Chaucer's Colloquial English: Its Structural Traits

PMLA ◽  
1952 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1103-1116
Author(s):  
Margaret Schlauch
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Aesthetic Appreciation ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Structural Traits

The recognition of levels of discourse in Chaucer's writings is no new thing, but it has hitherto been associated more often with aesthetic appreciation than with linguistic analysis. We have been aware that Chaucer was a great master in the adaptation of subject matter to style. We have observed how skilfully he was able to modify figures of speech, rhythms, and choice of words—in short, the rhetorical elements of his discourse—to its content, whether exalted or moderate or lowly (grandis, mediocris, humilis), according to the well-known medieval doctrines of composition. He himself spoke more than once of the requirements for such adaptation in matters of vocabulary “the wordes moote be cosyn to the dede” (CT A 742; cf. H 208), and burel folk in literature should accordingly use earthy terms, while clergy and aristocrats employ different words appropriate to their stations. But he does not specifically mention other matters of language which also serve to mark off, not only the various social levels, but the different types of situation which affect the structure of speech by one and the same person. The handling of sentence structure and syntax may also be shown to manifest a fine correlation with the demands of literary form and intention in Chaucer's work.

XXVI.—The Field of the Essay

PMLA ◽  
1921 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Whitmore
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Actual Practice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Moderate Length

Of all the literary terms in common use, the word “essay” has perhaps the widest field and the most indeterminate content. Since the form to which it applies has taken on a fresh character in the hands of almost all its chief exponents, it has become in practice the designation for any piece of prose of moderate length, and has consequently embraced a bewilderingly various subject-matter. Moreover, the essayists themselves are by no means all of a piece. Bacon and Lamb, for instance, have little in common; and the type of ‘essayist’ represented by Macaulay and Carlyle has little in common with either. As a result of this wide extension, studies of the essay either include so much as to be very indefinite, or else are based on partial views, the upshot, in either case, becoming sufficiently vague. At the same time, the word “essay” goes on being used, and collections, of curiously assorted content, go on being made; and it therefore seems worth while to pass in review the different types represented in actual practice, in order to see just how much continuity is discernible among them.

scholarly journals Evidential and epistemic adverbials in Lithuanian: evidence from intra-linguistic and cross-linguistic analysis

Kalbotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (70) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Ruskan ◽  
Audronė Šolienė
Keyword(s):  
Recent Decade ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Epistemic Modality ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Linguistic Data ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Code Language

In the recent decade the realisations of evidentiality and epistemic modality in European languages have received a great scholarly interest and resulted in important investigations concerning the relation between evidentiality and epistemic modality, their means of expression and meaning extensions in various types of discourse. The present paper deals with the adverbials akivaizdžiai ‘evidently’, aiškiai ‘clearly’, ryškiai ‘visibly, clearly’, matyt ‘apparently, evidently’ and regis ‘seemingly’, which derive from the source domain of perception, and the epistemic necessity adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’. The aim of the paper is to explore the morphosyntactic properties of the adverbials when they are used as evidential or epistemic markers and compare the distribution of their evidential and epistemic functions in Lithuanian fiction, news and academic discourse. The data have been drawn from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, the Corpus of Academic Lithuanian and the bidirectional translation corpus ParaCorpEN→LT→EN (Šolienė 2012, 2015). The quantitative findings reveal distributional differences of the adverbials under study across different types of discourse. Functional variation of the evidential perception-based adverbials is determined to a great extent by the degree of epistemic commitment, evidenced not only by intra-linguistic but also cross-linguistic data. The non-perception based adverbials tikriausiai/veikiausiai/greičiausiai ‘most probably’, būtinai ‘necessarily’ and neabejotinai ‘undoubtedly’ are the primary adverbial markers of epistemic necessity in Lithuanian, though some of them may have evidential meaning extensions. A parallel and comparable corpus-based analysis has once again proved to be a very efficient tool for diagnosing language-specific features and describing an inventory used to code language-specific evidential and epistemic meanings.

scholarly journals KONSTRUKSI SINTAKSIS KAIFIATUL IKHBAR DALAM AKAD IJAB KABUL PERNIKAHAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muchlish Huda ◽  
Samsul Arifin ◽  
Miftakhul Ma’arif
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Syntactic Analysis ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Legal Requirement ◽  
Marriage Contract

In the context of composing Arabic sentences, the rules of kaifiatul ikhbar are included in the rules which are basic and foundation. The kaifiatul ikhbar rules are formed from the composition of the mubtada and khobar and are used in various forms of sentences, including the sentence structure of the marriage consent. Accuracy in pronouncing the kabul marriage license sentence including the arrangement of the preacher and khobar becomes important considering this kabul consent will be a legal requirement or cancellation of a marriage contract. This study attempts to analyze and present several forms of kabul mariage agreement and syntactic analysis, especially in the kaida of kaifiatul ikhbar. By using a library approach and linguistic analysis from its syntactic aspects, the results of this study indicate that there are 11 forms of kaifiyatul ikhbar with various syntactic analysis specifications. This shows that the form of kaifiatul ikhbar in the marriage contract is actually not only one forms, but with a variety of sentence forms

Posthuman oder Übermensch. War Nietzsche ein Transhumanist?

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Skowron
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Jürgen Habermas ◽  
Eternal Recurrence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One ◽  
Michael Sandel

AbstractRecent discussions (especially in the Internet) about the question whether Nietzsche was a Transhumanist or at least a forerunner of the Transhumanist movement have drawn new attention to Nietzsche’s concept of the Overhuman and the relation to the Posthuman. The article is taking a critical stance by turning suggested analogies between education and genetic manipulation of humans into an argument against the latter, by relating self-education to self-overcoming and eternal recurrence of the same (which is excluded by Transhumanists), and by reminding of Nietzsche’s distinction between ‘Overhuman’ and ‘last human’ as two different ways to the future. Linguistic analysis of the epitheta used in speaking of the different ‘types’ in question as well as structural analogies between critical considerations in Michael Sandel and Jürgen Habermas on the one hand, Nietzsche on the other are also evidence that Nietzsche would not have endorsed the technological path to perfection of the human but would emphasize his own way of self-overcoming instead.

Figures in the carpet of branding

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Brown
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Services Marketing ◽  
Cautionary Note ◽  
Internal Branding ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Analytical Tools

PurposeMany have noted the role of metaphor in branding understanding. More than mere decorative frills, tropes play a fundamental, foundational part in the process. The purpose of this comment is to consider some of the branding's core conceits and classifies them for scholarly convenience.Design/methodology/approachMetaphors, first and foremost, are figures of speech not analytical tools or techniques. Accordingly, the commentary adopts an appropriate literary approach to its subject matter. Reflective for the most part, it seeks to deconstruct and reconstruct simultaneously. Suggestion not stipulation is the aim.FindingsAfter scrutinising branding's figurative landscape, then focussing on several promising analogies, the commentary concludes with a cautionary note concerning internal branding. Metaphor is not all fun and games, nor the be all and end all of branding understanding.Originality/valueServices marketing possesses two powerful and deeply entrenched tropes – relationships and dramaturgy. Although this comment touches on both, particularly the former, it points out the plethora of figurative possibilities, some fresh, others familiar, that are available to brand managers and researchers both.

Researching Your Topic

2021 ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Brenda Hargroves
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
History Plays ◽  
Correct Method ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject

This chapter discusses what a researcher should consider before examining a topic or project. Understanding the context of the topic, the audience, and why the subject matter is important are critical first steps. Identifying issues surrounding the topic and determining whether history plays a role in the process must also be considered. Different types of research methods and choosing the correct method to facilitate meeting the research objective are addressed. Lastly, the author suggests various tools that should be selected to examine a topic or project.

scholarly journals Perceptual Balance, Stability, and Aesthetic Appreciation: Their Relations Depend on the Picture Type

i-Perception ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 204166951985604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Hübner ◽  
Martin G. Fillinger
Keyword(s):  
Single Element ◽  
Aesthetic Appreciation ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Dynamic Pattern ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Gravitational Stability ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Picture Type ◽  
Balance Stability

It is widely assumed that the aesthetic appreciation of a picture depends, among others, on how well the picture’s composition is perceptually balanced, where “perceptual balance” is often defined analogous to mechanics. To what extent this metaphor holds for different picture types, however, is still open. Therefore, in this study, we examined the relationship between balance, liking, and some objective measures with pictures from an aesthetic sensitivity test. These stimuli could be divided into single-element, multiple-element, and dynamic-pattern pictures. The results show that “balance” is interpreted differently, depending on the stimulus type. Whereas “mechanical” balance was applied to assess single-element pictures, the balance of multiple-element and dynamic-pattern pictures was rated more in the sense of gravitational stability. Only for the multiple-element stimuli, there was a positive relation between balance/stability and liking. Together, our findings show that there are different types of balance, and that their relation with liking depends on the picture type.

Global Masculinities, Femininities, and Sexualities

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste Montoya ◽  
Sarah McCullar ◽  
Marjon Kamrani
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Postcolonial Feminism ◽  
Feminist Standpoint ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Hierarchical Nature

Feminist international relations (IR) scholars have worked to expand understandings of the global processes through studies of gender. There are multiple forms of feminist scholars and scholarship, with each epistemology having its own understanding of gender and its role in influencing international relations. These include feminist empiricism, feminist standpoint, poststructuralist feminist approaches, and postcolonial feminism. Some of the early feminist IR scholarship placed most of their emphasis on critiquing patriarchy, sometimes resulting to a narrow and essentialist construction of masculinity. These early works note the absence of women and the denigration of the feminine, as well as the predominance of masculine subject matter and masculine partiality in IR. This began to change with the recognition of different types of masculinities, offering a broader conceptualization of gender and masculinities beyond attachment to sex. Beyond recognizing the relational differences between masculinity and femininity, feminist scholars have also pointed out the differential value accorded to each, thus emphasizing the problematic hierarchical nature of such binaries. Another goal of feminist scholars has been to uncover the feminine roles rendered invisible, to challenge the masculine nature of IR as a discipline as well as deal with descriptive and substantive representational issues within the field and practice of IR. Meanwhile, the study of sexualities focuses on power dynamics and the hierarchies associated with sexual identity in its many forms. The predominant themes in this study include sexuality in relation to the study of war and nation; sexuality as a commodity; and studies of hetero- and homonormativity.

A Review of Shahriar's Persian Divan Words

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Shoaei
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Literary Style ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
Selection Of

The main objective of this study is to review the vocabulary reservoir of Shahriar's Divan linguistically. He has spent a lot of time on creating literary style. His works still maintain its artistic effects. His literary speech still interests every reader to be curious about the history of the evolution of literary form of Persian language. As this is the first study that has been done in the field of the vocabulary reservoir of Shahriar's Persian Divan, Persian Philology categories have been fully presented, the verbal and semantic characteristics of Persian vocabulary reservoir are reflected. Throughout the divan, synonyms have a distinctive feature. Other categories of words such as antonyms, kinds of figures of speech, allusions, simile, metaphor, bilingualism are of important subjects. Selection of the appropriate rhymes is evident in Divan. Shahriar's Divan has also been reviewed linguistically by studying its meaningful examples of poetry. In this study, the volumes published in 2006 have been used. Selecting proper rhymes is evident in Divan. Using antonyms creates various positions and occasions in stylistics.

Concepts and theoretical unification

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 219-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Margolis ◽  
Stephen Laurence
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Semantic Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Mental Symbols ◽  
Theoretical Unification

AbstractConcepts are mental symbols that have semantic structure and processing structure. This approach (1) allows for different disciplines to converge on a common subject matter; (2) it promotes theoretical unification; and (3) it accommodates the varied processes that preoccupy Machery. It also avoids problems that go with his eliminativism, including the explanation of how fundamentally different types of concepts can be co-referential.

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