scholarly journals PHOTOVOLTAIC PUMPING: ALTERNATIVE FOR MICROIRRIGATION IN THE MATA MINEIRA AREA

Irriga ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 628-645
Author(s):  
RAFAEL GOMES PAES ◽  
CATARINY CABRAL ALEMAN ◽  
THALLITA FERREIRA ◽  
HEWLLEY MARIA ACIOLI IMBUZEIRO ◽  
HEVERTON AUGUSTO PEREIRA
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Autonomous System ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The Other ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Northeast Region ◽  
Collection Phase

The objective of the research was to evaluate the uniformity of drip irrigation with photovoltaic pumping with and without storage in batteries. using normal and self-compensating emitters. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Viçosa. Minas Gerais. Brazil. Two drip irrigation systems were tested. one with self-compensating emitters and the other with normal emitters with a flow rate of 4 L h-1. The coefficients of uniformity of Cristiansen and distribution (CUC and CUD) were used to evaluate the performance of the irrigation systems. The volumes pumped by the autonomous system and stored in batteries throughout the year in all regions of the country were compared for the period from 02/01/2018 to 01/31/2019. a period that contemplates the data collection phase of the experiment. According to the results. the uniformity of the drip systems with and without energy storage. with emitters normal and self-compensating presented a coefficient between 93% and 97%. classified as excellent. The largest volumes pumped throughout the year for drip irrigation systems with normal and self-compensating emitters without batteries occurred in the Northeast region of Brazil.

scholarly journals AN ALTERNATIVE FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION REDUCTION IN DRIP IRRIGATION

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-361
Author(s):  
Dimitar Georgiev
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Energy Consumption Reduction ◽  
Consumption Reduction ◽  
Network Losses

The energy consumption in drip irrigation systems as well as in the other irrigation techniques and technologies is an important indicator and an essential part of the operating costs. In contrast to the other irrigation techniques, the irrigation water runoff is smaller because of the fact that only part of the soil surface around the plants is wetted. Nevertheless, taking into account that in most cases the working head in the drippers is 10 m, and there are hydraulic head losses in conducting network, losses in the filters and accessories in the network, then the working head at the beginning of these systems reaches comparatively high values – 35 - 45 m. Taking this into consideration, the author suggests for the first time a new technical solution aimed at the reduction of the working head in the drip laterals and drippers, and more reliable operation of the drip irrigation systems. By now, all companies producing systems for classic drip irrigation in the world offer drip laterals with built-in single and similar nozzles drippers with a long path of the water at the point of water supply, the drippers being of two types-cylindrical and flat. The essence of the suggested solution is that instead of single drippers at the water supply point polynomial drippers are suggested to be built-in, also with a long path of water, consisting of several, located one after another, smaller drippers, connected between each other with a flexible tie (like a chain), both in the cylindrical type and in the flat type. Besides the energy consumption reduction, the new solution features other advantages as well: realization of a larger wetted area of the soil contour and consequently, wetted volume due to the disconcerted water supply at several points of the polynomial dripper; increasing the working flow rate of the drippers for minimum growth of the pressure in them, and a lower probability for termination of the water supply in case of clogging of some of the nozzles drippers; the time for irrigation is reduced.

scholarly journals Design and Testing of a Low-Cost and Low-Maintenance Drip Irrigation Filtration System for Micro-Irrigation in Developing Countries

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Greenlee ◽  
Timothy Murray ◽  
Victor Lesniewski ◽  
Mark Jeunnette ◽  
Amos G. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Cartridge Filter ◽  
Micro Irrigation ◽  
Design And Testing

The cylindrical filters presently used in <1000 m2 drip irrigation systems are frequently clogged, increasing pressure loss and lowering the flow rate through the filters. This work investigates the mechanisms for this clogging and proposes an alternative filtration design that would enable both more reliable and lower maintenance filtering. This proposed system is compatible with existing drip irrigation systems and could be made inexpensively with plastic bottle manufacturing equipment. To compare the proposed design to off-the-shelf options, a drip irrigation test setup was built to measure the pressure loss across different filters as particles accumulated. These experiments confirmed that pleated cartridge filters, with high effective surface area, incurred lower pressure losses than cylindrical filters. These tests revealed that the greatest reason for clogged performance was that filtered particles (not the cartridge filter itself) eventually restricted the flow of water through the system. This inspired the redesign of the filter housing such that the housing extended far below the filter, providing a catch basin away from the filter for the particles to settle. Fixing the filter independently of the bottom casing significantly improved the overall performance of the filtration system, reduced the maintenance requirement necessary from the user, and would enable inexpensive manufacturing via blow molding. This paper experimentally demonstrates that the cartridge filter inside the redesigned housing can filter out over 2 kg of sand while maintaining less than a .03 bar pressure drop across the filter at a flow rate of 25 l/s.

scholarly journals UNIFORMITY OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH LIQUID PEAT ON DIFFERENT SLOPES

Irriga ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 357-366
Author(s):  
Allan Remor Lopes ◽  
Marcio Antonio Vilas Boas ◽  
Felix Augusto Pazuch ◽  
Luciano Dalla Corte ◽  
Benedito Martins Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Control Charts ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Uniformity Coefficient ◽  
Cusum Control Charts ◽  
Drip Fertigation

UNIFORMITY OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH LIQUID PEAT ON DIFFERENT SLOPES     ALLAN REMOR LOPES1; MARCIO ANTONIO VILAS BOAS1; FELIX AUGUSTO PAZUCH1; LUCIANO DALLA CORTE1; BENEDITO MARTINS GOMES1; ROSEBEL TRINDADE CUNHA PRATES2   1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola (PGEAGRI) – Departamento de Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento Ambiental (RHESA), Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Rua Universitária 2069, Jardim Universitário, CEP: 85819-110, Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil, [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (UNIOESTE), Rodovia PR 182 Km 02, Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brasil, [email protected]     1 ABSTRACT   The use of liquid peat is an alternative to use of mineral fertigation However, it is necessary to monitor the uniformity of this organomineral fertilizer in order to obtain its adequate use, so the organomineral fertilizer can produce better quality crops. This study aimed to evaluate the uniformity of a drip fertigation system with liquid peats on different slopes. The experiment was carried out on a test bench, where the flow rate of the drippers was determined and subsequently its uniformity was calculated using the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CUC) fot the treatments in level (0%), uphill (2%) and downhill (2%). The experimental statistics were performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test at 5% probability to compare uniformity, in addition to the analysis of the process by Shewhart and CUSUM control charts. Liquid peat showed excellence in its uniformity (>90%) while used for drip irrigation systems. The liquid peat applied at the level slope was the most uniform, followed by upslope and downslope treatments, respectively. Through Shewhart and CUSUM control charts, it was possible to affirm that fertigation with liquid peat in level obtained a better performance.   Keywords: control chart, uniformity, organomineral fertilizer, microirrigation.     LOPES, A. R.; VILAS BOAS, M. A.; PAZUCH, F. A.; DALLA CORTE, L.; GOMES, B. M.; PRATES, R. T. C. UNIFORMIDADE DE SISTEMA DE IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO COM TURFA LÍQUIDA EM DIFERENTES INCLINAÇÕES     2 RESUMO   O uso da turfa líquida é uma alternativa ao uso da fertirrigação mineral. No entanto, é necessário o monitoramento da uniformidade deste fertilizante organomineral para obter seu uso adequado, assim o fertilizante organomineral pode produzir culturas de melhor qualidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a uniformidade de um sistema de fertirrigação por gotejamento com turfa líquida em diferentes inclinações. O experimento foi conduzido em uma bancada de testes, onde a vazão dos gotejadores foi determinada e consequentemente sua uniformidade pelo Coeficiente de uniformidade de Christiansen (CUC) para os tratamentos em nível (0%), aclive (2%) e declive (2%). A estatística experimental foi determinada pela análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade na comparação da uniformidade, complementando os gráficos de controle de Shewhart e CUSUM. A turfa líquida apresentou excelência na sua uniformidade (> 90%) em sistemas de irrigação por gotejamento. A turfa aplicada em nível (0%) foi a mais uniforme, seguido pelos tratamentos em aclive e declive, respectivamente. Através dos gráficos de controle de Shewhart e CUSUM foi possível afirmar que a fertirrigação em nível obteve uma melhor performance.   Palavras-chave: gráficos de controle, uniformidade, fertilizante organomineral, microirrigação.

scholarly journals PORTABLE SAND FILTER FOR SMALL DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Cleomar Ferreira de Oliveira ◽  
Marconi Batista Teixeira ◽  
Adriana Ramos ◽  
Renato Moreira da Silva ◽  
Pedro Henrique Pinto Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Head Loss ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Sand Filter

PORTABLE SAND FILTER FOR SMALL DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS  CLEOMAR FERREIRA DE OLIVEIRA1; MARCONI BATISTA TEIXEIRA2*; ADRIANA RAMOS3; RENATO MOREIRA DA SILVA4; PEDRO HENRIQUE PINTO RIBEIRO5 E JOSÉ ANTÔNIO FRIZZONE6 1 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Prof. Dr. IFMinas Gerais - Campus Muzambinho, MG.2 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Prof. Dr. IFGoiano - Campus Rio Verde, GO. *E-mail: [email protected] Engenheira Agrônoma, Profa. Dra. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz – Ilhéus, BA.4 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Doutor, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, LEB - ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba - SP.5 Tecnólogo em Irrigação e Drenagem, Doutorando, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, UNESP/FCA, Botucatu, SP.6 Engenheiro Agrônomo, Prof. Titular, Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, LEB - ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba - SP.  1 ABSTRACT Filters in drip irrigation systems are fundamental to ensure effective control of water quality and to reduce clogging of emitters. Current study aims at constructing a low cost portable sand filter for small localized irrigation systems (up to 1.0 ha) and at determining its head loss due to flow. Tests were carried out in the Hydraulic Laboratory of Biosystems Engineering Department of Agriculture School “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo. Magnetic-induction Conaut Krohne model IFS 4000 w/6 with IFC 090 D signal convert of discharge, reading range between 0 and 90 m3.h-1 and 99% precision, was used for flow rate measurements. Pressure loss at each observation point was determined indirectly by two differential pressure gauges with a mercury column. A set of 20 flow readings was performed in three replications. Results showed that maximum filter discharge complied with ASAE guidelines and the cost of materials for manufacture of the filter was U$ 382.15. Linear mathematical model adequately describes the loss of pressure of the sand filter due to flow variation. Rates of minimum and maximum flow recommended range between 0.0257 m3.h-1 and 0.556 m3.h-1, and thus may satisfy small trickle irrigation projects. Keywords: Filtration, water quality, head loss, flow rate.

scholarly journals DENSIDADE DE COLETA DE DADOS E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NA CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA UNIFORMIDADE EM PIVÔ CENTRAL LEPA

Irriga ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everardo Chartuni Mantovani ◽  
Marconi Batista Teixeira ◽  
Márcio Mota Ramos ◽  
Rubens Alves de Oliveira ◽  
Darik Oliveira Souza
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Evaluation Methodology ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Evaluation Methodologies ◽  
Observation Area ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Collection Time

DENSIDADE DE COLETA DE DADOS E SUA INFLUÊNCIA NA CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA UNIFORMIDADE EM PIVÔ CENTRAL LEPA  Everardo Chartuni Mantovani1; Marconi Batista Teixeira2; Márcio Mota Ramos1; Rubens Alves de Oliveira1; Darik Oliveira Souza11Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa,MG, [email protected] de Engenharia Rural, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP  1 RESUMO Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de propor uma metodologia para avaliação de um sistema de irrigação por pivô central equipado com emissores do tipo LEPA. Um dispositivo para medição da vazão do emissor LEPA foi desenvolvido para operar em condições de campo. As medições de vazão foram feitas em todos os bocais, com os pivôs posicionados em aclive eem declive. Emseguida, determinou-se a percentagem de emissores (100, 50, 33 ou 25%) a ser avaliados para otimizar o tempo de coleta, sem comprometer os coeficientes de uniformidade. Os testes para o desenvolvimento do dispositivo e das metodologias propostas para avaliação de pivô central equipado com emissor tipo LEPA foram realizados na Área de Observação e Pesquisaem Cafeicultura Irrigada(PNP&D-Café/DEA-UFV/VALMONT), localizada no município de Paula Cândido, Minas Gerais. Com o intuito de comprovar a praticidade do dispositivo desenvolvido e as metodologias propostas, foram avaliados seis sistemas de irrigação localizados nos municípios de Patrocínio, Estrela do Sul e Uberlândia, na região do Triângulo Mineiro. De acordo com os resultados, não houve necessidade de medir a vazão de todos os emissores para avaliação dos coeficientes de uniformidade de Christiansen e de distribuição, podendo-se avaliar somente 50% dos emissores, pois esta metodologia não diferiu significativamente daquela usada para avaliar todos os emissores. UNITERMOS: coeficientes de uniformidade, café, emissores  MANTOVANI, E. C.; TEIXEIRA, M. B.; RAMOS, M. M.; OLIVEIRA, R.A. de; SOUZA, D. O. EVALUATION  METHODOLOGY FOR CENTRAL PIVOT IRRIGATION EQUIPPED WITH LEPA  2 ABSTRACT A study was carried out to propose an evaluation methodology for a central pivot irrigation system equipped with LEPA-type emitters. A device to measure the flow rate of the LEPA emitter was developed to operate under field conditions. The measurements of the flow rate were performed in all nozzles of central pivots positioned at acclivity and slope. Then, the percentage of the evaluated emitters (100, 50, 33 and 25%) was determined in order to optimize the collection time without influencing the uniformity coefficients. The tests for the  development of the device and the proposed evaluation methodologies for central pivot irrigation system equipped with the LEPA-type emitter were carried out at the Irrigated Coffee Growth,  Research and Observation Area (PNP&D-Café/DEA-UFV/VALMONT), located in Paula Cândido county, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. To verify the feasibility of the developed device and the proposed methodologies, six irrigation systems located in Patrocínio, Estrela do Sul, and Uberlândia counties, in Triângulo Mineiro region were evaluated. According to the results, there is no need to measure the flow rate from all emitters to evaluate the Christiansen uniformity coefficients and the distribution coefficients, and just the evaluation of 50% emitters is enough since this methodology did not significantly differ from the methodology used to evaluate all emitters. KEYWORDS: coefficient uniformity, coffee, nozzles

Identification and Management of Clustered Pellitory (Parietaria praetermissa) in Citrus Groves

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (5) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Ramdas Kanissery ◽  
Biwek Gairhe ◽  
Brent Sellers ◽  
Steve Futch
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Spray Pattern ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Heavy Infestation

In Florida, clustered pellitory is becoming a troublesome weed for citrus, especially from the winter through early summer. Inadequate management of this weed can result in its heavy infestation in tree rows and can interrupt the spray pattern of low-volume drip irrigation systems. This new 3-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department will assist Florida citrus growers with proper identification of clustered pellitory and with adoption of adequate and timely strategies to manage this weed in their groves. Written by Ramdas Kanissery, Biwek Gairhe, Brent Sellers, and Steve Futch. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1341

ANALISIS KOHESI DAN KOHORENSI DALAM WACANA BERITA KEMISKINAN DAN RAMADHAN DALAM KORAN REPUBLIKA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Resdianto Permata Raharjo ◽  
Ahmad Sudali
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coherence Analysis ◽  
Lexical Cohesion ◽  
News Discourse ◽  
The Relationship

This journal explains the results of cohesion and coherence analysis in the current new news discourse in Indonesia published by Republika, Thursday 16 May 2019. The research uses descriptive methods by describing and explaining the results of the analysis found in the study. This research is a type of qualitative research because the results tend to be released and descriptive. the technique used in this study is to take data, data collection is done in two ways, namely listening and taking notes. This study found the results of the use of cohesion and and the use of coherence. Cohesion is the integration between the parts that are characterized by the use of language elements. Cohesion is divided into two parts, lexical cohesion and grammatical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion includes conjunction, reference, release, substitution. Lexical cohesion includes antonyms, synonyms, repetitions, metonymy, and hypomini. Whereas, cohorence is the relationship between elements one with the other elements so that it has an integrated meaning.  

INTERFERENSI GRAMATIKAL DALAM KUMPULAN CERPEN BIARKAN AKU MEMULAI KARYA NURUL F. HUDA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 16-23
Author(s):  
Zimmatul Liviana
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Language Variation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Ofthe Object ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The research grammatical interference in a collection ofshort stories Biarkan Aku Memula iwork Nurul F. Hudaisa collection ofshort storiesset in the back that Is start work Let Nurul F. Huda contains many grammatical interference.The problem of this   study were(1)how   the various morphologi calinterference containedin   a   collection of short stories Biarkan Aku Memulai work Nurul F. Huda. (2)how the various syntactic interference contained in a collection of short stories Biarkan Aku Memulai work Nurul F. Huda. The purposeof this studyis to describe the morphological and         Syntactic interference contained in a collection of short stories Biarkan Aku Memulai work Nurul F. Huda. Sociolinguistics is the study of language variation and use in society. Interference is the event of the use of language elements of one into the other language elements that occur in the speakers themselves. This research uses descriptive qualitative method because to describe the actual realityin order to obtainan accurateand objective. Qualitative descriptive methods were used to analyzethe elements ofa word orphrase that incorporated elements of other languages with the analysis and description of the formulation of the problem is the answer. Data collection techniques using observation techniques, the determination ofthe object of research, the selection of short stories.Based on the analysis of the data in this study can be found that there are six forms of interference morphology, namely (1) the prefix nasal N-sound, (2) the addition of the suffix, (3) the exchange prefix, (4) exchange suffixes, (5) exchange konfiks, (6) removal affixes. While the syntactic interference only on the words and phrases in a sentence. The results of the study it can be concluded that the interference morphology more common than syntactic interference.

The Tradition of Religious Books (Kitabs) Printing: Case Study of the Production and Reproduction of Religious Books (Kitabs) in Cianjur and Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-320
Author(s):  
Asep Saefullah
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Screen Printing ◽  
The Other ◽  
West Java ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Original Essays ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
Living Tradition

Tulisan ini membahas fenomena penyebaran kitab-kitab cetak keaga­maan di Jawa Barat, khususnya di Sukabumi dan Cianjur. Jenis kitab ini biasanya menggunakan tulisan Arab dengan bahasa Sunda dan menggu­nakan aksara Pegon. Kitab-kitab cetak dari jenis-jenis itu diproduksi dan direproduksi, dan masih digunakan sampai hari ini. Oleh karena itu, fenomena ini dapat disebut sebagai “living tradition”. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melacak dan merekam kitab-kitab yang diproduksi (disalin atau dikarang) dan direproduksi (dicetak atau digandakan) dengan metode seder­hana, yakni fotocopi dan pencetakan tradisional seperti stensil, sablon, dan "cetak toko". Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memetakan dan merevisi kategorisasi kitab-kitab tersebut dari kajian terdahulu berdasarkan jenis karya, seperti karangan asli, tuqilan, terjemahan, syarḥ (penjelasan), khulasah (ringkasan) yang lain, dan juga berdasarkan bahasa dan aksara yang digunakan. Selain itu, tulisan ini juga mengamati lembaga-lembaga atau individu-individu yang masih mereproduksi buku-buku (kitab-kitab) keagamaan sederhana seperti perusahaan percetakan atau pesantren yang menerbitkan kitab-kitab tersebut. Pada akhir artikel ini, ada beberapa saran dalam upaya untuk melestarikan kitab-kitab cetak dan karya-karya tersebut.Kata kunci: kitab, jenis karya, pencetakan tradisional, Sunda, Pegon, Jawa Barat This paper discusses the phenomenon of the spreading of religious printed books (kitabs) in West Java, especially in Sukabumi and Cianjur, which are characterized by the use of Arabic writing in Sundanese (or known as Pegon script). The printed books (Kitabs) of those types are produced and reproduced, and are still used to this day. Therefore, this phenomenon can be called as a “living tradition”. Data collection was conducted by tracing and recording religious books (kitabs) that are pro-duced (rewritten or compossed) and reproduced (printed or duplicated) with a simple method, known as photocopying and traditional printing such as stencils, screen printing, and “shop printing”. This paper aims to map and revise the categorization of these Kitabs from previous studies based on the types of works including original essays, tuqilan (quotations), translation, sharh (explanation), khulaṣah (summary), or the other, and also based on the language and the script used. In addition, this paper also observes the institutions or individuals that are still reproducing these printed religious books such as the printing company or pesantren that publish such kitabs. At the end of this article, there are some suggestions in attempts to preserve those printed kitabs and the works.Keywords: Kitabs, type of work, traditional printing, Sunda, Pegon, West Java

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