scholarly journals An Ethnobotanical Comparison of Four Tribes of Amazonian Indians

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghillean T. Prance
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Ethnobotanical Study ◽  
Edible Fungi ◽  
Edible Fruit ◽  
Plant Uses ◽  
Amazonian Indians ◽  
Indian Tribes ◽  
Tribal Areas ◽  
First Time

Abstract An ethnobotanical comparison is made between the four Indian tribes the Denís, the Jamamadis, the Makús, and the Waikás. The data was collected during general plant collecting expeditions in the tribal areas, and is not presented as a complete ethnobotanical study of each tribe. It is a comparison of the botanical data which we were able to gather during short visits to each tribe. A table is given comparing the cultivated crops of each tribe. The following types of plant uses are discussed and compared: fish poisons, arrow poisons, other poisons, narcotic and hallucinogenic snuffs, coca, medicines, contraceptives, edible fruit and fungi and a few other miscellaneous plant uses. Information on the edible fungi eaten by the Waikás is presented for the first time. Various tables are given comparing the different plant uses by the four tribes. Reference is made to past observations and studies of the plants mentioned. Common to all four tribes are several of the most important food crops, fish poisons, some form of narcotic, arrow poisons, and various general uses of plants such as for building materials and body paints. Each tribe has a slightly different narcotic, the Jamamadís and Denís are most similar in this respect having a tobacco based snuff, the Waikás have several hallucinogenic snuffs and the Makú narcotic is coca which is eaten to remove hunger pains. The arrow poisons are also different from tribe to tribe. The Jamamadis and Denís have a Strychnos based curare, the Waikás a Virola, based poison, and the Makús a Moraceae based poison in which cardiac glycosides are present. The Jamamadís and Denís are ethnobotanically the most similar of the tribes compared and they are very different from both the Waikás and the Makús.

Recycling and Reuse in the Roman Economy

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Roman Economy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
First Time ◽  
Site Types

The recycling and reuse of materials and objects were extensive in the past, but have rarely been embedded into models of the economy; even more rarely has any attempt been made to assess the scale of these practices. Recent developments, including the use of large datasets, computational modelling, and high-resolution analytical chemistry, are increasingly offering the means to reconstruct recycling and reuse, and even to approach the thorny matter of quantification. Growing scholarly interest in the topic has also led to an increasing recognition of these practices from those employing more traditional methodological approaches, which are sometimes coupled with innovative archaeological theory. Thanks to these efforts, it has been possible for the first time in this volume to draw together archaeological case studies on the recycling and reuse of a wide range of materials, from papyri and textiles, to amphorae, metals and glass, building materials and statuary. Recycling and reuse occur at a range of site types, and often in contexts which cross-cut material categories, or move from one object category to another. The volume focuses principally on the Roman Imperial and late antique world, over a broad geographical span ranging from Britain to North Africa and the East Mediterranean. Last, but not least, the volume is unique in focusing upon these activities as a part of the status quo, and not just as a response to crisis.

A Thirteenth-Century Ismā ‘īlī Ḥammām at Qal‘at al-Kahf

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Public Baths ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Public Bath ◽  
First Time

SummaryThe aim of this paper is to record for the first time the architectural remains of a thirteenth-century public bath (ḥammām) located at the Assassin castle of al-Kahf in the Syrian Jabal Anṣariya. After describing the site, the paper examines the design and layout of the ḥammām and attempts to reconstruct those parts of it which have disappeared either because of structural decay or because of subsequent modifications to the plan. Building materials and decorative techniques are among the topics discussed, and there is an account of the ḥammām's heating apparatus and of the arrangements made to store and articulate its water supply. Two phases of construction are identified in the ḥammām, the second being necessitated, apparently, by a need to restore the building after it had fallen into disrepair at some later stage in its history. Finally, the ḥammām is compared and contrasted with a number of other Islamic public baths in order to establish the extent to which it followed earlier traditions of planning and design.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF THE ROOT OF BERBERIS MICROPHYLLA

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Cristina Furrianca ◽  
Marysol Alvear ◽  
Tomás Zambrano ◽  
Víctor Fajardo ◽  
Luis Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
First Time

Objective: To objective of this work was to perform phytochemical qualitative and quantitative analyzes of the main secondary metabolites in the root of Berberis microphylla.Methods: The extracts of B. microphylla root were tested through phytochemical screening and the quantification of the most important constituents was carried out using spectrophotometric and gravimetric techniques.Results: Phytochemical screening of both extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, saponins, terpenes,and tannins, which are pharmacologically important. Quantification of the major phytochemicals groups showed that the ethanolic extract contains 3.9% alkaloids, 0.46% flavonoids, 9.53% tannins, and 3.60% saponins. Similarly, the methanolic extract contains 6.61% alkaloids, 0.41% flavonoids, 7.40% tannins, and 1.43% saponins.Conclusion: This is the first time that the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and saponins in this plant has been reported. The medicinal properties of the root of B. microphylla may exist due to the presence secondary metabolites.

scholarly journals Методы определения характеристик звукопоглощения строительных материалов и звукоизоляции конструкций (обзор)

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Noise Reduction ◽  
Sound Absorption ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Sound Insulation ◽  
Reverberation Chamber ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Urban Conditions ◽  
First Time

Исследование акустических характеристик строительных материалов и конструкций необходимо для комфортной жизни людей в городских условиях. Несмотря на то что в нормативных документах развитых государств есть ряд методов их определения, единого понимания самих характеристик и путей их адекватного определения до сих пор нет. В настоящей работе мы попытались систематизировать и дать критический обзор нормативных документов, содержащих методы определения звукопоглощающих свойств материалов и звукоизоляционных характеристик конструкций. Впервые выявлены присущие разным методам закономерности определения характеристик звукопоглощения и звукоизоляции. Определены наиболее характерные показатели звукопоглощения. Произведено ранжирование по коэффициенту уменьшения шума NRC наиболее часто применяемых строительных материалов. Названы области применения рассматриваемых методик, проанализированы их преимущества и ограничения. Ключевые слова: коэффициент уменьшения шума, звукопоглотитель, импедансная труба, реверберационная камера The study of the acoustic characteristics of building materials and structures is necessary for provision of comfortable life of people in urban conditions. Despite the fact that in the normative documents of developed countries there are a number of methods for their determination, there is still no common understanding of the characteristics themselves and the ways of their adequate determination. In this work we tried to systematize and give a critical review of regulatory documents containing the methods for determining the sound-absorbing properties of materials and the sound-insulating characteristics of structures. For the first time the regularities in determination the characteristics of sound absorption and sound insulation inherent in different methods have been revealed. The most characteristic indicators of sound absorption have been determined. The ranking of the most commonly used building materials was made according to the noise reduction factor (NRC). The areas of application of the considered methods are presented, their advantages and limitations are analyzed. Keywords: noise reduction factor, sound absorber, impedance tube, reverberation chamber

scholarly journals AN ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY MIGRATORY SHEPHERDS – A TRIBAL COMMUNITY OF WESTERN HIMALAYAS

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-144
Author(s):  
RADHA ◽  
PURI S ◽  
KUMAR S
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Skin Infection ◽  
Ethnobotanical Study ◽  
Western Himalayas ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
Ethnobotanical Survey ◽  
Respiratory Problems ◽  
Interview Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tribal Areas

Objectives: Migratory shepherds of Kinnaur, Shimla, and Sirmaur districts in Himachal Pradesh of the western Himalayas have rich traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and its uses, in this respect; an ethnobotanical survey was carried out from 2017 to 2018. Methods: The required information on ethnomedicines used by tribal migratory shepherds was collected through personal field visits, interview method and using a pretested questionnaire. Results: It was observed that in all 78 species were used by shepherds en route from high hills to low hills. In high hills 35 species, in mid hills 20 species, and low hills 23 species were found to be used as ethnomedicine source. Conclusion: This study shows that shepherds in tribal areas are highly dependent on ethnobotanical remedies, which evolved over generations of experience and practices, for health care. The common diseases were treated by ethnomedicinal plants such as cough, cold, body pain, Skin infection, wounds, diarrhea, respiratory problems, and sunburn. The collected detailed information on the list of plants and their therapeutic practices among tribal migratory shepherds may be helpful to improve the future pharmaceutical applications.

Dry Mixes for Self-Leveling Floors Based on Composite Binder

2019 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
Ruslan Aharonovich Abramov ◽  
Maksim Sergeevich Sokolov ◽  
Meir Nisonovich Surilov ◽  
Svetlana Vyacheslavovna Derevianko
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
World Market ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Composite Binder ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Consumption Structure ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time ◽  
Different Levels

Currently, dry mixes (CDM) play an important role in the development of the world market of building materials. The industry of construction and finishing materials in Russia is quite young: the first time the dry building mixes appeared on the Russian market in the late 1980s, the consumption structure of CDM in the domestic market the main share (70%) are in the adhesive and plasters. The use of other compositions, in particular mixtures for self – leveling floors, does not have significant volumes and often the reason for this is the lack of design solutions and the low level of qualification of specialists at different levels from workers to designers who do not own CDM technologies.

Development of a Method in Evaluation and Adjustment for Consistency of Group Decision-Making Based on Grey Relational Analysis and its Application in Evaluation of New Rural Economic Building Materials

2010 ◽  
Vol 168-170 ◽  
pp. 1163-1168
Author(s):  
Li Jiu Wang ◽  
Li Li
Keyword(s):  
Grey Relational Analysis ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Consistency Test ◽  
Evaluation Indicator ◽  
Relational Analysis ◽  
Group Judgment ◽  
Grey Relational ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hierarchy Process

In this paper, grey relational analysis (GRA) was used in consistency test of group judgment matrixes. The evaluation indicator weight was obtained through the judgment matrix calculated with expert evaluating method in analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The judgment method and the adjustment process for consistency of group judgment matrixes were studied. First, the consistency indicators were put forward, and then the definitions and the theorems of consistency indicators in the judgment method were defined based on GRA. Then the theorems were given proof. A method using GRA to judge the consistency of group judgment matrixes was proposed for the first time. Second, adjustment modeling was developed to solve the consistency of group judgment matrixes. Finally, the applications of the judgment method and the adjustment process have been illustrated by given example. It is believed that the proposed methods are applicable to test consistency of evaluation indicators of new rural economic building materials.

scholarly journals Identification of a Proanthocyanidin from Litchi Chinensis Sonn. Root with Anti-Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activity

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Matthew Saive ◽  
Manon Genva ◽  
Thibaut Istasse ◽  
Michel Frederich ◽  
Chloé Maes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Ethnobotanical Study ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Litchi Chinensis ◽  
Isolated Compound ◽  
First Time

This work follows an ethnobotanical study that took place in the island of Mayotte (France), which pointed out the potential properties of Litchi chinensis Sonn. roots when used to enhance skin health and appearance. Through in vitro testing of a crude methanolic extract, high anti-tyrosinase (skin whitening effect) and antioxidant activities (skin soothing effect) could be measured. HPLC successive bio-guided fractionation steps allowed the purification of one of the compounds responsible for the biological activities. The isolated compound was characterized by UV, IR, MS and 2D-NMR, revealing, for the first time in Litchi chinensis Sonn. roots, an A-type proanthocyanidin and thus revealing a consensus among the traditional use shown by the ethnobotanical study, in vitro biological activities and chemical characterization.

scholarly journals Fuzzy batch controller for granular materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Nikolaj Zamyatin ◽  
Gennadij Smirnov ◽  
Yuri Fedorchuk ◽  
Olga Rusina
Keyword(s):  
Granular Materials ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Fuzzy Controller ◽  
Optimal Parameters ◽  
Screw Drive ◽  
Drive Motor ◽  
First Time ◽  
Batch Control ◽  
Level Sensors

The paper focuses on batch control of granular materials in production of building materials from fluorine anhydrite. Batching equipment is intended for smooth operation and timely feeding of supply hoppers at a required level. Level sensors and a controller of an asynchronous screw drive motor are used to control filling of the hopper with industrial anhydrite binders. The controller generates a required frequency and ensures required productivity of a feed conveyor. Mamdani-type fuzzy inference is proposed for controlling the speed of the screw that feeds mixture components. As related to production of building materials based on fluoride anhydrite, this method is used for the first time. A fuzzy controller is proven to be effective in controlling the filling level of the supply hopper. In addition, the authors determined optimal parameters of the batching process to ensure smooth operation and production of fluorine anhydrite materials of specified properties that can compete with gypsum-based products.

scholarly journals Analysis Of Constructions And Building Materials Of Architectural Monuments Of Khiva

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (12) ◽  
pp. 160-169
Author(s):  
Durdieva G. ◽  
◽  
Zargarov A. ◽  
Salaev E. ◽  
Saburov K. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
History Of Construction ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

In this article, the methods of construction of minarets of Khiva, architectural composition, building materials, history of construction, devices of aboveground and underground parts, which are of special importance in the ancient Khorezm architecture, are described in scientific sequence and in-depth analysis for the first time. Much of this information is being inserted into scientific circulation for the first time.

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