Does hypersensitive teeth show pulp inflammation?

ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigated the presence of inflammatory response in the dental pulp of rats showing hypersensitive dentin, induced by erosive episodes. Methods: Sixteen Wistar rats were fed with commercial sucrose-free pellet diet for 12 hours; whereas the food was removed during the remainder of the day, and the animals received mineral water or a lemon-based sucrose-free soft drink, according to the group to which they belonged. Eight animals consumed the soft drink to induce hypersensitivity, while the other 8 animals received mineral water (control). After six weeks, the animals were euthanized, the mandible was removed and subjected to a median incision in the sagittal plane, to obtain right and left hemimandibles. The slides stained with hematoxylin-eosin were analyzed using light microscopy. Results: Histological evaluation of the control and experimental groups revealed no inflammatory process in the pulp tissue, and the presence of inflammatory cells, such as lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and macrophages, was not observed. In addition, there was no edema or dilated and congested blood vessels. The Mann-Whitney test showed no significant difference (p = 1.000) between the experimental and the control groups. Conclusion: In the animal model used, dentin hypersensitivity does not trigger dental pulp inflammatory response.

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The Role of microRNAs in Pulp Inflammation

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10082142 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 2142

Author(s):

José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo ◽

Silverio Jafet Vázquez-Alcaraz ◽

Jazmín Monserrat Vargas-Barbosa ◽

Luis Guillermo Ramos-Gracia ◽

Israel Alvarez-Barreto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Response ◽

Small Molecules ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Target Genes ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Pulp Inflammation ◽

Systematized Review ◽

Affected Tissue

The dental pulp can be affected by thermal, physical, chemical, and bacterial phenomena that stimulate the inflammatory response. The pulp tissue produces an immunological, cellular, and vascular reaction in an attempt to defend itself and resolve the affected tissue. The expression of different microRNAs during pulp inflammation has been previously documented. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small molecules involved in the transcription of genes that regulate the immune system and the inflammatory response. They are present in cellular and physiological functions, as well as in the pathogenesis of human diseases, becoming potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring, and safety. Previous studies have evidenced the different roles played by miRNAs in proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immunological phenomena in the dental pulp, highlighting specific key functions of pulp pathology. This systematized review aims to provide an understanding of the role of the different microRNAs detected in the pulp and their effects on the expression of the different target genes that are involved during pulp inflammation.

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Resolvin E1 accelerates pulp repair by regulating inflammation and stimulating dentin regeneration in dental pulp stem cells

Stem Cell Research & Therapy ◽

10.1186/s13287-021-02141-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jie Chen ◽

Huaxing Xu ◽

Kun Xia ◽

Shuhua Cheng ◽

Qi Zhang

Keyword(s):

Dental Pulp ◽

Tissue Repair ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽

Injury Model ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Pulp Inflammation ◽

Inflammation Resolution ◽

Pulp Repair ◽

Dentin Regeneration

Abstract Background Unresolved inflammation and tissue destruction are considered to underlie the failure of dental pulp repair. As key mediators of the injury response, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) play a critical role in pulp tissue repair and regeneration. Resolvin E1 (RvE1), a major dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty-acid metabolite, is effective in resolving inflammation and activating wound healing. However, whether RvE1 facilitates injured pulp-tissue repair and regeneration through timely resolution of inflammation and rapid mobilization of DPSCs is unknown. Therefore, we established a pulp injury model and investigated the effects of RvE1 on DPSC-mediated inflammation resolution and injured pulp repair. Methods A pulp injury model was established using 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were sacrificed on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after pulp capping with a collagen sponge immersed in PBS with RvE1 or PBS. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining, immunohistochemistry, and immunohistofluorescence were used to evaluate the prohealing properties of RvE1. hDPSCs were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce an inflammatory response, and the expression of inflammatory factors after RvE1 application was measured. Effects of RvE1 on hDPSC proliferation, chemotaxis, and odontogenic differentiation were evaluated by CCK-8 assay, transwell assay, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red staining, and quantitative PCR, and possible signaling pathways were explored using western blotting. Results In vivo, RvE1 reduced the necrosis rate of damaged pulp and preserved more vital pulps, and promoted injured pulp repair and reparative dentin formation. Further, it enhanced dentin matrix protein 1 and dentin sialoprotein expression and accelerated pulp inflammation resolution by suppressing TNF-α and IL-1β expression. RvE1 enhanced the recruitment of CD146+ and CD105+ DPSCs to the damaged molar pulp mesenchyme. Isolated primary cells exhibited the mesenchymal stem cell immunophenotype and differentiation. RvE1 promoted hDPSC proliferation and chemotaxis. RvE1 significantly attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) release and enhanced ALP activity, nodule mineralization, and especially, expression of the odontogenesis-related genes DMP1, DSPP, and BSP in LPS-stimulated DPSCs. RvE1 regulated AKT, ERK, and rS6 phosphorylation in LPS-stimulated DPSCs. Conclusions RvE1 promotes pulp inflammation resolution and dentin regeneration and positively influences the proliferation, chemotaxis, and differentiation of LPS-stimulated hDPSCs. This response is, at least partially, dependent on AKT, ERK, and rS6-associated signaling in the inflammatory microenvironment. RvE1 has promising application potential in regenerative endodontics.

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In Vivo Study of the Action of a Topical Anti-Inflammatory Drug In Rat Teeth Submitted To Dental Bleaching

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201802177 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 555-561 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Francine Benetti ◽

André Luiz Fraga Briso ◽

Luciana Louzada Ferreira ◽

Marina Carminatti ◽

Larissa Álamo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Tests ◽

Control Groups ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Dental Bleaching ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Pulp Inflammation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

And Control

Abstract Bleaching gel containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) cause damages in pulp tissue. This study investigated the action of a topical anti-inflammatory, the Otosporin®, in rats’ bleached teeth with the null hypothesis of which the Otosporin® is no able to minimize the pulp inflammation that bleaching gel generates. The rat’s molars were divided into groups: BLE: bleached (35% H2O2 concentration /single application of 30 min); BLE-O: bleached followed by Otosporin® (10 min); and control: placebo gel. In the second day after dental bleaching, the rats were killed, and the jaws were processed for hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry analysis for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17. The data collected were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests with at a 5% level of significance (p<0.05). The BLE group had moderate to strong inflammation in the occlusal third of the coronary pulp, with necrotic areas; and BLE-O, mild inflammation (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the occlusal and middle thirds of the coronary pulp between the BLE with BLE-O and control groups (p<0.05). There was no difference in the cervical third (p>0.05). The BLE group had a high immunoexpression of TNF-α than BLE-O and control groups (p<0.05), with moderate and mild immunoexpression, respectively. Regarding IL-6 and IL-17, the BLE group had higher immunoexpression than control (p<0.05); the BLE-O was similar to the control (p>0.05). The topical anti-inflammatory Otosporin® can reduce pulp inflammation after dental bleaching in the rat teeth.

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Melatonin as an Agent for Direct Pulp-Capping Treatment

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17031043 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (3) ◽

pp. 1043 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Julia Guerrero-Gironés ◽

Antonia Alcaina-Lorente ◽

Clara Ortiz-Ruiz ◽

Eduardo Ortiz-Ruiz ◽

María P. Pecci-Lloret ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Bone Growth ◽

Study Groups ◽

Histological Evaluation ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Direct Pulp Capping ◽

Pulp Capping ◽

Reparative Dentin ◽

Pulp Inflammation

Melatonin plays an essential role in the regulation of bone growth. The actions that melatonin exerts on odontoblasts may be similar to its action on osteoblasts. This research aimed to evaluate the pulp response to melatonin used for direct pulp capping to evaluate the antioxidant effect of melatonin administered orally and its influence on dental pulp. Direct pulp capping was performed on the upper molars of Sprague Dawley rats using melatonin or Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA). The study groups were: MTA; Melatonin; MTA + Melatonin administered orally; and Melatonin + Melatonin administered orally. In the latter two groups, the animals drank water dosed with melatonin ad libitum (10 mg/100 mL). After 30 days, the animals were sacrificed, and 5 ml of blood, the kidneys, and the liver were extracted in order to evaluate oxidative stress using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances testing (TBARS). Fragments of the maxilla containing the study molars were prepared for histological evaluation. The degree of pulp inflammation and pulp necrosis, the presence of reparative dentin and dentin bridging the pulp chamber, the presence and regularity of the odontoblastic layer, and the presence of pulp fibrosis were evaluated. No significant differences were found between the four study groups for any of the studied histological variables. The oral administration of melatonin did not modify the local effects of MTA or melatonin on dental pulp, or reduce basal-level oxidative stress. The effect of melatonin on pulp is similar to that of MTA and may be used as an agent for direct pulp capping.

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Interleukin 1-beta analysis in chronically inflamed and healthy human dental pulp

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp140303172s ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (3) ◽

pp. 256-260 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ljiljana Subaric ◽

Aleksandar Mitic ◽

Vladimir Matvijenko ◽

Radovan Jovanovic ◽

Dusan Zivkovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Acute Phase Proteins ◽

Interleukin 1 ◽

Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Healthy Human ◽

Pulp Inflammation ◽

Significant Difference

Background/Aim. Proinflammatory cytokines can act like endogenous pyrogen interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF ?) which regulate the synthesis of secondary mediators and other proinflammatory cytokines through macrophages and mesenchymal cells. They stimulate acute-phase proteins and attract inflammatory cells. The aim of this study was to determine interleukin 1-? (IL-1 ?) concentrations in chronically inflamed and healthy dental pulps. Methods. A total of 41 pulps (19 from patients with pulpitis chronic causa and 22 from patients with pulpatis chronic aperta), divided into two groups, were obtained from teeth with chronic pulp inflammation. The control group consisted of 12 teeth with healthy pulp. After extirpation, pulp samples were immediately placed in sterile Eppendorf tubes and frozen. After that, homogenisation was performed by a Teflon? pestle in ice-cold phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4 whose volume was adjusted according to the weight of tissue. The supernatant was then frozen at -70?C until the performance of appropriate biochemical analyses. Cytokine IL-1 ? value was determined by a commercial enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA test). We applied the high sensitivity system technique, which may register low levels of cytokines, ranging from 0.125 to 8.0 pg/mL for IL-1 ?. Results. By comparing the mean value of IL-1?, in the pulps we can see a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) among them. The highest value of IL-1 ? was in the subjects with pulpitis chronica clausa and it was 6.21 ? 2.70 pg/mL. Conclusion. Proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 ? is present in detectable quantities in the pulp tissue of all vital pulps. Its highest concentrations were found in the sample group with pulpitis chronica clausa.

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Enhanced Neurokinin-1 Receptor Expression Is Associated with Human Dental Pulp Inflammation and Pain Severity

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/5593520 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Riffat Mehboob ◽

Sana Hassan ◽

Syed Amir Gilani ◽

Amber Hassan ◽

Imrana Tanvir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pain Score ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Dental Pain ◽

Receptor Expression ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

Pulp Inflammation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Human Dental Pulp ◽

Neurokinin 1 ◽

Expression Score

Substance P (SP) is a peptide involved in many biological processes, including nociception and inflammation. SP has a high affinity for its receptor neurokinin-1 (NK-1R). SP/NK-1R complex plays a major role in the interactions going on during the onset of dental pain and inflammation. Objective. To identify the expression of NK-1R in healthy and inflamed human dental pulp, as well as to identify any association with severity of dental pain. Methods. This case-control study included ten irreversibly inflamed samples of dental pulp, which were extirpated from patients presenting with chief complaint of dental pain due to caries. Ten healthy pulps, extirpated from those teeth which were indicated for extraction due to orthodontic reasons, were used as the control group. Visual analog scale (VAS) and modified McGill Pain Questionnaire were used to assess the characteristic and severity of pain. Immunohistochemical study was performed using monoclonal antibodies against NK-1R. Results. The results showed that the NK-1R was expressed intensely in patients with higher pain score. The mean pain score in cases was 7.0 ± 2.0 . The healthy dental pulps had negative or mild NK-1R staining of +1 intensity. The NK-1R score in cases was 2.4 ± 0.516 and 0.2 ± 0.4216 in controls. There was significant difference in NK-1R score between both groups ( p value <0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between the pain score and NK-1R expression score. As the pain increased, the NK-1R expression score was also increased (0.95 ∗ ∗ , p value 0.000). Conclusions. NK-1R is overexpressed in inflamed dental pulp. SP/NK-1R modulation may provide a novel approach for the treatment of pulpal inflammation and pain.

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Immediate response of human dental pulp capped with mineral trioxide aggregate, Portland cement and biodentin

Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin ◽

10.3329/bmrcb.v45i2.42540 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 108-116

Author(s):

AKM Bashar ◽

A.K.M Nurul Kabir ◽

Rozina Akhter Rizdina ◽

Ranjit Ghosh ◽

Ashis Kumar Biswas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Inflammatory Reaction ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate ◽

Tissue Reaction ◽

Control Group ◽

Pulp Capping ◽

Pulp Inflammation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Human Dental Pulp

Background: The initial inflammatory reaction of pulp capping materials on the dental pulp has an intimate relation in promoting the future cellular differentiation and biomaterial mineralisation. So, analysis of immediate pulpal tissue reaction in vivo, is also important for evaluation of ultimate efficacy any pulp capping agent. To observe immediate inflammatory response of Human Dental Pulp capped with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Biodentin and Portland Cement (PC). Methods: A total of 70 permanent premolars teeth planned to be extracted for orthodontic alignment of occlusion were used as study sample. The teeth were divided into 3 experimental groups, MTA (n=20), Biodentin (n=20) Portland cement (n=20) and control group (n=10). After having an occlusal exposure of approximately 1.5 mm in diameter; in group A, pulp of teeth was capped with 2-mm-thick layer of ProRoot White MTA (Dentsply) and in group B, with sterile Biodentin (Septodont) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Whereas in group C, pulp of teeth was capped with sterile Portland Cement (PC). After placing the experimental material in each group, all teeth restored with glass i‹xiomer cement. After 24 hours the teeth were extracted, fixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, then decalcified by 10% nitric acid and embedded in paraffin. Finally, sectioned into 2 to 3-micron-thick serial sections in the linguo-buccal plane and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. After then the amount of pulp inflammation (type, intensity, and extension) were determined by using a predetermined evaluation criterion under an optical microscope at 40a magnification. Ten intact teeth, which received no exposure and pulp capping but extracted due to orthodontic purpose were also collected and treated as the control group (group D); undergone same histologic preparation and evaluation. Significantstatistical differences among the experimental groups were to be found (p<0.05). Results: Histologically, all the three tested materials produced immediate pulpal tissue reaction. ‘Biodentin’ found to be most immediate pulpal tissue reactive (reactive in 100% cases) and ‘Portland Cement’ showed least immediate tissue reaction (only in 30.0% cases). whereas, MTA produced immediate tissue reaction only in 50.0% cases. Immediate pulpal inflammatory reaction in response to tested material found to be statistically significant different between ‘Biodentin’ and ‘Portland cmient’ (p=0.01), also between ‘Biodentin’ and ‘MTA’ and (p=0.001); but there was no statistically significant difference between ‘MTA’ and ‘Portland cement’ (p =0.197). Conclusion: Considering the maximum immediate pulpal tissue reaction (Inflammation), Biodentin is expected to produce most favorable ultimate bioactivity (biomaterial mineralization) after pulp capping. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2019; 45: 108-116

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Perbedaan ketebalan odontoblast-like cells setelah aplikasi CAPE dan Kalsium Hidroksida

Conservative Dentistry Journal ◽

10.20473/cdj.v8i2.2018.118-122 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 118

Author(s):

Putri Galuh Prawitasari ◽

Karlina Samadi ◽

Ari Subiyanto

Keyword(s):

Gold Standard ◽

Histological Evaluation ◽

Treatment Procedure ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Evaluation Result ◽

Propolis Extract ◽

Pulp Capping ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Class 1 ◽

Main Component

Background : CAPE is the main component of propolis, it has several biology and fpharmocological advantages as antioxidant, antiinflammation, anticancer and as an immunomodulator. There were the research before of CAPE is capable to stimulate the production of the TGF-β 1 and collagen sintesis by the pulp tissue with many superiority compare to Ca(OH)2, recently Ca(OH)2 is the gold standard for pulp capping treatment procedure. Objective : To determine and compare the effectiveness of CAPE and Ca(OH)2 to the thickness of odontoblast-like cells in rat pulp tissue. Methods : Maxillary first molar tooth of wistar mice was class 1 preparated until the pulp opened, then Ca(OH)2 was aplicated for 14 and 28 days, CAPE for 14 and 28 days. After application of Ca(OH)2 and propolis extract, the tooth was filled with RMGIC. Teeth were extracted on defined day and processed for histological evaluation. Result : There is a significant difference in the thickness of odontoblast-like cells after application of CAPE for 14 days with Ca(OH)2 for 14 days and CAPE for 28 days with Ca(OH)2 for 28 days. Conclusion : odontoblast-like cells after aplication of CAPE extract material is thicker than Ca(OH)2.

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Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in endodontics: a narrative review

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01619-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Davy Aubeux ◽

Ove A. Peters ◽

Sepanta Hosseinpour ◽

Solène Tessier ◽

Valérie Geoffroy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Pulp ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Promising Result ◽

Young Patients ◽

Lipid Mediators ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Pulp Inflammation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Human Dental Pulp

AbstractEndodontics is the branch of dentistry concerned with the morphology, physiology, and pathology of the human dental pulp and periradicular tissues. Human dental pulp is a highly dynamic tissue equipped with a network of resident immunocompetent cells that play major roles in the defense against pathogens and during tissue injury. However, the efficiency of these mechanisms during dental pulp inflammation (pulpitis) varies due to anatomical and physiological restrictions. Uncontrolled, excessive, or unresolved inflammation can lead to pulp tissue necrosis and subsequent bone infections called apical periodontitis. In most cases, pulpitis treatment consists of total pulp removal. Although this strategy has a good success rate, this treatment has some drawbacks (lack of defense mechanisms, loss of healing capacities, incomplete formation of the root in young patients). In a sizeable number of clinical situations, the decision to perform pulp extirpation and endodontic treatment is justifiable by the lack of therapeutic tools that could otherwise limit the immune/inflammatory process. In the past few decades, many studies have demonstrated that the resolution of acute inflammation is necessary to avoid the development of chronic inflammation and to promote repair or regeneration. This active process is orchestrated by Specialized Pro-resolving lipid Mediators (SPMs), including lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins. Interestingly, SPMs do not have direct anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting or directly blocking this process but can actively reduce neutrophil infiltration into inflamed tissues, enhance efferocytosis and bacterial phagocytosis by monocytes and macrophages and simultaneously inhibit inflammatory cytokine production. Experimental clinical application of SPMs has shown promising result in a wide range of inflammatory diseases, such as renal fibrosis, cerebral ischemia, marginal periodontitis, and cancer; the potential of SPMs in endodontic therapy has recently been explored. In this review, our objective was to analyze the involvement and potential use of SPMs in endodontic therapies with an emphasis on SPM delivery systems to effectively administer SPMs into the dental pulp space.

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THE EFFECT OF KARAMUNTING (Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa) LEAF EXTRACT ON THE NUMBER OF MACROPHAGES IN PULP INFLAMMATION

Dentino : Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi ◽

10.20527/dentino.v6i2.11994 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 131

Author(s):

Indah Septiani ◽

Muhammad Yanuar Ichrom Nahzi ◽

Nolista Indah Rasyid

Keyword(s):

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Not Given ◽

Pulp Inflammation ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Reversible pulpitis is an inflammation of dental pulp caused by the opening of the pulp due to cavities. One of the procedures in exposed pulp treatment is direct pulp capping using calcium hydroxide. However, this material has side effects, its high pH can cause necrosis, and due to that, a safer alternative material is needed. Karamunting leaf extract contains phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins which have immunomodulatory properties that play an important role in healing exposed pulp. Objective: To determine the effect of karamunting leaf extract on the number of macrophages in pulp inflammation. Methods: This was a true experimental research with posttest-only group design, using simple random sampling that consist of 24 male Wistar rats which later be divided into 3 groups. The perforated rat dental pulp was then treated with karamunting leaf extract as a treatment group, calcium hydroxide as a positive control group, and not given any application (without drug) as a negative control group. The samples were analyzed histologically on the 3rd to 7th day after the application, inflammatory response occurred in all groups. Results: The two-way ANOVA results showed that there was a significant difference between the karamunting leaf extract group, the group that was not given drug, and the group given calcium hydroxide with a value p<0.05. Conclusion: Based on the research conducted, it is concluded that the administration of karamunting leaf extract can reduce the number of macrophages in pulp inflammation. Keywords: calcium hydroxid, exposed pulp, karamunting leaf, macrophages, pulp inflammation.

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