Employment characteristics of tine cultivators at deeper soil loosening

The work quality of selected tine cultivators that are suitable equally for deeper soil cultivation has been evaluated. The following implements were tested in a stubble field: Köckerling Vario 570, Simba Solo 450, Horsch Terrano 5 FX, Strom Finisher Mega 8000, Farmet Turbulent 450, Kverneland CLC 430, Väderstad TopDown 400. The cultivator evaluation criteria were the following: quantity of plant residues left on the soil surface, size distribution of clods, transverse elevation profile of the soil surface, elevation profile of the furrow bottom, cultivation depth, unit fuel consumption, travel reduction ratio, work-rate, and unit draft of a cultivator. All of the cultivators were equipped mainly with tine tools, followed further on by disc tools and either by levelling or by crumbling tools. Plant residues were well worked into the soil by Väderstad and Farmet cultivators. Horsch, Kverneland and Väderstad cultivators showed good crumbling effect. The highest work speed was reached by tractors with Strom and Horsch implements.

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Equipments to manage soil and irrigated rice straw for the sequential sowing of soybean in tropical floodplains1

Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical ◽

10.1590/1983-40632019v4954879 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

Author(s):

José Geraldo da Silva ◽

Adriano Stephan Nascente ◽

Pedro Marques da Silveira

Keyword(s):

Surface Roughness ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Operating Speed ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Consequent Reduction ◽

Soil Surface Roughness ◽

Energetic Performance

ABSTRACT The presence of straw hinders the sowing of soybean cultivated in succession to rice, in areas irrigated by flooding. This study aimed to evaluate the combination of different configurations of a rice harvester and subsequent activities in the operational and energetic demand of rice straw management and in the soil surface roughness, in order to cultivate soybean in succession. Three independent experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, as well as evaluated the fuel consumption, effective operating speed, working capacity and final surface roughness of the ground. The energy costs of harvesting rice do not increase when the automated harvester operates with a spreader to distribute the straw on the ground and to avoid the formation of furrows. The presence of rice plant residues in the field increases the skidding of the tractor when pulling the knife-roller, with a consequent reduction of the operating speed, but this does not affect the operational capacity and the fuel consumption. The increase in the number of light harrowings, from one to two operations, in areas worked with knife-roller or intermediate harrow, requires more time and fuel in the management of the soil and rice straw, but leaves the ground with less surface roughness. The management system with knife-roller operation and two light harrowings is the most appropriate method to prepare the soil for soybean cultivation after rice, because it provides the best combination of technical and energetic performance.

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Modelling the mineralisation of plant residues on the soil surface

Agronomie ◽

10.1051/agro:2002042 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 22 (7-8) ◽

pp. 711-722 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Axel Berkenkamp ◽

Eckart Priesack ◽

Jean Charles Munch

Keyword(s):

Soil Surface ◽

Plant Residues

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REHABILITATION OF THE SOIL STRUCTURE WITH THE DIRECT SOWING IN THE STAVROPOL REGION DRY ZONE

Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science ◽

10.30850/vrsn/2020/6/27-31 ◽

1970 ◽

pp. 27-31

Author(s):

V. P. Belobrov ◽

S. А. Yudin ◽

V. А. Kholodov ◽

N. V. Yaroslavtseva ◽

N. R. Ermolaev ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cover Crops ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Agricultural Technologies ◽

Row Crops ◽

Dry Zone ◽

Erosion Effect ◽

Stavropol Region ◽

Dry Conditions ◽

Direct Sowing

The influence of different systems of soil cultivation is considered - traditional (recommended) technology and direct sowing, which is increasingly used under dry conditions of the region. The rehabilitation of the degraded southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils structure during 13 and 7 years of direct sowing, respectively, has not been established. It takes much longer to rehabilitation the aggregate state of soils, which is currently in a critical condition of the content of aggregates> 10 mm in size and the sum of agronomically valuable aggregates. The soils under 60-year treeline, as a control, showed a satisfactory range of aggregates, which indicates a high degree of soil degradation in the past and a long period of their recovery time. The effectiveness of direct sowing usage in the cultivation of a wider range of grain and row crops (winter wheat, sunflower, peas, chickpeas, rapeseed, buckwheat, corn) is due to the peculiarities of agricultural technologies. Abandoning of naked fallows and soil treatments with the simultaneous use of plant residues and cover crops on the soil surface between the harvest and sowing of winter crops provides an anti-erosion effect and, as a consequence, a decrease in physical evaporation, an increase in moisture and biota reserves, an increase in microbiological processes, which are noted in the form trends in improving the agrochemical and agrophysical properties of soils.

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Conceptual imposings of quality management of system of production of composite materials for it is rocket the space equipment

Informacionno-technologicheskij vestnik ◽

10.21499/2409-1650-2017-4-30-38 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 30-38

Author(s):

V. G. Isaev ◽

T. N. Antipova

Keyword(s):

Composite Materials ◽

Quality Management ◽

Evaluation Criteria ◽

Criteria And Indicators ◽

Properties Of Materials ◽

A Priority ◽

Required Quality

Basic provisions of the concept and methodology of production of composite materials for the missile and space equipment are offered. The system of the purposes realizing the principle of a priority of the purposes of the customer is offered. The system of evaluation criteria and indicators of quality of composite materials the realizing interrelation of requirements of the customer to quality of material and dependence of ensuring the required quality on the used technologies is developed. It is shown that for ensuring quality of composite materials for units and the RKT systems first of all it is necessary development of mathematical dependences of properties of materials on parameters of the technological modes in the conditions of obligatory implementation of requirements of the customer.

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Applied Status and Quality of Graphs in Five Academic Medical Journals in Shanghai (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.11455 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Zisheng Ai ◽

Yuhong Tang ◽

Jiaqi Zheng ◽

Sanyou Wu ◽

Ying Wu

Keyword(s):

Evaluation Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Medical Journals ◽

Graph Type ◽

Academic Medical ◽

Substantial Problem ◽

Error Bias ◽

Important Form

BACKGROUND Figures are an important form of expressing results commonly found in medical papers and make data easy to read and compare. The quality of graphs in original papers has improved in western medical journals. However, some figures fail to correctly express the results of a paper. Additionally, graph quality and application has not been assessed in medical journals outside western countries. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency and types of data graphs used in Chinese academic medical journals and evaluate the quality of graphs used in original medical papers. METHODS A total of 783 papers were surveyed from the medical journals of five colleges and universities in Shanghai from 2011 to 2015. A cross-sectional study was used to analyse the applied status and graph quality. The evaluation criteria of graphs mainly included graph type, visual clarity, completeness, and special standards. RESULTS Most authors prefer to use simple charts, and bar charts with 95% CI were the most widely used. More than 60% of charts have problems with visual clarity, completeness, and special standards. Of 841 incorrect graphs, 10 (0.58%) graphs had three combined problems of graph characteristics, and 292 (34.72%) graphs had any two combined problems of graph characteristics. For detailed errors, the absence of variance description was the most substantial problem, especially in 2014 and in some academic medical journals. CONCLUSIONS Graphs are less commonly applied in the five university journals. However, the quality of papers using graphs was not properly controlled. Editors and journal quality management should strengthen the quality control of charts in papers. Authors should also avoid error bias and distorting their conclusions.

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Chemical and Phytocoenological Characteristics of Two Different Slovak Peatlands

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10071290 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1290

Author(s):

Danica Fazekašová ◽

Gabriela Barančíková ◽

Juraj Fazekaš ◽

Lenka Štofejová ◽

Ján Halas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Profile ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Nitrogen Supply ◽

Point Of View ◽

Statistical Testing ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Soil Reaction ◽

Chemical Parameters

This paper presents the results of pedological and phytocoenological research focused on the detailed research of chemical parameters (pH, organic carbon, and nutrients), risk elements (As-metalloid, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn), and species composition of the vegetation of two different peatlands on the territory of Slovakia—Belianske Lúky (a fen) and Rudné (a bog). Sampling points were selected to characterize the profile of the organosol within the peatland, the soil profile between the peatland and the agricultural land, and the soil profile of the outlying agricultural land, which is used as permanent grassland. Based on phytocoenological records, a semi-quantitative analysis of taxa in accordance with the Braun–Blanquet scale was performed. The study revealed that the thickness of the peat horizon of the fen in comparison with the bog is very low. In terms of the quality of organic matter, the monitored peatlands are dominated by fresh plant residues such as cellulose and lignin. Differences between individual types of peatlands were also found in the soil reaction and the supply of nitrogen to the organic matter of peat. The values of the soil exchange reaction were neutral on the fen, as well as slightly alkaline but extremely low on the bog. A significantly higher nitrogen supply was found in the organic matter of the fen in contrast to the bog. At the same time, extremely low content of accessible P and an above-limit content of As in the surface horizons were also found on the fen. From the phytocoenological point of view, 22 plant species were identified on the fen, while only five species were identified on the bog, which also affected the higher diversity (H’) and equitability (e). The results of the statistical testing confirmed the diversity of the studied peatlands and the different impact of environmental variables on plant diversity.

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A Strip-Till One-Pass System as a Component of Conservation Agriculture

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10122015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2015

Author(s):

Iwona Jaskulska ◽

Kestutis Romaneckas ◽

Dariusz Jaskulski ◽

Piotr Wojewódzki

Keyword(s):

Co2 Emissions ◽

Soil Loss ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Conservation Agriculture ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Pass System ◽

Previous Crop ◽

Bacteria And Fungi ◽

The Stability ◽

The Impact

Conservation agriculture has three main pillars, i.e., minimum tillage, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation. Covering the soil surface with plant residues and minimum mechanical soil disturbance can all result from introducing a strip-till one-pass (ST-OP) system. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the ST-OP technology on the management of plant residues, soil properties, inputs, and emissions related to crop cultivation. We compared the effect of a ST-OP system against conventional tillage (CT) using a plough, and against reduced, non-ploughing tillage (RT). Four field experiments were conducted for evaluating the covering of soil with plant residues of the previous crop, soil loss on a slope exposed to surface soil runoff, soil structure and aggregate stability, occurrence of soil organisms and glomalin content, soil moisture and soil water reserve during plant sowing, labour and fuel inputs, and CO2 emissions. After sowing plants using ST-OP, 62.7–82.0% of plant residues remained on the soil surface, depending on the previous crop and row spacing. As compared with CT, the ST-OP system increased the stability of soil aggregates of 0.25–2.0 mm diameter by 12.7%, glomalin content by 0.08 g·kg−1, weight of earthworms five-fold, bacteria and fungi counts, and moisture content in the soil; meanwhile, it decreased soil loss by 2.57–6.36 t·ha−1 year−1, labour input by 114–152 min·ha−1, fuel consumption by 35.9–45.8 l·ha−1, and CO2 emissions by 98.7–125.9 kg·ha−1. Significant favourable changes, as compared with reduced tillage (RT), were also found with respect to the stability index of aggregates of 2.0–10.0 mm diameter, the number and weight of earthworms, as well as bacteria and fungi counts.

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Soil Bio-Impact Effectiveness for the Optimal Multicriterial Environmental Sustainability in Crop Production

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11010072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

Vilma Naujokienė ◽

Daiva Rimkuvienė ◽

Egidijus Šarauskis

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Environmental Pollution ◽

Fuel Consumption ◽

Experimental Research ◽

Total Porosity ◽

Optimal Decision ◽

Soil Stability ◽

Plant Residues ◽

Multicriteria Assessment

Different bio-impacts affect the various properties and composition of soil, plant residues, harvests, and technological processes, as well as the interactions between different parts of the soil, working machine tools, energy consumption and environmental pollution with harmful gases. To summarize the wide-coverage investigations of various aspects of different bio-impact parameters, a multicriteria evaluation was conducted. Experimental research shows that different bioeffects such as those of agricultural practices can be oriented towards a reduction in fuel consumption, followed by reductions in CO2 emissions from machinery and changes in soil properties, dynamics of composition, yield and other parameters. A multicriteria assessment of the essential parameters would give farmers new opportunities to choose one optimal decision for reducing fuel consumption and increasing agricultural production, thereby reducing the negative environmental impact of soil cultivation processes, increasing yields and improving soil. Of all the properties investigated, from a practical point of view, the selection of the most important of all the essential links, such as reducing energy and expenditure, reducing environmental pollution, improving soil, and increasing yields and productivity, is reasonable. The evaluation of the bio-impact effects in agriculture by accounting for many criteria from several aspects was the main objective of the multicriteria assessment using the analytic hierarchy process. Based on the results of a multivariable research of fuel consumption—C1, C2, yield—C3, CO2 from soil—C4, density—C5, total porosity—C6, humus—C7, soil stability—C8, and soil moisture content—C9, the evaluation used experimental research data and the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) mathematical method to find the best-case scenario. Multicriteria effectiveness was most pronounced after the first and third soil bio-impacts by using a solution of essential oils of plants, 40 species of various herbs extracts, marine algae extracts, mineral oils, Azospirillum sp. (N), Frateuria aurentia (K), Bacillus megaterium (P), seaweed extract. The most important goal was to achieve the best soil bio-impact effectiveness—minimized energy consumption from ploughing and disc harrowing operations, parallelly minimized harmful emissions from agricultural machinery, minimized CO2 from soil, soil density, maximized soil total porosity, soil humus, soil stability, yield and optimized soil moisture.

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Factors associated with the quality of prenatal care: an approach to premature birth

Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP ◽

10.1590/s0080-623420150000400002 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 0540-0549 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Emiliana Cristina Melo ◽

Rosana Rosseto de Oliveira ◽

Thais Aidar de Freitas Mathias

Keyword(s):

Prenatal Care ◽

Skin Color ◽

Unplanned Pregnancy ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

Evaluation Criteria ◽

Care Quality ◽

White Skin ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Term Births

OBJECTIVETo assess the quality of prenatal care in mothers with premature and term births and identify maternal and gestational factors associated with inadequate prenatal care.METHODCross-sectional study collecting data with the pregnant card, hospital records and interviews with mothers living in Maringa-PR. Data were collected from 576 mothers and their born alive infants who were attended in the public service from October 2013 to February 2014, using three different evaluation criteria. The association of prenatal care quality with prematurity was performed by univariate analysis and occurred only at Kessner criteria (CI=1.79;8.02).RESULTSThe indicators that contributed most to the inadequacy of prenatal care were tests of hemoglobin, urine, and fetal presentation. After logistic regression analysis, maternal and gestational variables associated to inadequate prenatal care were combined prenatal (CI=2.93;11.09), non-white skin color (CI=1.11;2.51); unplanned pregnancy (CI=1.34;3.17) and multiparity (CI=1.17;4.03).CONCLUSIONPrenatal care must follow the minimum recommended protocols, more attention is required to black and brown women, multiparous and with unplanned pregnancies to prevent preterm birth and maternal and child morbimortality.

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Electro-Optic Inspection Equipment for Measuring the Edge-Work Quality of Glass Sheets

Measurement and Control ◽

10.1177/002029407600900504 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 183-186

Author(s):

P. Gallagher ◽

L. T. Clarke

Keyword(s):

Working Process ◽

Monitoring Equipment ◽

Work Quality ◽

Electro Optic ◽

Glass Plates ◽

Types Of Faults

Problems of breakage have been encountered in production when edge-worked glass plates have been subsequently put through a thermal toughening cycle. The equipment described in this paper was designed to inspect the edge of the glass in two orthogonal directions, to differentiate between a variety of faults and to give accept/reject information which may be fed-back to the edge-working station. The information obtained from this system was initially used in production to monitor which types of faults were causing the breakages so that greater control of these could be applied by both the monitoring equipment and the actual edge-working process.

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