scholarly journals Monitoring of Mycotoxins in Feed for Dairy Cows and Swine from Muntenia Region, Romania

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Aneta MARINA ◽  
Marian MIHAIU ◽  
Liora Mihaela COLOBĂŢIU ◽  
Romolica MIHAIU ◽  
Rodica Cristina SOBOLU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Human Health ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Potential Risks

Mycotoxins have a strong negative impact on crops, animal health and human health. These secondary metabolites are toxic can cause major economic losses and illnesses (Zain, 2011). This study aimed to evaluate the presence of the most prevalent mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), in feed intended for dairy cows and swine from farms located in the Region of Muntenia (Călăraşi, Giurgiu and Teleorman), Romania. 136 samples of fodder and forage intended for cattle and 37 samples for pigs were collected during 2017 - 2018. Some of the samples were analyzed within the national surveillance program and some on request. AFB1 has been extracted and purified in an immunoaffinity column specific for AFB1. Detection and quantification of toxic secondary metabolites were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA). All four mycotoxins were detectable and quantifiable. The level of contamination was generally low. The maximum allowable limits for AFB1, OTA, DON and ZEN were not exceeded. The low level of contamination indicates no potential risks for animal and human health and suggests that the best practices in the management and storage of feed were applied in the studied area.

scholarly journals Sero-epidemiological survey of bluetongue disease in one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Molhima M. Elmahi ◽  
Mohammed O. Hussien ◽  
Abdel Rahim E. Karrar ◽  
Amira M. Elhassan ◽  
Abdel Rahim M. El Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Eastern Sudan

Abstract Background Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne viral disease of ruminant and camelid species which is transmitted by Culicoides spp. The causative agent of BT is bluetongue virus (BTV) that belongs to genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. The clinical disease is seen mainly in sheep but mostly sub-clinical infections of BT are seen in cattle, goats and camelids. The clinical reaction of camels to infection is usually not apparent. The disease is notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), causing great economic losses due to decreased trade and high mortality and morbidity rates associated with bluetongue outbreaks. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan and to identify the potential risk factors associated with the infection. A cross sectional study using a structured questionnaire survey was conducted during 2015–2016. A total of 210 serum samples were collected randomly from camels from 8 localities of Kassala State. The serum samples were screened for the presence of BTV specific immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Results Seropositivity to BTV IgG was detected in 165 of 210 camels’ sera accounting for a prevalence of 78.6%. Potential risk factors to BTV infection were associated with sex (OR = 0.061, p-value = 0.001) and seasonal river as water source for drinking (OR = 32.257, p-value = 0.0108). Conclusions Sex and seasonal river as water source for drinking were considered as potential risk factors for seropositivity to BTV in camels. The high prevalence of BTV in camels in Kassala State, Eastern Sudan, necessitates further epidemiological studies of BTV infection in camels and other ruminant species to better be able to control BT disease in this region.

scholarly journals WEST NILE VIRUS SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM IN SERBIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-45
Author(s):  
Tamaš Petrović ◽  
Šekler Milenko ◽  
Dušan Petrić ◽  
Sava Lazić ◽  
Diana Lupulović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Veterinary Service ◽  
The Republic

Serological and virological examination of the presence of human and animal infection caused by West Nile Virus (WNV) as well as the presence of the virus in vectors, which has been conducted during the past few years, confi rmed an active virus circulation in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Based on the obtained results and anticipated intense circulation of WNV, which poses substantial risks for both public and animal health in Serbia, and having in mind its crucial role in the protection of public health, Veterinary Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection infront the Veterinary Service launched and funded the national WNV monitoring program starting from April 2014. The Program encompassed the entire territory of the Republic of Serbia and was conducted by scientific and specialized veterinary institutes and fi eld veterinary service in close collaboration with qualifi ed entomologists and ornithologists. The principal objective of the monitoring – surveillance program is early detection of WNV in monitored regions, timely reporting of the virus presence and activation of human health service institutions and local authorities aimed at establishing the control measures - eradication of mosquitoes, informing the local community and taking all relevant preventive measures for human health protection. Th e surveillance program of the WNV occurrence and spread is based on direct and indirect surveillance of WNV in natural environment. Indirect surveillance encompasses serological testing of seronegative sentinel horses and poultry for the presence of WNV infection, and it is performing continuously and periodically during the most intensive mosquito activity (May – September). The number of sentinel animals that should be tested was defi ned at the district level, according to the rate of anticipated risk of WNV infection. Direct surveillance was performed through periodical and continuous testing of pooled mosquitoes samples collected at two-week intervals during peak mosquito season (May – September) and samples of wild birds (tissues of dead birds and throat swabs of captured live susceptible bird species). The number of samples was stipulated according to the anticipated risk rate in particular regions.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Aflatoxins Detection Based on Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1626
Author(s):  
Chunlei Yan ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Qingli Yang ◽  
Wei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Process Complexity

Aflatoxins are the secondary metabolites of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus and are highly toxic and carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic. Ingestion of crops and food contaminated by aflatoxins causes extremely serious harm to human and animal health. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a selective, sensitive and simple method for the determination of aflatoxins. Due to their high performance and multipurpose characteristics, nanomaterials have been developed and applied to the monitoring of various targets, overcoming the limitations of traditional methods, which include process complexity, time-consuming and laborious methodologies and the need for expensive instruments. At the same time, nanomaterials provide general promise for the detection of aflatoxins with high sensitivity, selectivity and simplicity. This review provides an overview of recent developments in nanomaterials employed for the detection of aflatoxins. The basic aspects of aflatoxin toxicity and the significance of aflatoxin detection are also reviewed. In addition, the development of different biosensors and nanomaterials for aflatoxin detection is introduced. The current capabilities and limitations and future challenges in aflatoxin detection and analysis are also addressed.

scholarly journals Human, Animal and Planet Health for Complete Sustainability

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1301
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Bertoni
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Land Occupation ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Negative Role

In order to discuss the concepts of animal health and sustainability, we must remind ourselves that ASF (animal source foods) can play a large role in human health, but that animals are assumed to have a negative role in the environment. Indeed, ASF can compromise human health, both in excess and in deficiency, so a proper amount of them is important. In addition, the environmental impact of farmed animals: land occupation, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy use and water utilization, acidification and eutrophication, must be minimized by reducing ASF consumption, as well as by increasing productivity. To achieve this, besides genetics, feeding and good management, the hygienic-sanitary and comfort conditions that ensure good health and welfare are essential. Impaired animal health can cause zoonosis and food-borne diseases and be responsible for economic and socio-economic losses (lower production-productivity and profitability) with consequential effects on the planet’s health too, and there are big differences between developing and developed countries. In the former, a prevalence of endemic infectious diseases and parasites is observed, and there is a lack of tools to restrain them; in the latter there is a decline of the above diseases, but an increase of stress-related diseases. Their reduction is equally important but requires a different strategy. In developing countries, the strategy should be to facilitate the availability of prevention and treatment means, while in developed countries it is necessary to use drugs correctly (to reduce residues, especially antimicrobials which are associated with important resistance risks to antibiotics) and improve the living conditions of animals (welfare).

scholarly journals Fungal Contamination and Aflatoxin B1 Detected in Hay for Dairy Cows in South Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta Ceniti ◽  
Nicola Costanzo ◽  
Anna Antonella Spina ◽  
Marinella Rodolfi ◽  
Bruno Tilocca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Mycotoxin Contamination ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Fungal Deterioration

The growth of filamentous fungi on fodder is recognized as responsible for fungal deterioration and mycotoxin contamination of the plant mass leads to economic losses in the dairy cow production system. Mycotoxin contamination has significant implications for human and animal health and is one of the major concerns in the food and feed chain. This research provides an insight into the variety of viable molds (i.e., filamentous microfungi) that can be isolated from hay produced in South Italy and destined to dairy cows. On different lots of hay (n = 55) collected from 20 dairy farms, a total of 33 different fungal species were identified. The most representative was Cladosporium cladosporioides (n = 46, 84%) followed by Alternaria alternata (n = 25, 45%), and Rhizopus stolonifer (n = 24, 44%). The species most closely related to aflatoxin (AF) contamination, Aspergillus flavus, was often isolated (n = 11, 20%). Regarding AF detection, all the hay samples were found to be scarcely contaminated by AFB1 and showed values from 0.0020 to 0.0077 mg/kg, below the limits established by European Union (EU legislation) (0.02 mg/kg). None of the samples were positive for Aspergillia and tested for AFB1 showed results exceeding established limits. Additionally, hay with moisture between 15.0 and 19.2% or crude ash on dry matter content ranging from 14.0 to 15.5% reported an increased presence of AFB1 (p < 0.05) compared to the other samples. All the analyzed hay samples, besides the presence of molds, can be considered safe for the presence of AFB1. Prevention of mold spoilage is mandatory to reduce the exposure of humans and animals to mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Screening of aflatoxin B1 and mycobiota related to raw materials and finished feed destined for fish

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-600
Author(s):  
Etelvina María Carvalho Gonçalves-Nunes ◽  
Maria M. Gomes-Pereira ◽  
Amilton P. Raposo-Costa ◽  
Carlos A. Da Rocha-Rosa ◽  
Carina M. Pereyra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Good Manufacture Practice ◽  
High Relative Density ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Periodic Monitoring

The aim of the present study was to determine fungal genera, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium species and aflatoxin B1 contamination from raw materials and finished feed intended for fish farm localized in Piaui, Brazil. Aspergillus flavus and P. citrinum were isolated with a high relative density from all samples. In general, a high percent of samples exceeded the levels proposed as feed hygienic quality limits (CFU g-1) according to Good Manufacture Practice. Aflatoxin B1 was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All raw materials and finished feed showed aflatoxin B1 levels. Although in this study AFB1 levels below recommended limits (20 µg kg-1) were found, it is important to emphasize the feed intake with toxin in low concentrations along time, since it produce chronic deleterious effects in animal production. This fact requires periodic monitoring to prevent the occurrence of chronic aflatoxicosis in aquaculture, to reduce the economic losses and to minimize hazards to animal health.

scholarly journals The Case for Grazing Dairy Cows

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2466
Author(s):  
J. Michael Wilkinson ◽  
A. Thomas Chamberlain ◽  
M. Jordana Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Soil Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows

The case for grazing dairy cows at pasture is reviewed in six categories: (i) optimal land use for food production; (ii) soil carbon sequestration; (iii) carbon footprint; (iv) animal health and welfare; (v) effects on human health of milk produced from grazed pasture; and (vi) consumer demand for milk from grazed cows. Land best-suited to grazing is uncultivatable peaty soil receiving relatively low levels of fertilisation. With soil carbon sequestration, carbon footprint is lower for grazing than for other systems of milk production. Some indices of animal health and welfare (e.g., lameness, status of hock integument) are influenced positively by extent of grazing. Benefits to human health may accrue from higher levels of essential amino acids, carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in milk from cows given pasture compared to diets based on silage and concentrates. Milk producers, processors and supermarkets are responding to consumer demand for milk and milk products from cows given access to pasture during the grazing season. The major constraint to milk production from grazing is energy intake. Research opportunities to address this constraint include application of remote sensing and artificial intelligence to grazing management.

scholarly journals Distribution, Genetic Diversity and Biocontrol of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in Serbian Maize Fields

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 687
Author(s):  
Vanja Vlajkov ◽  
Mila Grahovac ◽  
Dragana Budakov ◽  
Marta Loc ◽  
Ivana Pajčin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
The Republic

Maize is one of the leading export products in the Republic of Serbia. As a country where economic development depends on agriculture, maize production plays a critical role as a crop of strategic importance. Potential aflatoxin contamination of maize poses a risk to food and feed safety and tremendous economic losses. No aflatoxin contamination of maize samples harvested in 2019 and 2020 in different localities in the Republic of Serbia was detected by the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. On the other hand, the Cluster Amplification Patterns (CAP) analyses of the isolated Aspergillus flavus strains from 2019 maize samples confirmed the presence of key biosynthesis genes responsible for aflatoxin production. Artificial inoculation and subsequent HPLC analysis of the inoculated maize samples confirmed the high capacity of the A. flavus strains for aflatoxin production, pointing to a high risk of contamination under favorable conditions. Prevention of aflatoxin contamination is primarily based on A. flavus control, where biocontrol agents play a significant role as sustainable disease management tools. In this study, antagonistic activity screening of the novel strains belonging to the Bacillus genus indicated superior suppression of A. flavus strains by two Bacillus strains isolated from the rhizosphere of Phaseolus vulgaris.

scholarly journals In vitro screening of 65 mycotoxins for insecticidal potential

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248772
Author(s):  
Mieczysława Irena Boguś ◽  
Anna Katarzyna Wrońska ◽  
Agata Kaczmarek ◽  
Martyna Boguś-Sobocińska
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
In Vitro Screening ◽  
Cytochalasin E ◽  
Hc Toxin

The economic losses and threats to human and animal health caused by insects and the pathogens transmitted by them require effective and environmentally-friendly methods of controlling them. One such group of natural biocontrol agents which may be used as biopesticides is that of the entomopathogenic fungi and their toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins). The present in vitro work examined the insecticidal potential of 65 commercially-available mycotoxins against the insect Sf-9 cell line. Mammalian Caco-2 and THP-1 cell lines served as reference controls to select insecticidal mycotoxins harmless to mammalian cells. All tested mycotoxins significantly reduced the in vitro proliferation of the Sf-9 cells and evoked morphological changes. Ten of the mycotoxins found to strongly inhibit Sf-9 proliferation also had moderate or no effect on Caco-2 cells. The THP-1 cells were highly resistant to the tested mycotoxins: doses 103 times higher were needed to affect viability and morphology (1 μg/ml for THP-1 versus 1 ng/ml for Sf-9 and Caco-2). Nine mycotoxins significantly decreased Sf-9 cell proliferation with minor effects on mammalian cells: cyclosporins B and D, cytochalasin E, gliotoxin, HC toxin, paxilline, penitrem A, stachybotrylactam and verruculogen. These may be good candidates for future biopesticide formulations.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Khartoum State, Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Wisal A. Elmagzoub ◽  
Nabawia M. Adam ◽  
Sanaa M. Idris ◽  
Mohamed E. Mukhtar ◽  
Sanaa A. Abdelaziz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Apparent Prevalence ◽  
World Organization

Paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic wasting disease mainly of domestic and wild ruminants. It occurs worldwide, causing significant economic losses through decreased productivity, low fertility, increased cull rates and mortality. It is listed by the OIE (World Organization for Animal Health) as a disease of concern to trade in animals. Prevalence of this disease can be studied by detecting anti-MAP antibodies by Enzyme linked immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The aim of this study was to investigate the current prevalence of MAP infection in cattle in Khartoum State. The overall apparent prevalence of MAP infection was found to be 6.3% and 18.9% at animal and herd levels, respectively. All seropositive animals were cross-bred females of good body condition; most of them (>90%) were >3 years old and >50% were from medium-sized herds in Omdurman. No significant association (p > 0.05) was found between seropositivity and animal herd size. The prevalence of MAP infection in Khartoum State is still low to medium compared to other parts of the world, but it is comparable to those reported from other African countries. Further studies with the view of designing nationwide surveys in domestic ruminants and camels in other states of the country are needed for establishing control programmes.

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