scholarly journals  Effects of roads on understory plant communities in a broadleaved forest in Hyrcanian zone

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 446-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lotfalian ◽  
N. Riahifar ◽  
A. Fallah ◽  
S.M. Hodjati
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Herbaceous Plant ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Road Verge ◽  
Biological Communities ◽  
The Road ◽  
Understory Plant ◽  
Set Up

This study was conducted to assess the effect of forest road as a corridor on local biodiversity. For this purpose, 10 segments in a 10 year-old road were selected in Neka-Zalemrood forest in Hyrcanian zone. At each of the segments, we established two 100-m transects perpendicular to the road centre line, within which we sampled three macroplots of an area 400 m<sup>2</sup>. In each macroplot, nine quadrant microplots 2 &times; 2 m in size were set up for regenerated tree species and herbaceous plant survey. Chemical and physical parameters of soil were measured in laboratory. Results indicated that thirty-six herbaceous species and 13 regenerated tree species were recorded within the area of 100 m from the road verge. At the different distances from the road verge and both down and up-slope, the ground cover of Carex sylvatica and Rubus caesius L. as well as regeneration density of Carpinus betulus L. were higher compared to other species. Menhenick, Margalef, Shannon and Simpson indices were higher at the distance of 0&ndash;20 m than at the distances of 40&ndash;60 m and 80&ndash;100 m. Camargo and Smith-Wilson indices decreased when increasing distance to the road. These results are expected to provide critical information for decision makers and land managers for managing plant species and maintaining the integrity of biological communities. &nbsp;

DESIGNING AN OPTIMAL FOREST ROAD NETWORK BY CONSIDERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IN GIS OPTIMALIŲ MIŠKO KELIŲ TINKLO PROJEKTAVIMAS ĮVERTINUS POVEIKĮ APLINKAI GIS PROGRAMA / ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ OПTИMAЛЬHOЙ CETИ ЛECHЫX ДOPOГ С УЧЕТОМ BOЗДEЙCTBИЯ HA OKPYЖAЮЩYЮ CPEДY, ОЦЕНЕННОГО С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ГИС

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ataollah Hosseini ◽  
Mohammad Reza Mazrae ◽  
Majid Lotfalian ◽  
Aidin Parsakhoo
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Road Verge ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Planning ◽  
Golestan Province ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
The Cost

Planning of forest road network is the most important issue for sustainable management of northern forests in Iran. This study represented a technical method of forest road planning by using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) in Vatan forestry plan of Golestan province, Iran. The aim of this study was to find out options for the optimization of skid trail length and for decreasing the negative effects of redundant skid trail length. Results of this study showed that the total length of forest road and the road network density was 36745 m and 8.68 m ha−1, respectively. 54% of the area was covered by these roads. 98.06 km skid trail was planned from road verge into the forest interior. The density of this skidding trail was 23.17 m ha−1. The suggested road network length measured using GIS was 47.23 km. Road density was 10.87 m ha−1, with 79% coverage. Skid trail length was 81.04 km, and skid trail density was 19.15 m ha−1. On the basis of GIS measurements, the skid trails on new road network system had shorter length and more frequency. This causes to decrease the cost of primary transportation. Moreover, in this plan the roads with suitable coverage passed from stable slopes. Santrauka Miško kelių tinklo planavimas – viena svarstomų problemų, siekiant užtikrinti tvarią miškotvarkos sistemą šiaurinėje Irano dalyje esančiuose miškuose. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas miško kelių planavimo techninis metodas, taikant GIS (geografinės informacinės sistemos) programą ir naudojant Vatan miško, Golestan provincijoje, Irane, planus. Šio tyrimo tikslas – išsiaiškinti galimybes, kaip optimizuoti miško keliukų ilgį ir sumažinti neigiamą poveikį miškui, mažinant perteklinį šių keliukų trasos ilgį. Pirminiai rezultatai parodė, kad bendras esamų kelių ilgis siekia 36 745 km, kelių tinklas aprėpė 54% visos tiriamosios teritorijos, tankis siekė 8,68 m ha−1, o optimalus miško kelių tinklas buvo rengiamas pagal esamą 98,06 km ilgio miško keliukų tinklą, kurio tankis – 23,17 m ha−1. Bendras siūlomo kelių tinklo ilgis siekia 47,23 km, tankumas – 10,87 m ha−1, jis aprėpia 79% teritorijos. Miško keliukų ilgis – 81,04 km, tankumas – 19,15 m·ha−1. Remiantis GIS matavimais, naujo miško keliukų tinklo keliukai buvo trumpesni, tačiau jų tinklas tankesnis. Dėl šios priežasties mažėja pirminės transporto išlaidos ir sukuriama optimali miško keliukų aprėptis, pagerinamas prieinamumas. Резюме Планирование сети лесных дорог является одним из важнейших вопросов при создании упорядоченной системылесохозяйствования в северной части Ирана. В статье представлен технический метод планирования лесохозяйственной деятельности (прокладки дорог) с использованием ГИС и плана леса Ватан в провинции Гулистан Ирана. Целью исследования было выяснить возможности оптимизации длины лесных дорог и уменьшениянегативных последствий их избыточной длины. Результаты исследования показали, что общая протяженность существующих лесных дорог составляет 36 745 км, сеть дорог охватывает 54% всей исследованной территории,ее плотность – 8,68 м га−1. Оптимальная сеть лесных дорог создавалась на основании имеющейся сети лесных дорог, протяженность которой 98,06 км, плотность – 23,17 м гa−1. Протяженность предлагаемой сети дорог составит 47,23 км, плотность – 10,87 м гa−1, она охватит 79% территории. Длина лесных дорог составит 81,04 км, а плотность – 19,15 м·гa−1. На основании измерений, проведенных с использованием ГИС, длина дорог лесной сети стала короче, а сеть более густой. В связи с этим снижаются первичные затраты на транспорт, охват леснымидорогами становится более оптимальным, увеличивается доступность.

scholarly journals The influence of rural road development on forest extent changes over the three time periods: A case study of Chegeni region, Lorestan province

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
Motlaq Ayoob Rezaee ◽  
Parsakhoo Aidin ◽  
Adeli Kamran ◽  
Moayeri Mohamad Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Road Density ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
Settlement Development ◽  
The Road ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Photo Mosaic

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the development of road quality (surfacing condition and road type) and road quantity (road density and distance to main road) on forest extent changes in a region in Zagros forests of Iran over the three time periods of 1960s, 2000s and 2010s. Ranks of 1 to 5 were assigned to road quality. Forest extent changes were analysed on digital aerial photo mosaic. The Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test the relationship between the road parameters and forest extent changes. Results showed that rural-forest road network has more influence on settlement development. Forest extent was correlated negatively with the road quality. Moreover, there were more disturbances to native forests closer to roads. It was concluded that forest cover decrease was associated with physical parameters including access to roads, cultivation practices, road quality and settlement development.

Optimales Layout einer Walderschliessung

2016 ◽  
Vol 167 (5) ◽  
pp. 294-301
Author(s):  
Leo Bont
Keyword(s):  
Road Network ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Optimal Layout ◽  
Forest Road ◽  
The Road ◽  
Network Cost ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Short Time

Optimal layout of a forest road network The road network is the backbone of forest management. When creating or redesigning a forest road network, one important question is how to shape the layout, this means to fix the spatial arrangement and the dimensioning standard of the roads. We consider two kinds of layout problems. First, new forest road network in an area without any such development yet, and second, redesign of existing road network for actual requirements. For each problem situation, we will present a method that allows to detect automatically the optimal road and harvesting layout. The method aims to identify a road network that concurrently minimizes the harvesting cost, the road network cost (construction and maintenance) and the hauling cost over the entire life cycle. Ecological issues can be considered as well. The method will be presented and discussed with the help of two case studies. The main benefit of the application of optimization tools consists in an objective-based planning, which allows to check and compare different scenarios and objectives within a short time. The responses coming from the case study regions were highly positive: practitioners suggest to make those methods a standard practice and to further develop the prototype to a user-friendly expert software.

scholarly journals Sustainable Streetscape and Built Environment Designs around BRT Stations: A Stated Choice Experiment Using 3D Visualizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6594
Author(s):  
Ahmad Adeel ◽  
Bruno Notteboom ◽  
Ansar Yasar ◽  
Kris Scheerlinck ◽  
Jeroen Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Mass Transit ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
The Road ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Set Up

The incompatibility between the microscale-built environment designs around mass transit stations and stakeholders’ preferences causes dissatisfaction and inconvenience. The lack of a pedestrian-friendly environment, uncontrolled development patterns, traffic and parking issues make the street life vulnerable and unattractive for users, and affect the mass transit usage. How to design the streetscapes around mass transit stations to provide a user-friendly street environment is a crucial question to achieve sustainable transit-oriented development goals. To recognize the specific attributes of streetscape environment relevant in local context of BRT Lahore, this paper presents the results of a visual preference experiment in which nine attributes of built environment were systematically varied across choice sets. Multinomial logit models were set up to identify the preferences of three target groups: BRT users, commercial building users and residents at different locations. The research indicates that not only the road-related factors (bike lane and sidewalk widths, crossings facilities, street greenery) have a significant influence on people’s preference but also that building heights, and the typology of buildings and housing projects around BRT corridor have shaped these preferences. When planning and designing urban design projects around mass transit projects, these significant attributes should be considered.

scholarly journals A 2-D model for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Preliminarily Validated on Local Values

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Conti ◽  
Barbara Bosio ◽  
Stephen John McPhail ◽  
Francesca Santoni ◽  
Davide Pumiglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Intermediate Temperature ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Local Concentration ◽  
Oxide Fuel ◽  
Molten Carbonate ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Set Up

Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC) technology offers interesting opportunities in the panorama of a larger penetration of renewable and distributed power generation, namely high electrical efficiency at manageable scales for both remote and industrial applications. In order to optimize the performance and the operating conditions of such a pre-commercial technology, an effective synergy between experimentation and simulation is fundamental. For this purpose, starting from the SIMFC (SIMulation of Fuel Cells) code set-up and successfully validated for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells, a new version of the code has been developed for IT-SOFCs. The new release of the code allows the calculation of the maps of the main electrical, chemical, and physical parameters on the cell plane of planar IT-SOFCs fed in co-flow. A semi-empirical kinetic formulation has been set-up, identifying the related parameters thanks to a devoted series of experiments, and integrated in SIMFC. Thanks to a multi-sampling innovative experimental apparatus the simultaneous measurement of temperature and gas composition on the cell plane was possible, so that a preliminary validation of the model on local values was carried out. A good agreement between experimental and simulated data was achieved in terms of cell voltages and local temperatures, but also, for the first time, in terms of local concentration on the cell plane, encouraging further developments. This numerical tool is proposed for a better interpretation of the phenomena occurring in IT-SOFCs and a consequential optimization of their performance.

Measuring heavy traffic with WIM-ROAD and WIM-BRIDGE systems in an urban environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Soudijn ◽  
Sebastiaan van Rossum ◽  
Ane de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Structural Safety ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The Road ◽  
Weigh In Motion ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Calibration Program

<p>In this paper we present weight measurements of urban heavy traffic comparing two different Weigh In Motion (WIM) systems. One is a WIM-ROAD system using Lineas quartz pressure sensors in the road surface. The other is a WIM-BRIDGE system using optical fibre-based strain sensors which are applied under the bridge to the bottom fibre of a single span of the bridge deck. We have designed our tests to determine which system is most suited to Amsterdam. We put special focus on the accuracy that each system can achieve and have set up an extensive calibration program to determine this. Our ultimate goal is to draw up a realistic traffic load model for Amsterdam. This model would lead to a recommendation that can be used to re- examine the structural safety of existing historic bridges and quay walls, in addition to the current traffic load recommendations.</p>

scholarly journals A Study of the Stability of a Plate-Like Load Towed beneath a Helicopter

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Wind Tunnel Testing ◽  
Stability Derivatives ◽  
Direct Indication ◽  
Metric Dimensions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Derivative Information

Recent experience has shown that a plate-like load suspended beneath a helicopter moving in horizontal forward flight has unstable characteristics at both low and high forward speeds. These findings have prompted a theoretical analysis to determine the longitudinal and lateral dynamic stability of a suspended pallet. Only the longitudinal stability is considered here. Although it is strictly a non-linear problem, the usual assumptions have been made to obtain linearized equations of motion. The aerodynamic derivative data required for these equations have been obtained, where possible, for the appropriate ranges of Reynolds and Strouhal number by means of static and dynamic wind tunnel testing. The resulting stability equations (with full aerodynamic derivative information) have been set up and solved, on a digital computer, to give direct indication of a stable or unstable system for a combination of physical parameters. These results have indicated a longitudinal unstable mode for all practical forward speeds. Simultaneously the important stability derivatives were found for this instability and modifications were made subsequently in the suspension system to eliminate the instabilities in the longitudinal sense. Throughout this paper, all metric dimensions are given approximately.

The Road Less Travelled

2020 ◽  
pp. 307-327
Author(s):  
Seema S. P.
Keyword(s):  
Women Managers ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Road ◽  
Family Balance ◽  
Education In India ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
Work Family ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Work And Family Roles

One of the most crucial factors affecting development in the 21st century is the increased participation of women in the economy of a country and increased entrance to managerial positions. Even though such tremendous changes have taken place, the patriarchal social set up insists on women's responsibilities towards family and children. The domestic roles of women are not shared by men despite the fact that women have shared the economic and social responsibilities of men. This causes conflict among work and family roles, which ultimately affects the physical and psychological well-being of women managers. This chapter deals with the problems and challenges faced by women managers in higher education in India and how family support and suitable coping strategies help them maintain work-family balance.

scholarly journals Next Generation Emergency Services Based on the Pan-European Mobile Emergency Application (PEMEA) Protocol: Leveraging Mobile Positioning and Context Information

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urban Sedlar ◽  
James Winterbottom ◽  
Bostjan Tavcar ◽  
Janez Sterle ◽  
Jaka Cijan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
User Acceptance ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Location Aware ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Cell Tower ◽  
Over The Top

In this paper, we analyze requirements of next generation 112 emergency services in the era of ubiquitous mobile devices and sensors and present the design, implementation, and piloting results of our testbed, which was developed within the H2020 project NEXES. The system leverages a multihop location-aware PEMEA routing network that finds the geographically closest responsible public service answering point (PSAP) and supports cross-border application roaming. Our reference mobile implementation utilizes multiple device and network-based positioning technologies, which, combined, both outperform traditional cell-tower based positioning and provide a means for detecting fraudulent calls. The system is extensible and can establish a variety of communication channels after the initial emergency session is set up; we demonstrate this with an interoperable WebRTC-based video call. The obtained results demonstrate the viability and flexibility of PEMEA-based over-the-top emergency services, show high user acceptance when comparing them with existing solutions, and thus pave the road for further rollout of such systems.

Dynamic Performance of Conventional and Electrically Activated Engine Thermostats

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alan Gunter ◽  
M. Razi Nalim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Control Device ◽  
The Road ◽  
Engine Control System ◽  
Passive Devices ◽  
Heating Device ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Spool Valve ◽  
Engine Coolant

Abstract This study concerns the dynamic performance of passive and active wax-actuator driven thermostats. The study is extended to wax actuator driven thermostats that have been fitted with a heating device, such that the thermostat can be actuated electrically. The thermostat valve type chosen for this study is a balanced, sleeve-type thermostat typically used in large over-the-road and industrial diesel engines. The valve operates like a spool valve to direct the flow of the engine coolant to the bypass, the heat exchanger, or partially to each. Since conventional thermostats are passive devices they lag in response to dynamic engine conditions, and under certain circumstances overheating can occur as a result of the device’s inability to respond quickly. Also, conventional thermostats are designed to protect an engine against overheating year round. Therefore, a thermostat designed to protect against overheating in the summer will often result in an overcooling condition in the winter. One possible solution to the problem is to control the thermostat electrically through the electronic engine control system, or other system, making the thermostat an active control device instead of a passive one. In this study, a mathematical model is developed to determine wax temperature, and thereby predict the thermostat operation and response. The wax temperature depends on the heat transfer from the engine coolant through the brass cup that encapsulates the wax, as well as heat transfer from the heater. The simulations are compared with measurements of temperature, thermostat position and flow at several locations around the thermostat in an experimental set-up. The outcome is used to analyze the accuracy of the methods used in the thermodynamic calculations.

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