковые волокна. На обеих частях листовой пластины хорошо видны волокна и волоски, устьица, пигментные полости. Кристаллы оксалата кальция, находятся в мезофильных полостях листа. В цветках оксалат кальция встречается только в виде четырехугольного кристалла. На анатомическом признаке измельченного сырья видны эфирномасличные железки. Форма эфирно-масличных желез обнаруживает основные диагностические признаки цветков и листьев пижмы сантолинной. Анатомические характеристики позволяют повысить уровень стандартизации, дальнейшее изучение лекарственного растительного сырья This article presents the results of a microscopic study of the anatomical structure (leaves, flowers) of the Santolina’s tansy plant (Tanacetum Santolina). The purpose of the work: to study the anatomical structure of aerial organs, to determine authenticity and differences from other species. Materials and methods: the object of research is the flowers of Santolina’s tansy collected during the flowering period in May 2020 in the foothill plains of Karatau. Microscopic examination of the flowers of Santolina’s tansy was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Using a Biolam-5 microscope with magnification from x40 to x400 an object was studied. The study of sections and the creation of micro-nozzles was carried out using a digital chamber trinocular microscope "MT300L" (Japan) (enlarged 7x1.5x4.5; 7x1.5x8; 7x1.5x40). Results and discussions: diagnostic signs for the determination of whole raw materials were studied: diagnostic signs of leaves, the shape of epidermis cells, the type of stomatal apparatus, the structure of hairs and essential oil glands; forms of calcium oxalate. Conclusions: microscopic analysis of flowers of Santolina’s tansy was carried out. Anatomical and diagnostic signs were identified to determine the authenticity of this raw material. Unicellular hairs and beam fibers are found in all parts of the plant. Fibers and hairs, stomata, pigment cavities are clearly visible on both parts of the leaf plate. Calcium oxalate crystals are located in the mesophilic cavities of the leaf. In flowers, calcium oxalate occurs only in the form of a quadrangular crystal. On the anatomical feature of the crushed raw materials, essential oil glands are visible. The shape of the essential oil glands reveals the main diagnostic signs of flowers and leaves of santolina tansy. Anatomical characteristics make it possible to increase the level of standardization, further study of medicinal plant raw materials.

Download Full-text

Development of approaches to standardization of black walnut bark

Aspirantskiy Vestnik Povolzhiya ◽

10.17816/2072-2354.2020.20.1.131-136 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1-2) ◽

pp. 131-136

Author(s):

Natalya I. Zimenkina ◽

Vladimir A. Kurkin

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Quantitative Determination ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Juglans Regia ◽

Black Walnut ◽

Juglans Nigra ◽

Raw Material ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Plant Raw Material

Significance. Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) is a species of trees of the Walnut family (Juglandaceae). This plant of the genus Walnut (Juglans L.) has not been sufficiently studied unlike other species e.g. Juglans regia L. This medicinal plant raw material is quite perspective, its preparations have antimicrobial, general tonic effect. We can use its leaves, unripe fruit, and the bark. However they are not widely used in medicine. In order to introduce the plants of the Walnut genus to the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (RF State Pharmacopoeia), it is necessary to conduct of pharmacognostic studies, to develop product specification file to confirm the identification and quality of medicinal plant raw materials. The aim of this study is to develop a method of quantitative determination of flavonoids in the bark of the black walnut (Juglans nigra L.). Materials and methods. Material of the study was black walnut bark, stocked during the sap flow period (April) in 2018. The bark was skived up to 15 cm long and 23 cm wide. The bark was air-dried with the protection from direct sun light. The end of the drying was checked by the brittleness of the bark. Results. The methods of the quantitative determination of flavonoids in walnut bark has been developed. We used the differential spectrophotometry taking into consideration state standard sample of rutin at the analytical wavelength of 416 nm. The error of a single determination with a confidence level of 95% is 1.20%. Conclusion. We used the developed technique and analyzed a number of samples of black walnut bark. The content of total flavonoids in the plant raw material is 5.13 0.02% (as calculated on rutin). The flavonoid content should be at least 4.0%.

Download Full-text

AMINO ACID, FATTY ACID AND VITAMIN COMPOSITION OF ROSA CANINA L.

SERIES CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY ◽

10.32014/2021.2518-1491.47 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 447 (3) ◽

pp. 39-43

Author(s):

Y.S. Ikhsanov ◽

K.M. Kusainova ◽

G.Y. Tasmagambetova ◽

N.T. Andasova ◽

Y.A. Litvinenko

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Plant ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Raw Material ◽

The Arctic ◽

Distribution Area ◽

Rosa Canina ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus ◽

The Republic

The genus rose hips, or rose (Rosa L.), belongs to the Rosaceae family. It has many cultural forms, bred under the general name Rose. Now, more than 400 species of rose hips known. Usually these are erect shrubs, less often lianas, sometimes-low tree-like forms or almost herbaceous plants. Rosehip is common in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, it can often found in the mountainous regions of the tropical belt. Some types of rose hips distributed from the Arctic Circle in the north to Ethiopia in the south. On the American continent - from Canada to Mexico. The most favorable conditions for Rosehip are in the Mediterranean region. Several species of the genus Rosehip have a wide distribution area. Kazakhstan possesses significant resources of medicinal plant raw materials. Among the most priority representatives of the wild flora are species of the wild rose genus - Rosa L. as the most valuable medicinal plant. In total, 21 species of wild rose grow in the republic, including 5 in Central Kazakhstan: R. glabrifolia - w. naked, R. laxa Retz. - w. loose, R. acicularis Lindl. - (w. Spiny), R. majalis Herrm. (R. cinnamomea L.) - w. May (w. cinnamon) and R. pimpinellifolia L. (R. spinosissima L.) - w. femoral. Kazakh species of the genus Rosa L Rosehip fruits distinguished by a high content of biologically active substances and are widely used in medicine. Plant raw materials collected in the southern region of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty region). The crushed air-dry raw material was extracted with hexane and chloroform in a raw material-reagent ratio (1:10) in a Soxhlet apparatus. Plants of the genus Rosa are rich in vitamins A, C, E and group B, and also contain sugars, flavonoids, saponins, phytosterols, glycosides, tannins, organic acids, amygdalin, essential oils. Thus, rosehip is a promising raw material for the creation of domestic medicines. This article examines the study of the quantitative composition of amino acids and vitamins in the fruits of the species of the genus Rosa widespread in Kazakhstan in the supercritical extract, isolated and the fruits of the Rosa canina plant, in order to establish the possibility of using and with the subsequent cultivation of the selected species.

Download Full-text

TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH QUALITY RAW MATERIAL OBTAINING FOR PECTIN PRODUCTION

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2019/6/47-50 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 47-50

Author(s):

I. A. Ilina ◽

I. A. Machneva ◽

E. S. Bakun

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Thermal Characteristics ◽

Environmental Safety ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Quality ◽

Temperature Conductivity ◽

Drying Temperature ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Gel Forming Ability

The article is devoted to the study of the chemical composition, physical and thermal-pfysical characteristics of damp apple pomaces and the identifying patterns of influence of drying temperature the functional composition and gel-forming ability of pectin. The research is aimed at obtaining initial data for the subsequent calculation of the main technological, hydro-mechanical, thermal, structural and economic characteristics of devices for drying the plant raw materials, ensuring the environmental safety and high quality of pectin-containing raw materials, the reducing heat and energy costs. As a result of the study of the thermal characteristics of apple pomaces, the critical points (temperature conductivity – 16.5 x 10-8 m2/s, thermal conductivity – 0.28 W/m K, heat capacity – 1627 j/(kg K)) at a humidity of 56 % are determined, which characterizing the transition from the extraction of weakly bound moisture to the extraction of moisture with strong bonds (colloidal, adsorption). It was found that the pomaces obtained from apples of late ripening have a higher content of solids (21-23 %), soluble pectin and protopectin (2.5-4.5 %). Dried pomaces obtained from apple varieties of late ripening contain up to 25 % pectin, which allow us to recommend them as a source of raw materials for the production of pectin. The optimum modes of preliminary washing of raw materials are offered, allowing to the remove the ballast substances as much as possible. It is established that when the drying temperature increases, the destructive processes are catalyzed: the strength of the pectin jelly and the uronide component and the degree of pectin esterification are reduced. The optimum drying temperature of damp apple pomaces is 80 0C, at which the quality of pectin extracted from the dried raw materials is maintained as much as possible. It is shown that the most effective for the pectin production is a fraction with a particle size of 3-5 mm, which allow us to extract up to 71 % of pectin from raw materials.

Download Full-text

On the diagnostics of Adonis L. species (Ranunculaceae) of the Russian flora

10.33920/med-06-2002-01 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 3-14

Author(s):

Aleksandr Luferov

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Natural Populations ◽

Structural Features ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Scientific Medicine ◽

Diagnostic Features ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Similar Chemical ◽

Chemical Studies ◽

Alternative Sources

The article provides brief information about cardiotonic, sedative, cytostatic, diuretic, and antibacterial effects of biologically active compounds of Adonis L. (Ranunculaceae) species. Chemical studies allowed to identify the cardiac glycosides, or cardenolides: or cardenolides: adontoxin, adonitol, adonitoxigenin, acetyldigitoxin and others. In scientific medicine, it is currently allowed to use Adonis vernalis L. Other types of Adonis have a similar chemical composition and are offered as substitutes for this official species, for example, Adonis apennina L. Many Adonis species have limited natural resources, and in some regions are rare, requiring conservation of their natural populations. The search for alternative sources of medicinal plant raw materials, based on this, is relevant. The experimental part of our research was carried out using the morphological and geographical method with the involvement of information on ecology and phenology. For the first time summarizes the diagnostic features of Adonis flora of Russian flora. Previously unknown structural features (shape and size of anthers) were identified that characterize the subgenera Adonanthe and Adonis. Taxonomic study of the genus Adonis of the Russian flora allowed us to determine its species composition, clarify its systematic affiliation, and nomenclature synonyms. 9 species were identified. Of these, 6 are perennials belonging to the subgenus Adonanthe, section Consiligo, which includes 2 subsections: Amurenses (2 species) and Vernales, which is differentiated into 2 rows: Apenninae (2 species) and Vernales (2 species). Subgenus Adonis is represented by 2 sections: Adonis (1 species) and Lophocarpa with sections Aestivales (1 species) and Dentatae (1 species). For all the considered species and varieties, the main distribution areas are given. A key has been compiled to determine the wild Adonis species distributed in Russia.

Download Full-text

PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNICAL BUILDING STONE- LIMESTONE IN THE REPUBLIC SRPSKA

Archives for Technical Sciences ◽

10.7251/afts.2015.0712.027m ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Slobodan Majstorović ◽

Vladimir Malbašić ◽

Miodrag Čelebić

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Production Capacity ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Building Stone ◽

Raw Material ◽

Material Base ◽

Standard Quality ◽

The Republic ◽

Fragmentation Of Production ◽

Republika Srpska

Curent situation of raw material base and study of limestone like construction stone deposits in the Republic of Serbian were relatively poorly considered during the last decades, and the main problems are the following: low production capacity fragmentation of production, needs for raw materials homogenization and delivering of standard quality, undeveloped market, the recession of the domestic economy and the economies in the region, the relatively low level of exploration by many deposits, especially lack of knowledge of the occurrence legality for certain types and quality of raw materials and lack of complete quality indicators for raw material, which sometimes causes the utilization of only the highest quality deposit parts.This paper provides an overview of active quarries in the Republic Srpska with exploitation of limestone like technical building stone and present an attempt to determine the basic quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the raw material and the current working conditions at these quarries. The purpose of such a review would be in an effort to create a clearer picture about production, market, social and other aspects of the limestone exploitation in the Republika Srpska and the realistic possibilities of maintaining and developing of these mineral resources utilization, which can certainlybe interesting for the development of many other industries in the Republic Srpska.

Download Full-text

Comparative pharmakognostical study of roots of Rosa Majalis Herrm. and Rosa Canina L.

ScienceRise Pharmaceutical Science ◽

10.15587/2519-4852.2021.243525 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 71-78

Author(s):

Tetiana Oproshanska ◽

Olga Khvorost ◽

Kateryna Skrebtsova ◽

Konradas Vitkevicius

Keyword(s):

Cell Walls ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Total Polyphenols ◽

Diagnostic Features ◽

Rosa Canina ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Quantitative Content ◽

Microscopic Features ◽

Boundary Limits

The aim is to conduct a comparative pharmacognostical study of the series of roots of Rosa (R.) majalis Herrm. and Rosa (R.) canina L. with the establishment of diagnostic features of morphological and anatomical structure and boundary limits of numerical indicators of raw materials. Materials and methods. The fresh and dry raw materials were used to study the macroscopic microscopic features by microscope Delta optical BioLight 300 (Poland). Determination of total polyphenols was performed by spectrophotometry (on a spectrophotometer Optizen POP (Korea)) and HPLC (chromatograph an Agilent 1200 3 D LC System Technologies (USA)). Results. The morphological (nature of the surface (periderm) and fracture) and anatomical (color of cell walls and their cavities; location of the sclerenchyma; the presence of a crystalline coating of the sclerenchyma at the root of R. canina; of various elements of the remains of the tetraarchic conducting bundle in the center of the root) diagnostical features of roots of R. majalis and R. Canina were established. Comparing the numerical values of loss on drying (not more than 10 %), total ash (not more than 5 %), extractable matter (not less than 9 %) and the quantitative content of total polyphenols (not less than 4 %) it was determined that both types of raw materials according to these indicators are almost indistinguishable. Conclusions. Loss on drying, total ash, extractable matter and content of total polyphenols of the root of R. majalis and R. canina do not have significant differences, that is why the root of both plant species can be used as medicinal plant raw materials such as “Rose root”. The obtained data will be used in further research when creating methods of quality control of plant raw materials and phytomedicines

Download Full-text

Trends of the energy and protein value of hylage from legumes in the Republic of Tatarstan

The Agrarian Scientific Journal ◽

10.28983/asj.y2021i2pp45-48 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 45-48

Author(s):

Evgeny Olegovich Krupin ◽

Marsel Sharipzyanovich Tagirov ◽

Adelya Ayratovna Askarova

Keyword(s):

Energy Level ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Net Energy ◽

Average Value ◽

Plant Raw Materials ◽

Digestible Protein ◽

The Republic ◽

Perennial Legumes

The results of the analysis of the dynamics of energy and protein nutritional value of haylage from perennial legumes harvested from plant raw materials in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan in the period from 1993 to 2018 are described. The long-term average value of the studied indicator was 9.52 MJ / kg, which is 5.54% higher than the norm. The highest content of exchangeable energy was noted in 1996 - 9.67 MJ / kg, which is 1.58% higher than the long-term average. The lowest content of exchangeable energy was established in 2009 (9.36 MJ / kg). The long-term average value of the net energy level of lactation was 1.96 MJ / kg, which is 9.68% higher than the norm. The maximum was observed in 2017 and amounted to 2.17 MJ / kg, and the minimum - in 2001 (1.65 MJ / kg), when it was 23.97% below the norm. It was found that the average long-term value of the level of digestible protein in haylage was 111.31 g / kg, which is 1.78% higher than the norm. The highest content of digestible protein was found in 2010 (17.21%). The smallest value was recorded a year earlier, in 2009 and amounted to 95.64 g / kg, which, respectively, is lower than the average long-term value and the value of the norm by 14.08 and 12.56%, respectively.

Download Full-text

STUDY OF THE FLAVONOID COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HAWTHORN`S LEAVES CRATAEGUS PONTICA

chemistry of plant raw material ◽

10.14258/jcprm.2021038023 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 201-209

Author(s):

Kamola Vakhabjanova Raimova ◽

Nodira Gulomzhanovna Abdulladzhanova ◽

Farrukh Nazimovich Toshpulatov ◽

Nurali Azamovich Ergashev ◽

Alimzhan Davlatbaevich Matchanov

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Liver Mitochondria ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Polyphenolic Compounds ◽

Raw Material ◽

Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

Flavonoid Composition ◽

The Republic

The results of studies of the content of polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in the Pontic hawthorn plant Crataegus pontica K.Koch., growing in the mountainous regions of the Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan are presented. The collection of raw materials took place in the spring at the beginning of October 2019 and at the end of April 2020. The conditions for the isolation of polyphenolic compounds were selected under various conditions. It was shown that the optimal content of polyphenols is extracted with 70% acetone, followed by fractionation of the aqueous residue with ethyl acetate and precipitation with hexane. It was shown that in the plants harvested in spring, the amount of polyphenols was 4.28%, and the collected volume was 2.6%, of the air-dry mass of the raw material. Chromatographic methods (BC and TLC) revealed that the composition of plant leaves collected in spring contains more polyphenols than those collected in autumn. This plant contains compounds belonging to the class of flavonols, phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols. Polyphenols were identified by rutin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-galactoside, catechin, and gallic acid by BC and TLC methods. The antioxidant activity of the sum of polyphenolic compounds was studied in the model of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver mitochondria. It was found that polyphenols have a protective effect on mitochondria, a reduced damaging effect of Fe2+ / ascorbate and antioxidant activity depends on the concentration of the studied polyphenolic substances. The introduction of rutin into the incubation medium in 5 μM medium inhibits LPO processes by 32.0%, and at 10 μM – by 85.9% and in 20 μM – by 96.8%, compared with the control.

Download Full-text