scholarly journals JOSE ORTEGA Y GASSET: PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORICAL BEING OF MAN

2019 ◽  
pp. 194-203
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Shumskoy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Physical Reason ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Jose Ortega Y Gasset ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
Historical Reason ◽  
Historical Being ◽  
Crisis Of Modernity

The article provides reconstruction of philosophical and historical ideas of Jose Ortega y Gasset, the greatest European philosopher of the 20th century. Ortega considers the historical existence of man in the context of different paradigms: phenomenology, existentialism, philosophy of life. The philosopher’s views on the content and structure of the historical process are shown. The fundamental role of beliefs and ideas in the historical existence of man is emphasized. Beliefs are the reality a person lives in. They constitute the latent layer of the man’s «logos». Ideas are generated by human intellectual activity. The true primary reality is mysterious and problematic. Man is only able to create imaginary worlds, construct interpretations, comparing them with the mysterious reality. Such modes of historical human existence as self-immersion and self-alienation are considered. The most important structural element of the historical process is generation. Ortega proposes to regard generation as a fundamental historical category that allows one to understand the dynamics and nature of historical changes. The generation is the trajectory history moves along. Ortega considered historical crisis to be another important category related to the historical existence of man. The historical crisis is a fundamental form that the structure of human life can take. History is a linear system of human experiences extended in time. Forms of human life in history are not infinite, each historical stage «sprouts» from the previous one. The historical crisis is a transition to a new era, a kind of bifurcation point. Ortega considered the concept of historical reason to be one of the important achievements in his philosophy of history. Life has a much more radical nature than all the worlds constructed by intelligence. The historical crisis of modernity led humanity to the point which can be defined as «cartesianism of life», not «cartesianism of thought». There is a moment in history when collapse of the physical reason frees the way for the vital and historical reason. The historical reason finds itself in history as a dialectical experience of man.

INEVITABILITY OF REVIVAL: PRO AND COUNTER ANTINATALISM

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-88
Author(s):  
Nikolay S. Savkin
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Arthur Schopenhauer ◽  
Expected Effect ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
Active Subject ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Natural Way

Introduction. Radical pessimism and militant anti-natalism of Arthur Schopenhauer and David Benathar create an optimistic philosophy of life, according to which life is not meaningless. It is given by nature in a natural way, and a person lives, studies, works, makes a career, achieves results, grows, develops. Being an active subject of his own social relations, a person does not refuse to continue the race, no matter what difficulties, misfortunes and sufferings would be experienced. Benathar convinces that all life is continuous suffering, and existence is constant dying. Therefore, it is better not to be born. Materials and Methods. As the main theoretical and methodological direction of research, the dialectical materialist and integrative approaches are used, the realization of which, in conjunction with the synergetic technique, provides a certain result: is convinced that the idea of anti-natalism is inadequate, the idea of giving up life. A systematic approach and a comprehensive assessment of the studied processes provide for the disclosure of the contradictory nature of anti-natalism. Results of the study are presented in the form of conclusions that human life is naturally given by nature itself. Instincts, needs, interests embodied in a person, stimulate to active actions, and he lives. But even if we finish off with all of humanity by agreement, then over time, according to the laws of nature and according to evolutionary theory, man will inevitably, objectively, and naturally reappear. Discussion and Conclusion. The expected effect of the idea of inevitability of rebirth can be the formation of an optimistic orientation of a significant part of the youth, the idea of continuing life and building happiness, development. As a social being, man is universal, and the awareness of this universality allows one to understand one’s purpose – continuous versatile development.

scholarly journals MENJADI PENDIDIK YANG TERDIDIK

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Sumiati Sumiati
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Educational Goals ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
The World ◽  
Organizational Differences ◽  
Human Education

ABSTRAK Pendidikan merupakan suatu kegiatan yang universal dalam kehidupan manusia. Di manapun di dunia ini terdapat masyarakat manusia, dan di sana pula terjadi pendidikan. Walaupun pendidikan merupakan gejala umum dalam kehidupan masyarakat, namun perbedaan pandangan hidup, perbedaan falsafah hidup yang dianut oleh masing-masing bangsa atau masyarakat menyebabkan adanya perbedaan penyelenggaraan termasuk perbedaan tujuan pendidikan yang ingin dicapai oleh suatu bangsa atau masyarakat. Kegiatan pendidikan tidak dapat dilepaskan dari yang hendak dicapainya. Bagi manusia pendidikan merupakan suatu keharusan, karena manusia lahir dalam keadaan tidak berdaya, ia sangat membutuhkan bantuan dan bimbingan orang lain untuk dapat berdiri sendiri. Di samping itu manusia lahir tidak langsung dewasa yang mengidentifikasikan manusia dengan moral yang berlaku, dan manusia yang bertanggung jawab, manusia yang sanggup mempertanggungjawabkan segala konsekuensi dan perbuatannya. Oleh karena itu, perbuatan mendidik merupakan perbuatan yang mempunyai tujuan, ada suatu yang ingin dicapai dengan perbuatan tersebut. Orang tua menyuruh anaknya melaksanakan shalat lima waktu, melatih anaknya melaksanakan saum pada bulan ramadhan, melarang anaknya kencing di sembarang tempat dan sambil berdiri, menyekolahkan anaknya dan lain-lain, semuanya itu memiliki maksud dan tujuan yang ingin dicapai, khususnya bagi anaknya. Kata Kunci: Pendidik, Terdidik ABSTRACT Education is a universal activity in human life. Everywhere in the world there is human society, and there is also education. Although education is a common phenomenon in the life of the community, the differences in life views, differences in the philosophy of life adopted by individual nations or societies lead to different organizational differences, including differences in educational goals to be achieved by a nation or society. Educational activities cannot be separated from what they want to achieve. For human education is a must, because humans are born in a state of helpless, he urgently needs the help and guidance of others to be able to stand on their own. In addition man is born indirectly mature which identifies man with the prevailing morals, and responsible man, man who is able to account for all consequences and actions. Therefore, the act of educating is a purposeful act, there is something to be achieved with the action. Parents asked their children to perform the five daily prayers, to train their children to carry out fasting in Ramadan month, to forbid their children to urinate in any place and to stand up, send their children to school and others, all of which have a purpose and goal to be achieved, especially for their children. Keywords: Educator, Educated

scholarly journals Divinity, Noēsis, and Aristotelian Friendship

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-29
Author(s):  
John A. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Other Minds ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Human Community ◽  
Rational Nature ◽  
Living Together ◽  
The World ◽  
Virtuous Activity

Aristotle's NE X claim that the best human life is one devoted to contemplation (theoria) seems in tension with his emphasis elsewhere on our essentially political nature, and more specifically, his claim that friendship is necessary for our flourishing. For, if our good can be in principle realized apart from the human community, there seems little reason to suggest we 'need' friends, as he clearly does in NE VIII & IX. I argue that central to Aristotle's NE X discussion of contemplation is the claim that our chief good accords with whatever is 'most divine' in us, viz. our rational nature (NE 1177b2-18). Thus, the best human life involves the excellent exercise of our rational capacities. I distinguish two ways in which human beings flourish through exercising their rationality. The first is in the activity of theoria. The second, I argue, can be found in the virtuous activity of complete friendship (teleia philia). For Aristotle the truest form of friendship is an expression of rationality. It is characterized not merely by our living together, but conversing, and sharing one another's thoughts (NE 1170b12-14). Examining Aristotle's notion of a friend as 'another self (alios autos), I argue that through friendship human beings come to better know themselves and the world in which they live. Complete friendship involves a (uniquely human) second-order awareness of oneself in another, and through this awareness our understanding of ourselves and the world in which we live is enriched, confirmed, and enjoyed through the presence of other minds. Thus, the highest form of Aristotelian friendship is an intellectual activity through which we attain an analogue of the divine contemplation of the unmoved mover, thereby living with respect to what is most divine in us, but doing so in accordance with our uniquely rational-political nature.

scholarly journals BINNER ETHICAL AJARAN SOSROKARTONO DALAM PERSPEKTIF HERMENEUTIKA

HUMANIKA ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Mul Yono
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Human Life ◽  
National Character ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
Moral Teaching ◽  
Inner Strength ◽  
Moral Teachings

Abstract This paper seeks to interpret and seek relevance of Sosrokartono’s moral teachings, especially those expressed in the binner ethical form, for the life of Indonesian people in the present. Binner ethical in the moral teaching is discovered in Javanese culture. To be able understand the moral teaching need interpretation in depth, not only use ability to reason but also the using ability of “rasa-pangrasa”.The Sosrokartono’s binner ethical, as well as other moral teachings, still based on Sosrokartono’s philosophy of life that emphasized the obligation of human life to serve and devote themselves to God Almighty trough the help and helping fellow humans in need without strings attached, on the basis of principle “leladi mring sesami”.The Sosrokartono’s moral teachings have relevance for the formation of Indonesian national character, which is currently demoralized. The Sosrokartono’s moral teachings are very concerned with inner strength to counteract the development of the character of individualistic, materialistic, hedonistic and secularistic on Indonesian peoples, which currently is beset by modernization and globalization. Key words: moral teaching, binner ethical, interpretation, relevance, counteract, modernization and globalization, Indonesian national character  

scholarly journals Influence of Past on Present: A Naturalistic Study of Ghosts

The Batuk ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Arjun Dev Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Naturalistic Study ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Life

This article analyzes and evaluates Henrik Ibsen’s most controversial drama “Ghosts” from naturalistic point of view. Naturalism views human life in relation to internal and external environment. It insists on the effect of the past that shapes the present life of human beings. Based on this philosophy of life, this article examines how the life of the leading characters Mrs. Alving and her son Oswald has been influenced. Mrs. Alving’s present values and views on life have a concern with conventional and religious past whereas Oswald’s philosophy of life is guided and governed by his dead father. This article also shows heredity and genetic transformation are biological facts that affect human life. Thus, the object of this article is to explore how human beings are controlled by the inescapable past.

scholarly journals Intellectual Work as an Instrument to Ensure the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (516) ◽  
pp. 217-223
Author(s):  
O. O. Khandii ◽  
◽  
M. D. Kramchaninova ◽  
A. I. Liedovska ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Impact

The article explores the role and contribution of intellectual work to the process of ensuring and improving the main aspects of human life in accordance with the Global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Intellectual work is considered as an important resource for the creation of high-quality, innovative production, which provides for solution of important global problems of sustainable development. As part of a multilateral integrated approach, the impact of intellectual work results on the achievements of SDGs is researched. It is determined that the SDGs are interconnected and reinforce each other in the process of achievement, which is why their results are also comprehensive, that is, the result of improvements in the field of one goal is the way to achieve another one. A reflection of the dominant role of intellectual work in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is the ninth SDGs – innovation and infrastructure. The development of technologies, creation of innovations and breakthrough solutions are crucial in the context of achieving the SDGs, and, accordingly, intellectual work, intellectual property and innovations are increasingly becoming socially significant and, due to the increased importance, need developing and implementing the policy of the integrity of scientific research along with protecting their results. Prospect for further research in this direction can be the issues of enhancing the efficiency of intellectual workers and increasing the opportunities to use the potential of intellectual activity for the further development of society.

scholarly journals Creativity as a psychological phenomenon and its conceptual reinterpretation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (80) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Shafranskyi
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Creative Potential ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Psychological Phenomenon ◽  
Problem Situations

In the article the creativity as an important factor of achieving success in human life in various socionomic, industrial and managerial spheres of activity is substantiated, as it is due to the creativity the cultural progress and scientific and technological progress of society has been becoming. The conceptual definitions of creativity as similar and at the same time different phenomena of historical and psychological discourse are analyzed. It is proved that the term “creativity” is characterized by a specific content and essence, which has four main invariants: as a creative intellectual activity of a person who produces ideas and brings them to the practical implementation (a person’s ability to generate unusual ideas; to avoid traditional thinking patterns; to solve problem situations in the best and emergent way), which is objectified in life situations as something unique and original; as a personal significant feature-quality of a person; as the creative opportunities that potentially manifest themselves both in exploratory work and in applied aspects of everyday life; as the ability to generate the original ideas, non-traditional ways and means of solving problems; as the ability to actualize their mental potential of author’s decisions. At the same time the creativity is substantiated as a psychological phenomenon and its conceptual reinterpretation is carried out, which includes ideas, knowledge, meanings, concepts, intellectual products that are unique and new, reveal the creative potential of a man, both in cognitive and practice-oriented affairs. The model of creative personality is outlined, which includes the cognitive-creative, motivational-creative, inventive-target, verbal-productive and emotional-creative components, which in dialectical psycho-content allow it to introduce a creative product.

scholarly journals Curriculum Revitalization of Faculty of Ushuluddin University of Darussalam Gontor to Face Industrial Revolution 4.0

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuangga Kurnia Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Learning System ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
New Literacy ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Times

In the event of industrial revolution 4.0, commonly known as the "Age of Disruption", several challenges and opportunities arise and affect various aspects of human life. With no exception in the field of science which gave birth to a new paradigm in the realm of philosophy of science. The Faculty of Ushuluddin as the core of the University of Darussalam Gontor Ponorogo is also in need of evaluation and improvement in order to answer the challenges and to take advantage of these opportunities. A firm construction of the Faculty’s epistemology requires a massive revitalization in many aspects. In this paper, the author describes the aspects that need special attention by using Gavin Moodie's perspective to produce a comprehensive map for the aspects that support the continuity of higher education in the age of disruption. Revitalization by the Faculty of Ushuluddin would include the aspects of learning system, educational components, students, human resources, and literacy. The learning system needs to utilize a wide range of supporting digital media that the students are familiar with. The educational components which comprise the facility and infrastructure to support learning activities from classrooms, classrooms’ layouts, dormitories, equipment, and management in the faculty also receives very intense attention in accordance with the times. Students need to be equipped with 10 basic skills needed by the world and society today, these skills include the ability of metacognition, which is the ability of advance thinking. To achieve the previous profile, it is necessary to provide, guide and develop educators (HR) and to be supported by a new literacy movement that includes digital, technological, and human literacy. All of these revitalization efforts are still based on the philosophy of life of the Darussalam Gontor Islamic Boarding School, it is “the preservation of good traditions and adoption of a better innovation.

Gramsci and Democracy

1990 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteve Morera
Keyword(s):  
Political Activity ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Antonio Gramsci ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
The One ◽  
Participatory Model ◽  
Theory Of Democracy

AbstractIn the Quaderni del Carcere, Antonio Gramsci provided the foundations for a socialist theory of democracy. This theory can be drawn from some of Gramsci's most important concepts: his views of intellectual activity on the one hand, and the conceptions of hegemony and civil society on the other. The former provides a general conception of a non-bureaucratic relationship between leaders and the led, the latter points to a participatory model of political activity. This thesis, however, is formulated within the framework of a realist epistemology in which the class structure is conceived as the long-term determinant of the general historical process. Hence, although Gramsci's thought sheds new light on a non-class domain of political activity, it is constrained by both socio-economic conditions and the realism of available knowledge.

scholarly journals Aliran-Aliran Filsafat Barat Kontemporer (Postmodernisme)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Lailatul Maskhuroh
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Analytical Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
Life Attitudes ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Development Methods ◽  
Language Meaning

Philosophy in the contemporary era has different characteristics from the previous era. Some of its characteristics, namely departing from humans who live in this age are very careful in following scientific development methods as well as examining language, meaning, symbols and emotions, human life attitudes. Technology dominates in this era so that many philosophers who are realists and the human soul experience emptiness. It can be said that the distinctive feature of this contemporary philosophy is that it does not have a flow form but continues to conduct studies and propose solutions that are continuously updated, a school of philosophy emerged in the postmodernism era, namely phenomenology and existentialism, analytical philosophy and philosophy of language, critical philosophy, postmodernism, while those which are used as a discussion in the era of Western contemporary philosophy and its surroundings, namely logical positivism, neomarxism, pragmatism, Neo-kantianism, phenomenology and existentialism, philosophy of life, postmodernism, contemporary atheism, hermeneutics.

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