scholarly journals Glyphosate on shikimic acid on Urochloa plantaginea

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydnei Dionisio Batista de Almeida ◽  
Daniel Andrade de Siqueira Franco ◽  
Antonio Luiz Cerdeira ◽  
Sonia Claudia do Nascimento de Queiroz ◽  
Marcus Barifouse Matallo
Keyword(s):  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Limited Availability ◽  
Cosmetic Industry ◽  
Viral Inhibitor ◽  
Illicium Verum ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Oseltamivir Phosphate

ABSTRACT: Shikimic acid (SA) has witnessed a strong increase in recent years due to the increasing demand of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The SA is used as a precursor for the synthesis of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu®), a potent viral inhibitor and is extracted from the plant Illicium verum Hook which has a limited availability. This article proposed the use of Urochloa plantaginea (Link.) webster and glyphosate, as an alternative source of SA. U. plantaginea plants with 3 - 4 tillers and 4 - 6 leaves were harvest at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after application (DAT) of low rates of glyphosate. Samples were dried, extracted, analyzed by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. The maximum SA concentrations were observed at 6 days after glyphosate at 36 g.a.e.ha-1 was applied in plants of U. plantaginea with 4 to 6 leaves. The capability of this annual gramineae to produce elevated SA levels throughout the entire biomass affords its potential for a greater yield on a per hectare basis.

Phytochemistry and Ethanopharmacology of Illicium verum (Staranise)

2020 ◽  
pp. 93-105
Author(s):  
Priyanka Singh ◽  
Neha Mishra ◽  
Ena Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Illicium Verum

Illicium verum, as a spice and pharmaceutical treatment of many harmful diseases, has been widely used in most Asian countries. The Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China considered it as both food and medicine due to its non-toxicity towards human health. In the present study, the review focuses mainly on food and medical applications of I. verum. The fruits are commonly used as an ingredient of the traditional “five-spice” powder of Chinese cooking, and the essential oil of I. verum can be used as flavoring. The extraction from I. verum has carminative, stomachic, stimulant, and diuretic properties, and is used as a pharmaceutical supplement. Shikimic acid extracted from I. verum is one of the main ingredients in the antiviral drug Tamiflu, which is used to fight avian influenza. It has also been reported to possess antimicrobial and antioxidative properties as well as significant anticancer potential. This review presents a detailed compilation of the literature on phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of Illicium verum.

Continuous-Flow Synthesis of (–)-Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu)

Synlett ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (19) ◽  
pp. 1925-1929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Watts ◽  
Cloudius R. Sagandira
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Flow Process ◽  
Flow Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Flow Process ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Total Residence Time ◽  
Oseltamivir Phosphate

Herein the anti-influenza drug (–)-oseltamivir phosphate is prepared in continuous flow from ethyl shikimate with 54% overall yield over nine steps and total residence time of 3.5 min from the individual steps. Although the procedure involved intermediate isolation, the dangerous azide chemistry and intermediates involved were elegantly handled in situ. It is the first continuous-flow process for (–)-oseltamivir phosphate involving azide chemistry and (–)-shikimic acid as precursor.

scholarly journals Recent Changes of Some Observed Climate Extreme Events in Kano

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imole Ezekiel Gbode ◽  
Akintomide Afolayan Akinsanola ◽  
Vincent Olanrewaju Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Warming Trend ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Climate Indices ◽  
Climate Extreme ◽  
Total Rainfall ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Expert Team ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Climate Events

Observed rainfall and temperature data for the period 1960–2007 were used to examine recent changes of extreme climate over Kano, located in the Sahelian region of Nigeria. The RClimDex software package was employed to generate nine important climate indices as defined by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection, Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI). For the entire period, the results show a warming trend, an increased number of cool nights, more warm days, and a strong increase in the number of warm spells. The rainfall indices show a slight increase in annual total rainfall, a decrease in the maximum number of consecutive wet days, and a significant increase in the number of extremely wet days. Such changes in climate may result in an increasing demand for domestic energy for cooling and a higher evaporation rate from water bodies and irrigated crop. These findings may give some guidance to politicians and planners in how to best cope with these extreme weather and climate events.

scholarly journals Nepheline Syenite as an Alternative Source for Aluminum Production

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Maria Bagani ◽  
Efthymios Balomenos ◽  
Dimitrios Panias
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Nepheline Syenite ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Alumina Production ◽  
Leaching Experiments ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Hcl Solution

The increasing demand for aluminum in conjunction with the limited available bauxite deposits in Europe results in the dire need for the evaluation of alternative raw materials for the whole value chain of alumina production. The present paper focuses on the possible use of nepheline syenite, originated as a mine byproduct, in alumina production through leaching with an azeotropic HCl solution. Previous work on nepheline syenite dissolution focused more on the extraction of potassium and sodium values. In this work, emphasis is given at the characteristics and leachability of aluminum content phases by applying a high temperature HCl leaching in untreated material. From this point of view, leaching experiments were conducted on nepheline syenite, at a temperature range of 90 °C to 150 °C and with aqueous azeotropic HCl solution. Leaching, in the aforementioned conditions, is a process, characterized by medium aluminum dissolution. The results show that the aluminum-bearing phases that withstand the dissolution process are mainly the ones of sodium and potassium feldspars.

scholarly journals Trial Examination of Synthetic Polymer as Shear Reinforcement

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-489
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Synthetic Polymer ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Steel Material ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Of Construction

Steel Plays major role in the field of construction industry. Due to Rapid industrialization and urbanization has increased to twofolds the demand and usage of materials. Increasing demand creates depletion of material. Excessive waste plastic creates Environmental pollution, in order to reduce the waste it can be converted into polymers and can be used in the field of construction industry. Waste material can be used to replace the steel material in concrete as an alternative source. Usage of synthetic material increases day by day due to its advantages. A study was carried out to understand the behavior of synthetic polymers to be used in different fields. The research work is carried out for different polymers. It is found from the results that Strength of synthetic polymers is more when compared with other polymers and can be used as reinforcement in concrete there by reducing the weight of concrete member. The application of using synthetic polymer in concrete is not only limited to the weight reduction but also it reduces the cost of construction. Cost of construction can be reduced in the following ways, First it does not need skilled labors, second reduces the corrosion risks. Synthetic polymer has higher tensile strength compared to conventional steel polymer, hence more investigation to be carried out to expose the potentiality of the material

scholarly journals Ophiorrhiza, a promising herbaceous source of the anticancer compound camptothecin

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
G Krishnakumar ◽  
K P Dintu ◽  
Sibi C Varghese ◽  
Deepthi S Nair ◽  
Geethu Gopinath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Taxonomical Status ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Anticancer Compound

Camptothecin is an important source for the synthesis of some of the major anti-cancer agents such as irinotecan and topotecan. Traditional source of camptothecin are prominently woody plants such as Camptotheca acuminata Decne. and Nothopodytes nimmoniana (Graham) Mabb., and the increasing demand for camptothecin leads to the level of threatening their existence. Ophiorrhiza species composed of herbaceous plants with quick growth characteristics which are reported as alternative source of camptothecin. The present review focus on taxonomical status, traditional uses, biological activities and phytochemical constituents with a special attention in bioproduction of camptothecin from Ophiorrhiza species and its future prospects.

scholarly journals Cryptomeria japonica (L. F.) D. Don as source of shikimic acid

Revista Fitos ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-468
Author(s):  
Antonio Luiz Cerdeira ◽  
Sonia Claudia Nascimento Queiroz ◽  
Marcus Barifouse Matallo
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Potent Inhibitor ◽  
Shikimic Acid ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Virus H1n1 ◽  
Brand Name ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Oseltamivir Phosphate

Oseltamivir phosphate (OSP), marketed under the brand name of Tamiflu®, is a potent inhibitor of viral neuraminidase, a glycoside hydrolase enzyme essential for viral replication. OSP is also important to control influenza virus (H1N1) and is produced mainly from shikimic acid (SA) extracted from plants. The main source of SA is from seeds of I. verum. Alternatives to meet the worldwide demand are necessary. One of this is Cryptomeria japonica. In this study, we found a content of 56.36 mg.kg-1 of SA in dried biomass for C. japonica, while for I.verum, the traditional source, was 96.57 mg.kg-1. Due to the fact of C. japonica is a tree, exploited for commercial production, it can be a renewable and reliable source SA for OSP production.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Activity of Illicium verum Extracts against Avian Viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Alhajj ◽  
Mahmood A. Qasem ◽  
Saud I. Al-Mufarrej
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Absolute Methanol ◽  
Avian Reovirus ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Illicium Verum

This study aimed at screening the inhibitory activity of Illicium verum extracts against avian reovirus, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The cytotoxic and antiviral actions of 3 extracts, absolute methanol (100MOH), 50% methanol (50MOH), and aqueous extracts (WA.), were evaluated by MTT assay. The Illicium verum extracts were added to the cultured chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) with tested viruses in three attacks, preinoculation, postinoculation, and simultaneous inoculation. The three extracts showed antiviral inhibitory activity against all tested viruses during simultaneous inoculation and preinoculation except 100MOH and 50MOH that showed no effect against IBDV, thereby suggesting that the extracts have a preventive effect on CEF against viruses. During postinoculation, the extracts exhibited inhibitory effects against NDV and avian reovirus, while no effect against IBDV recorded and only the 100MOH showed an inhibitory effect against ILTV. The initial results of this study suggest that Illicium verum may be a candidate for a natural alternative source for antiviral agents.

scholarly journals Green Face of Packaging – Sustainability Issues of the Cosmetic Industry Packaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 ◽  
pp. 01022
Author(s):  
Jelena Drobac ◽  
Vesna Alivojvodic ◽  
Predrag Maksic ◽  
Marina Stamenovic
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Stepping Stone ◽  
Consumer Expectations ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Cosmetic Industry ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
To Come ◽  
Materials Used

Packaging is a steadily growing industry that faces many challenges as well. Ever growing consumer expectations, though competition, technological advances don’t come even close to the huge issue of sustainability within the industry. Packaging for the beauty industry is dependable on the looks more than any other with massive changes in the recent years since extensive grooming became a part both genders lifestyle today and spreading those standards across the globe. The global cosmetic packaging market was valued at USD 25.9 billion in 2018 and is expected grow 4.8% in the next 5 years flying high on the innovative package designs, increasing demand for cosmetics focused on the middle class and youth as well as e-commerce. The first stepping stone is that more than half of the materials used for the massive cosmetic industry packaging are plastics. Finding alternatives and making a shift to a greener and circular way will be a challenge in the years to come.

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