THE 11-OXYGENATION INDEX IN PREGNANCY: TENTATIVE EVIDENCE FOR DECREASED FOETAL ADRENOCORTICAL ENZYME ACTIVITY AT PARTURITION

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. J. MAKIN ◽  
D. J. H. TRAFFORD ◽  
PATRICIA R. WARD ◽  
J. LANE
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Oxygenation Index ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Tentative Evidence ◽  
In Pregnancy

SUMMARY The urinary 11-oxygenation index has been measured throughout pregnancy in 25 women. The index rose steadily throughout pregnancy. At about 35 weeks gestation it rose rapidly, reached a peak just before parturition and rapidly fell to normal thereafter. Statistical analysis indicated that there might be differences in the index levels between women who delivered spontaneously and women in whom induction was necessary. It is suggested that this rise in the index reflects a foetal adrenocortical enzyme inactivity, leading to an increased secretion of cortisol precursors into the maternal circulation at term, which may be involved in the processes of parturition.

Serum alkaline phosphatase: normal values by sex and age.

1977 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1769-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Eastman ◽  
D Bixler
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Alkaline Phophatase

Abstract We report here the normal range of serum alkaline phophatase activity as measured by the method proposed by Hausamen et al. [Clin. Chim. Acta 15, 241 (1967)] with a much larger sample size than used in previous investigations. In the statistical analysis the sample population is subdivided by sex and age, two variables which are known to influence enzyme activity. No statistically significant influence of blood type on enzyme activity was observed. The normal range of enzyme activity is reported in percentiles.

scholarly journals The Importance of Antioxidant Micronutrients in Pregnancy

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiten D. Mistry ◽  
Paula J. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy ◽  
Intervention Trials ◽  
Peroxidase Enzymes ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
In Pregnancy

Pregnancy places increased demands on the mother to provide adequate nutrition to the growing conceptus. A number of micronutrients function as essential cofactors for or themselves acting as antioxidants. Oxidative stress is generated during normal placental development; however, when supply of antioxidant micronutrients is limited, exaggerated oxidative stress within both the placenta and maternal circulation occurs, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. The present paper summarises the current understanding of selected micronutrient antioxidants selenium, copper, zinc, manganese, and vitamins C and E in pregnancy. To summarise antioxidant activity of selenium is via its incorporation into the glutathione peroxidase enzymes, levels of which have been shown to be reduced in miscarriage and preeclampsia. Copper, zinc, and manganese are all essential cofactors for superoxide dismutases, which has reduced activity in pathological pregnancy. Larger intervention trials are required to reinforce or refute a beneficial role of micronutrient supplementation in disorders of pregnancies.

Immune Markers in Pregnancy A Study on Neopterin, β2-Microglobulin, Deoxythymidine Kinase and C-Reactive Protein

Pteridines ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-128
Author(s):  
Margareta Norman ◽  
Katarina Bremme ◽  
Peter Eneroth
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
In Pregnancy

Summary Neopterin and β2-microglobulin but neither C-reactive protein nor deoxythymidine kinase increased in maternal serum from pregnancy week 20 to 40. Only maternal C-reactive protein concentrations changed during vaginal delivery and after 4 days post partum. Retroplacental plasma levels of neopterin, deoxythymidine kinase and β2-microglobulin were significantly higher than in maternal peripheral serum which was interpreted as an indication of increased activity of the immune system as influenced by the fetoplacental unit. The concentrations of neopterin, deoxythymidine kinase and β2-microglobulin were significantly higher in mixed artero-venous umbilical plasma than in the retroplacental plasma, possibly reflecting activation signals to immunocompetent cells in the neonates. The possibility of a transfer of these compounds from fetal to maternal circulation was also pointed out.

scholarly journals PROM and Labour Effects on Urinary Metabolome: A Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Meloni ◽  
Francesco Palmas ◽  
Luigi Barberini ◽  
Rossella Mereu ◽  
Sara Francesca Deiana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Analysis ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Premature Rupture Of Membranes ◽  
Premature Rupture ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
In Pregnancy

Since pathologies and complications occurring during pregnancy and/or during labour may cause adverse outcomes for both newborns and mothers, there is a growing interest in metabolomic applications on pregnancy investigation. In fact, metabolomics has proved to be an efficient strategy for the description of several perinatal conditions. In particular, this study focuses on premature rupture of membranes (PROM) in pregnancy at term. For this project, urine samples were collected at three different clinical conditions: out of labour before PROM occurrence (Ph1), out of labour with PROM (Ph2), and during labour with PROM (Ph3). GC-MS analysis, followed by univariate and multivariate statistical analysis, was able to discriminate among the different classes, highlighting the metabolites most involved in the discrimination.

scholarly journals A Case of Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1b in Pregnancy

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A172-A172
Author(s):  
Priyadarshini Balasubramanian ◽  
Beatrice Lupsa
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Vitamin D Metabolism ◽  
Calcium Supplements ◽  
Traumatic Fracture ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Introduction: Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) type 1b is characterized by target organ resistance to PTH leading to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in the setting of elevated PTH due to abnormal imprinting that affects the regulatory elements of GNAS1. It poses challenges in management during pregnancy and lactation. We report the case of a patient who was diagnosed with PHP type 1b while pregnant. Case Presentation: A 30 year old woman, 16 weeks pregnant was referred for the evaluation of hypocalcemia. She had a history of traumatic fracture of her lower extremity and hypothyroidism treated with levothyroxine. She was noted to have hypocalcemia 1 year prior during routine labs. Family history was significant for hypothyroidism in her sister. On physical examination, she did not have phenotypic features of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy except for short stature. Before pregnancy her labs were significant for Ca 8.1 mg/dL(8.6–10.2), iCa 4.2 mg/dL(4.8–5.6), iPTH 289 pg/mL (14–64), creatinine 0.6 mg/dL(0.8–1.2), 25 vitamin D 22 ng/mL and 24 hr urine Ca 80 mg/24 hr (65-250mg). She was started on a combination of calcium citrate and carbonate 600 mg daily and vitamin D 1000 units daily. Labs while pregnant showed Ca 8.1 mg/dL, iCa 4.1 mg/dL, iPTH 184 pg/mL, PO4 4.9 mg/dL(2.5–3.5), 1,25 Vitamin D 53 pg/mL(18–72) and 25 Vitamin D 38 ng/mL. She had mild paresthesia and muscle cramps. Calcium supplements were increased to 1800 mg daily. While the urine Ca increased to 315 mg/24 hr, other biochemical parameters did not improve. Given her low Ca, high iPTH, high PO4, normal GFR and 25 vitamin D, PHP was suspected. Genetic testing showed loss of methylation at GNAS locus down to 5% (NL >43%) Diagnosis of PHP type 1b was made. Her Ca decreased the next months to a nadir of 7.9 mg/dL despite increased doses of calcium up to 1200 mg BID. Calcitriol 0.25 mcg BID was added. The rest of her pregnancy the serum Ca stayed between 8.1–8.6 mg/dL. She delivered a boy. At birth his Ca was 8.0 mg/ dL and PTH 81pg/mL. Genetic testing showed 41% methylation of GNAS. While breast feeding her Ca was 9.4 mg/dL, her calcitriol and calcium supplements were decreased. She continues to do well on calcium 630 mg daily and calcitriol 0.25 mcg daily with serum Ca between 8.5–8.8 mg/dL. Conclusion: The literature on PHP in pregnancy is scarce due to its rarity and the management is challenging due to altered calcium and vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy and lactation. The fetus draws calcium from maternal circulation and predisposes mother to hypocalcemia. Some patients may become normocalcemic during pregnancy due to placental secretion of 1,25 Vitamin D and PTHrp. There is also increased demand for calcium with lactation. There are genetic implications on the baby as it is inherited in an autosomal dominant mode. It is important to monitor calcium levels closely as there are multiple factors that could influence calcium metabolism in pregnancy.

scholarly journals The Effect of Melinjo Peel Extract in Activity of Lipoprotein Lipase Enzym of The Rats Fed a Hypercholesterolemia Diet

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Athira Demitri
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Lipase Activity ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase Activity ◽  
Oral Gavage ◽  
Hypercholesterolemic Diet ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Peel Extract

The intake of saturated fat and cholesterol that comes from food digested in the intestine resulting in free fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol. Triglyceride levels increased can be caused by presence of impaired lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme activity. LPL activity can be increased by flavonoid in plant, like Melinjo peel. The purpose of this study is to measure LPL enzyme activity before and after being given extract of Melinjo peel treatment. This research use true experimental, with study design of pretest posttest control group design. Hypercholesterolemic diet given to rats by oral gavage as much as 1,8 grams for 14 days. Melinjo peel extract were given by oral gavage for 14 days after the hypercholesterolemic diet is given. Statistical analysis used Paired Sample T-Test to compare lipoprotein lipase activity before and after treatment. Then, used MANOVA (Multivariate Analyses of Variance) to see the difference of lipoprotein lipase activity in each group after treatment.Based on statistical analysis showed that there were differences of lipoprotein lipase activity in the hypercholesterolemic diet group, HD+54.15, HD+108.30, and HD+216.60 before and after treatment significant (p. < 0.05). The activity of lipoprotein lipase in the normal diet group compared with the hypercholesterolemic and HD+216.60 group showed a significant difference (p. < 0.05). Melinjo peel extract can increased activity of lipoprotein lipase enzym after treatment, those can be due to the flavonoid in Melinjo peel extract.

scholarly journals Systematic review of statistical methods for safety data in malaria chemoprevention in pregnancy trials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Patson ◽  
Mavuto Mukaka ◽  
Kennedy N Otwombe ◽  
Lawrence Kazembe ◽  
Don P Mathanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Missing Data ◽  
Drug Safety ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Safety Outcomes ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Background Drug safety assessments in clinical trials present unique analytical challenges. Some of these include adjusting for individual follow-up time, repeated measurements of multiple outcomes and missing data among others. Furthermore, pre-specifying appropriate analysis becomes difficult as some safety endpoints are unexpected. Although existing guidelines such as CONSORT encourage thorough reporting of adverse events (AEs) in clinical trials, they provide limited details for safety data analysis. The limited guidelines may influence suboptimal analysis by failing to account for some analysis challenges above. A typical example where such challenges exist are trials of antimalarial drugs for malaria prevention during pregnancy. Lack of proper standardized evaluation of the safety of antimalarial drugs has limited the ability to draw conclusions about safety. We have therefore conducted a systematic review to establish the current practice in statistical analysis for antimalarial drug safety in pregnancy.Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Malaria in Pregnancy Library and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for original English articles reporting Phase III (randomized controlled trials) RCTs on antimalarial drugs for malaria prevention in pregnancy published from January 2010 to July 2019.Results Eighteen trials were included in this review that collected multiple longitudinal safety outcomes including AEs. Statistical analysis and reporting of the safety outcomes in all the trials used descriptive statistics; proportions/counts (n=18, 100%) and mean/median (n=2, 11.1%). Results presentation included tabular (n=16, 88.9%) and text description (n=2, 11.1%). Univariate inferential methods were reported in most trials (n=16, 88.9%); including Chi-square/Fisher`s exact test (n=12, 66.7%), t-test (n=2, 11.1%) and Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon test (n=1, 5.6%). Multivariable methods, including Poisson and negative binomial were reported in few trials (n=4, 22.2%). Assessment of a potential link between missing efficacy data and safety outcomes was not reported in any of the trials that reported efficacy missing data (n=7, 38.9%).Conclusion The review demonstrated that statistical analysis of safety data in antimalarial drugs for malarial chemoprevention in pregnancy RCTs are inadequate. The analysis insufficiently account for multiple safety outcomes potential dependence, follow-up time and informative missing data which can compromise antimalarial drug safety evidence development, based on the available data.

scholarly journals Uterine Glands: Developmental Biology and Functional Roles in Pregnancy

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1424-1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M Kelleher ◽  
Francesco J DeMayo ◽  
Thomas E Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Α ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Uterine Glands ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract All mammalian uteri contain glands in the endometrium that develop only or primarily after birth. Gland development or adenogenesis in the postnatal uterus is intrinsically regulated by proliferation, cell–cell interactions, growth factors and their inhibitors, as well as transcription factors, including forkhead box A2 (FOXA2) and estrogen receptor α (ESR1). Extrinsic factors regulating adenogenesis originate from other organs, including the ovary, pituitary, and mammary gland. The infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss observed in uterine gland knockout sheep and mouse models support a primary role for secretions and products of the glands in pregnancy success. Recent studies in mice revealed that uterine glandular epithelia govern postimplantation pregnancy establishment through effects on stromal cell decidualization and placental development. In humans, uterine glands and, by inference, their secretions and products are hypothesized to be critical for blastocyst survival and implantation as well as embryo and placental development during the first trimester before the onset of fetal–maternal circulation. A variety of hormones and other factors from the ovary, placenta, and stromal cells impact secretory function of the uterine glands during pregnancy. This review summarizes new information related to the developmental biology of uterine glands and discusses novel perspectives on their functional roles in pregnancy establishment and success.

Abstract 037: Exaggerated Placental Ischemia-induced Hypertension in Endothelin Receptor Type B (ETB)-deficient Pregnant Rats s Independent of Increased sFlt-1 or ROS Levels

Hypertension ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank T Spradley
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Endothelin Receptor ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Uterine Perfusion ◽  
Placental Ischemia ◽  
In Pregnancy

While the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is not fully understood, studies implicate placental ischemia. Reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP)-induced placental ischemia/hypoxia in animal models stimulates release of factors like antiangiogenic sFlt-1 into the maternal circulation increasing vascular-renal ET-1. ET-1 promotes hypertension via reactive oxygen species (ROS). Blockade of vasoconstrictive ETA abolishes RUPP hypertension. Deficiency of vasodilatory ETB in rats leads to increased blood pressure in pregnancy. While ETB deficiency markedly enhances RUPP hypertension, it is unknown if there is exaggerated RUPP-induced sFlt-1, ET-1 or ROS levels in ETB-def rats. The hypothesis was tested that placental ischemia/hypoxia-induced release of sFlt-1 and circulating ET-1 and ROS are greater in ETB-def rats. Eighteen-week-old ETB-def and transgenic (Tg) control pregnant rats were generated with Wistar Hannover males. RUPP or Sham surgeries were on gestational day 14 and assessment of plasmas and placentas at day 19. RUPP increased placental sFlt-1 (pg/mg) similarly in RUPP ETB-def (781±113, N=5) vs Sham ETB-def (573±54, N=12) and RUPP Tg (631±62, N=5) vs Sham Tg (547±31, N=12) (P<0.05). In placental explant cultures, acute hypoxia (48 h 1% O2 vs normoxia 6% O2) stimulated a comparable release of sFlt-1 (pg/mg) in Sham ETB-def (2577±135 vs 2070±78) and Sham Tg (3208±318 vs 2553±107) (P<0.05). Unexpectedly, plasma sFlt-1 (pg/mL) was lower in RUPP ETB-def (153±48) vs Sham ETB-def (476±125) and RUPP Tg (238±32) vs Sham Tg (463±102) (P<0.05). Plasma ET-1 (fmol/L) was exaggerated in RUPP ETB-def (954±70) and greater in Sham ETB-def (735±43) vs RUPP Tg (122±14) or Sham Tg (142±41) (P<0.05). Plasma H2O2 (umol/L) was not exaggerated in RUPP ETB-def (5.4±1.2) or RUPP Tg (4.0±0.5) but was greater (P<0.05) in Sham ETB-def (6.2±0.3) vs Sham Tg (3.6±0.3). In conclusion, these data suggest in 1) normal pregnancy, ETB is crucial for blood pressure control by regulating bioavailable ET-1 to prevent ROS production and 2) placental ischemia, ETB reduces excess ET-1 to buffer hypertension independently of sFlt-1 or ROS. These data support ETB physiology as important in controlling blood pressure in pregnancy and its loss in mediating hypertension in preeclampsia.

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