scholarly journals Degradation of animal malodour

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S60-S66 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Janoško ◽  
M. Čery
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Animal Waste ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Direct Combustion ◽  
Thermal Combustion

Animal waste represents a significant threat to the environment. Degradation of waste from dead animals is in general carried out in specialized facilities (rendering plants) under specific rules and guidelines. In plant proximity, undesirable malodour is usually produced during the combustion process. This odour can be effectively reduced so that it does not negatively affect the environment and society. Degradation of animal waste malodour can be processed in ozonisers, thermal combustion devices or in bio washers. The purpose of this paper is to determine the limits of exhausts that are produced during direct combustion of animal waste malodour. The level of ammonia in the combustion air is dependent on the quality of raw material processed at rendering plants where the measurements were carried out. In order to reduce the economic costs, the use of alternative fuels (animal fat, heavy fuel oil) is recommended.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CANGKANG BIJI KARET DENGAN ADITIF TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF MELALUI TEKNOLOGI PEMBRIKETAN

JTAM ROTARY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Randi Nasarudin ◽  
Abdul Ghofur
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Additional Material

The development of alternative energy sources that can replace fuel oil is very important to utilize natural resources optimally and environmentally. The shell produced from rubber plants is the main ingredient in this study, while the coconut shell is an additional material used to increase the calorific value of alternative fuels which is often referred to as Briquette. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of variations in raw material composition and variations in pressure on the quality of rubber shells and coconut shell waste briquettes according to SNI standards. The raw material for rubber shell and coconut shell is processed into charcoal using carbonization method with a variation of a mixture of 85%: 15%, 90%: 10% and 95%: 5% with 5% adhesive. Then mix the printed material with a pressure of 300 kg/cm2 and 100kg/cm2. The quality parameters of briquettes are based on SNI 01-6235-2000 standards with moisture content, ash content, volatille matter content, and lacquer value. The results of the study showed that the sample b1 with 85% injection: 15% print pressure 300kg/cm2. The briquette with the sample code b1 has a water content value of 5,10432%, ash content of 14,8604%, volatile matter content of 12,8002%, carbon value of 66,8225% and heating value of 6576.592501 cal/gr. But overall the briquettes have not met the standards of SNI 01-6235-2000 concerning the quality of wood charcoal briquettes. Because the ash content of the briquette exceeds the maximum limit that has been determined, namely a maximum of 8%.  Keywords: Alternative Energy, Rubber Seed Shell, Coconut Shell, Pressure

Effect of Chemical Fuel Additives on Liquid Fuel Saving, and Emissions for Heavy Fuel Oil

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Emara
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow ◽  
Acoustic Noise ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Fuel Additive ◽  
Fuel Saving ◽  
Fuel Additives ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

As fossil fuel resources are considered non-renewable sources of fuel, they will be totally consumed in the near or far future. Due to the intensive and extensive consumption of these fossil fuels in all life sectors such as transportation, power generation, industrial processes, and residential consumption, it is important to find other new methods to cover this fuel demand. Fuel additives are chemicals used to enhance fuel combustion performance, save fuel amounts required for combustion, and correct deficiencies in power and efficiency during consumption. The fuel additives are blended with the traditional fuel even by parts per million range for controlling chemical contaminants and emission reduction. In the present work, the experimental measurements were done, to evaluate the effect of fuel additive blending with the raw heavy fuel oil (Mazut) on fuel saving which is of a great significance, emissions control, and combustion characteristics as well as the combustion efficiency. These measurements are as follows: initial temperature of Mazut, exhaust gas temperature at the end of combustor, air and fuel mass flow rates to determine the heat load, inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water, mass flow rate of water, concentration of different exhaust gases, acoustic (noise level) measurements, smoke number, and flame length. These measurements are performed using swirled vanes, co-axial, and double heavy fuel nozzle (1.5 gal/hr for each one) burner with maximum heating load of 550 kW. GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis was performed by using Hewlett Packard model 5890 equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) to identify the fuel additives substances within the tested samples. The results reveal that the use of fuel additives improves the combustion characteristics and play an important role in fuel saving as well as emission and combustion process.

scholarly journals Energy optimisation of vertical shaft kiln operation in the process of dolomite calcination

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2123-2135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Risto Filkoski ◽  
Ilija Petrovski ◽  
Zlatko Gjurchinovski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
High Temperature Heat Treatment ◽  
Shaft Kiln ◽  
Technology Process ◽  
Rotary Kilns ◽  
Energy Optimisation

The essential part of the refractory materials production on a basis of sintered dolomite as raw material is the process of dolomite calcination. The technology process usually takes place in shaft or rotary kilns, where the dolomite stone, CaMg(CO3)2, is subjected to a high temperature heat treatment. The calcination of the dolomite is highly endothermic reaction, requiring significant amount of thermal energy to produce sintered dolomite (CaO, MgO), generating a large flow of hot gases at the furnace outlet. The objective of this work was to assess the possibilities of utilization of waste heat of exhaust gases from a shaft kiln in order to improve the overall energy efficiency of the technology process. Several different options were analyzed: (a) preheating of a raw material, (b) preheating of heavy fuel oil, (c) preheating of combustion air, (d) preheating of combustion air and raw material with flue gas, and (e) preheating of air for combustion and for drying of a raw material. Option (e) was selected as the most attractive and therefore it was analyzed in more details, showing significant annual energy savings and relatively short simple payback period on the investment.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Alternative Fuels for Shipping in Terms of Lifecycle Energy and Cost

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8502
Author(s):  
Li Chin Law ◽  
Beatrice Foscoli ◽  
Epaminondas Mastorakos ◽  
Stephen Evans
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Marine Fuel

Decarbonization of the shipping sector is inevitable and can be made by transitioning into low- or zero-carbon marine fuels. This paper reviews 22 potential pathways, including conventional Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) marine fuel as a reference case, “blue” alternative fuel produced from natural gas, and “green” fuels produced from biomass and solar energy. Carbon capture technology (CCS) is installed for fossil fuels (HFO and liquefied natural gas (LNG)). The pathways are compared in terms of quantifiable parameters including (i) fuel mass, (ii) fuel volume, (iii) life cycle (Well-To-Wake—WTW) energy intensity, (iv) WTW cost, (v) WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and (vi) non-GHG emissions, estimated from the literature and ASPEN HYSYS modelling. From an energy perspective, renewable electricity with battery technology is the most efficient route, albeit still impractical for long-distance shipping due to the low energy density of today’s batteries. The next best is fossil fuels with CCS (assuming 90% removal efficiency), which also happens to be the lowest cost solution, although the long-term storage and utilization of CO2 are still unresolved. Biofuels offer a good compromise in terms of cost, availability, and technology readiness level (TRL); however, the non-GHG emissions are not eliminated. Hydrogen and ammonia are among the worst in terms of overall energy and cost needed and may also need NOx clean-up measures. Methanol from LNG needs CCS for decarbonization, while methanol from biomass does not, and also seems to be a good candidate in terms of energy, financial cost, and TRL. The present analysis consistently compares the various options and is useful for stakeholders involved in shipping decarbonization.

scholarly journals Impact of physical properties of mixture of diesel and biodiesel fuels on hydrodynamic characteristics of fuel injection system

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-153
Author(s):  
Ivan Filipovic ◽  
Boran Pikula ◽  
Goran Kepnik
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Fuel Injection System ◽  
Biodiesel Fuels

One of the alternative fuels, originating from renewable sources, is biodiesel fuel, which is introduced in diesel engines without major construction modifications on the engine. Biodiesel fuel, by its physical and chemical properties, is different from diesel fuel. Therefore, it is expected that by the application of a biodiesel fuel, the characteristic parameters of the injection system will change. These parameters have a direct impact on the process of fuel dispersion into the engine cylinder, and mixing with the air, which results in an impact on the quality of the combustion process. Method of preparation of the air-fuel mixture and the quality of the combustion process directly affect the efficiency of the engine and the level of pollutant emissions in the exhaust gas, which today is the most important criterion for assessing the quality of the engine. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the influence of physical properties of a mixture of diesel and biodiesel fuels on the output characteristics of the fuel injection system. The following parameters are shown: injection pressure, injection rate, the beginning and duration of injection, transformation of potential into kinetic energy of fuel and increase of energy losses in fuel injection system of various mixtures of diesel and biodiesel fuels. For the analysis of the results a self-developed computer program was used to simulate the injection process in the system. Computational results are verified using the experiment, for a few mixtures of diesel and biodiesel fuels. This paper presents the verification results for diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel in particular.

scholarly journals Numerical Model of SO2 Scrubbing with Seawater Applied to Marine Engines

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Lamas ◽  
C. G. Rodríguez ◽  
J. D. Rodríguez ◽  
J. Telmo
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Marine Engines ◽  
Marine Diesel

AbstractThe present paper proposes a CFD model to study sulphur dioxide (SO2) absorption in seawater. The focus is on the treatment of marine diesel engine exhaust gas. Both seawater and distilled water were compared to analyze the effect of seawater alkalinity. The results indicate that seawater is more appropriate than distilled water due to its alkalinity, obtaining almost 100% cleaning efficiency for the conditions analyzed. This SO2reduction meets the limits of SOxemission control areas (SECA) when operating on heavy fuel oil. These numerical simulations were satisfactory validated with experimental tests. Such data are essential in designing seawater scrubbers and judging the operating cost of seawater scrubbing compared to alternative fuels.

scholarly journals Emission results of combustion process of fatty acids distillation residue in an oil boiler – comparison to heavy fuel oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-71
Author(s):  
Ryszard Wasielewski ◽  
Krzysztof Głód
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Energy Usage ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Distillation Residue ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
Heating Oil

The results of the research on energy usage of the fatty acids distillation residue are presented. Distillation residue constitutes a material of biogenic origin, which is created only as a result of physical processing of animal fats without using additional chemicals. This material exhibits similar physicochemical properties as the heavy heating oil and may be its substitute. Industrial comparative tests of combusting of distillation residue and also of the heavy heating oil in an oil boiler were conducted. The research was conducted at the rated and minimum capacities of the boiler. It has been stated that combusting of the distillation residue of the fatty acids in a tested oil boiler does not bring about any technological difficulties. No threat of the elevated emission of pollutants into the atmosphere was exhibited. Installation of the boiler fulfill all emission standards required for combustion of the liquid fuels. Combustion of fatty acids distillation residue contributes to the reduction of the previous emission of pollutants from burning of the heavy fuel oil, significantly in scope of SO2.

scholarly journals Environmental Protection and Energy Efficiency Improvement by using Marine Alternative fuels in Maritime Transportation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Gamal Elkafas ◽  
Mohamed Khalil ◽  
Mohamed R. Shouman ◽  
Mohamed M. Elgohary
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

Abstract Emissions from vessels are a major environmental concern because of their impacts on the deterioration of the environment, especially global warming of the atmosphere. Therefore, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) concern significant care to environmental protection through the reduction of exhaust emission and improvement of energy efficiency through technical and operational measures. Among the suggested measures from IMO, the alternative fuel such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) has the priority to be used instead of fossil fuels. The present paper calculates the effect of using LNG in a dual fuel engine from Environmental and Energy efficiency perspectives. As a case study, a Container Ship has been investigated. The results of the analysis show that percent of CO2, NOx and SOx emissions reduction corresponding to using a dual-fuel engine operating by LNG instead of a diesel engine operating by Heavy Fuel Oil is about 30.1%,81.44%, and 96.94%, respectively. Also, the attained Energy Efficiency Index Value in the case of using the dual-fuel engine is lower than its value by using diesel engine by about 30% and this value will be 77.18%, 86.84%, and 99.27% of the required value of the first, second and third phases, respectively as recommended by IMO.

A novel bottom-up global ship emission inventory for conventional and alternative fuels in a well-to-wake approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo Kramel ◽  
Helene Muri ◽  
YoungRong Kim ◽  
Radek Lonka ◽  
Jørgen Bremnes Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Bottom Up

<p>The maritime sector is one of the most efficient freight modal options in terms of emissions per tonnage transported per kilometer. However, alongside aviation, it is one of the most challenging transportation sectors to be decarbonized. Among the possible mitigation options are a switch towards less carbon-intensive fuels. However, the adoption of a global strategy towards cleaner fuels is not possible before fully understanding the climate implications throughout their entire life cycle. For such assessment at a global level, reliable and robust emission inventories are necessary. For this purpose, we present a novel bottom-up assessment of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and aerosols (NOx, SOx, CO, OC, EC and BC) in the maritime sector. Our high-resolution, data-driven emission inventory comprises a baseline of emissions for the year 2017, in which the global fleet has a fuel mix of heavy-fuel oil (HFO) and marine diesel oil (MDO). In addition, we present three scenarios in which the global fleet runs in its entirety with one of the potential fuel substitutes; i) Low-Sulphur diesel, ii) Liquefied-natural gas (LNG), and iii) Ammonia.</p><p>These emission inventories are developed through the use of the state-of-the-art MariTEAM model, which combines ship satellite data (AIS), historical weather data, and individual ship information in its emissions calculations. Additionally, the emissions resulting from the fuel production and processing life cycles are included and presented geospatially, resulting in a full ‘well-to-wake’ emission inventory. The spatiotemporal inventories for the alternative scenarios reveal that technology used in the fuel production, the weather, and heavy traffic regions all have a significant environmental impact on the overall emissions, both globally and regionally, highlighting the importance of measuring and modelling this correctly. Results show that a full transition towards LNG could achieve a reduction in terms of global warming potential (GWP100) of 21% and, in the case of ammonia, around 88%. The emission inventories also allow us to estimate the global annual efficiency ratio for each alternative fuel combining upstream and downstream emissions, indicating the need for more comprehensive metrics for designing appropriate policies aiming at net-zero emissions by 2100.</p>

scholarly journals Numerical Analysis of Emissions from Marine Engines Using Alternative Fuels

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 48-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamas M.I. ◽  
Rodríguez C.G. ◽  
Telmo J. ◽  
Rodríguez J.D.
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Marine Engines ◽  
Competitive Prices ◽  
Restrictive Legislation ◽  
Oil Fuel

AbstractThe current restrictions on emissions from marine engines, particularly sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2), are compelling the shipping industry to a change of tendency. In the recent years, many primary and secondary reduction techniques have been proposed and employed in marine engines. Nevertheless, the increasingly restrictive legislation makes it very difficult to continue developing efficient reduction procedures at competitive prices. According to this, the paper presents the possibility to employ alternative fuels. A numerical model was developed to analyze the combustion process and emissions using oil fuel, natural gas and hydrogen. A commercial marine engine was studied, the Wärtsilä 6L 46. It was found, that hydrogen is the cleanest fuel regarding CO2, hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). Nevertheless, it is very expensive for marine applications. Natural gas is cheaper and cleaner than fuel oil regarding CO2and CO emissions. Still, natural gas emits more NOxand HC than oil fuel. SOxdepends basically on the sulphur content of each particular fuel.

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