The Cultural Definition of Illness in Village India

1963 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris Opler
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Medical Text ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Humoral Theory ◽  
Vedic Literature ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

In March, 1947, the Department of Health of the Government of India named a committee to consider measures to be taken to increase the usefulness of the indigenous systems of medicine, primarily Hindu Ayurveda and Muslim Unānī Tibbi. In 1948 this Committee on Indigenous Systems of Medicine issued a volume of explanatory appendices and a report. The principal explanation of Ayurveda in the appendices is found in a "Scientific Memorandum" compiled by a prominent member of the Committee, Dr. B. A. Pathak, the principal of Ayurvedic College, Benares Hindu University. Much of this Memorandum is devoted to a discussion of a view of disease called the tridosha or "three disorder" theory. In introducing it, the Memorandum declares: This theory is the foundation of Ayurvedic science. Its embryological, anatomical, physiological, pathological and therapeutical conceptions rest upon this foundation. It has been the product of the genius of this country and has not been borrowed from outside. There are references to it in the Vedic literature also. The humoral theory of the Greeks was, perhaps, a bad adaptation of the Tridosha theory. Evidently it was the fruit of numerous observations and prolonged discussions spread over centuries. The human mind has been always very curious to understand the secrets of the working of the human body. There are chapters in the Charaka Samhita [an ancient religio-medical text, M. E. O.] giving glimpses of such discussions showing that several theories were put forth in the past to explain the physiological functions of the human body. By the time these Samhitas of Ayurvedic literature were composed before the beginning of the Christian era, the Tridosha theory was firmly established.

The Legal History of Public Land in Liberia

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb J Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Legal History ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Public Land ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Source Materials

AbstractThis article demonstrates that there has never been a clear definition of public land in Liberian legal history, although in the past the government operated as if all land that was not under private deed was public. By examining primary source materials found in archives in Liberia and the USA, the article traces the origins of public land in Liberia and its ambiguous development as a legal concept. It also discusses the ancillary issues of public land sale procedures and statutory prices. The conclusions reached have significant implications for the reform of Liberia's land sector.

scholarly journals Can Homeostasis Be Static?

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
В. Ф. Пятин ◽  
В. В. Еськов
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Homeostatic Regulation ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Unstable Behavior ◽  
Body Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Homeostasis Regulation ◽  
Definition Of

Особое понимание гомеостаза и гомеостатичного регулирования в целом появилось за последние 20 лет в связи с доказательством гипотезы W. Weaver о биосистемах третьего типа и открытием эффекта Еськова–Зинченко. Однако имеется ряд работ, в которых высказывалось мнение о нестатичности в гомеостатичном регулировании внутренней среды организма человека. Более того, в рамках этого эффекта сейчас говорят об отсутствии статичных состояний любых функций организма человека. Это существенно расширяет наши представления о теории функциональных систем организма человека, которую разрабатывал П. К. Анохин в середине XX века. Сейчас мы вправе говорить о новом понимании кибернетики, которая лежит в основе описания различных физиологических функций человека. Возникает новая биологическая и медицинская кибернетика, в которой нет статичного гомеостаза и нет статики в параметрах функций организма человека. In 20 years the new understanding of homeostasis and special homeostatic regulation emerged associated with the W. Weaver hypothesis on biosystems of the third type and the discovery of the Eskov-Zinchenko effect. There are some papers about the unstable behavior of the homeostasis regulation in the human body. Now we can speak about the absence of any stable states of any human body function. This significantly expands our understanding of the theory of human functional systems developed by P. K. Anokhin in the middle of the 20th century. Now we can speak of a new understanding of cybernetics as a basis for the definition of various human physiological functions. A new biological and medical cybernetics is emerging; it denies static homeostasis and static parameters of the human body functions.

scholarly journals A Traditional Communication of Bugis (Note 1) in the South Sulawesi of Indonesia through the Art Performance of Kecapi

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Muslimin M.
Keyword(s):  
Folk Art ◽  
The South ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indonesian Archipelago ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Art Performance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of

Discussing about traditional communication, it is commonly connected to the tradition concept, which contains a meaning that the concept is a kind of the past finding, but it is commonly reputed as a normative thing by each part of the society. Based on the explanation, it can be concluded that the definition of traditional communication is commonly connected to the folk art performance as a traditional media that is owned by a certain society, as the result it can be identified and understood that a folk art performance is owned by that society and exist as a local wisdom for the society.Therefore, it can be cleared that discussing about traditional communication is cannot be separated with the traditional folk art performance as a media, a kind of art that is based on the folk story by using media that appears and develops in a certain society. The effort of source finding of this folk story is not only purposed to be performed in the form of art performance, but also it is further expected to carry out messages from the story. Therefore, in the review of traditional communication it is emphasized to the way of carrying the messages that are contained in an art performance as a media. Therefore, this review is not discussed about the art performance furtherly. It means that the performance can use a great and luxurious background, but also can be in a simple form.South Sulawesi as a former government of the Indonesian Archipelago (the government of Gowa-Tallo and other governments that had been exist in Indonesia) has various kinds of art performance of the traditional media which are still heired for generations, where the function of traditional media is not only as an entertaining public show, but also may be a guidance because of the role of art performance which is full of messages and senses.Therefore, people who will have an art performance are commonly have to prepare their physic, mental, and psychology, moreover in fact that they will face most of audiences and have an all night (Note 2) performance. So that, in the South Sulawasi, may be in other places, before playing the role as a persistent player in an art performance, the players are commonly practice hard their skill and ability. This ability is usually completed by a mysthical thinking through the magic words or Parimbolo (Bugis’ language). In order to learn the magic words, the players commonly meet the elders, but the magic words are not directly given, but rather have to pass some rituals within certain rules such as white cloth, a cock, or by preparing black sticky rice and black cock (Ajeip Padindang in Monoharto, 2003: ix-x).

scholarly journals Tamilarin Naattu Maruthuva Varalaaru (History of Indigenous Tamils Medicinal System)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-119
Author(s):  
R Dhinakar ◽  
T Subasree
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Over Time

Tamils have their indigenous system of Traditional medicine (Siddha medicinal system) which developed through ages, from the dream time in the past and still evolving. This system of medicine did not evolve in a single day, it took a prolonged period, through vast experience gathered through observation of the human body, and its symptoms towards diseases and examination of thousands of herbs, metals, and minerals  to cure the diseases. This skill and wisdom have been passed over generations which made this system one of the most efficient medicinal systems of our time. But over time this Tamil system of medicine was suppressed and underestimated in the name of modern science, the biased-prejudiced propaganda and hatred spread by huge pharma groups against this system, to prove that this system of medicine is irrational and unscientific which not true. Same time the lack of support from the government side in the previous years to enhance this Tamil Siddha medicinal system, made the scenario favor western medicinal pharma groups. However, the scenarios are been changing with the wakening of Tamils’ political and historical consciousness. It is for sure that soon Tamil’s traditional system of Medicine will retrieve and rise with its unique philosophy and virtue.

Recent Developments in Health Law

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
Stacy Clark
Keyword(s):  
Strict Liability ◽  
Health Care Executives ◽  
Corporate Misconduct ◽  
The Past ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Security Act ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Statutory Power ◽  
The Government

In the past several years, the Office of Inspector General (OIG), the branch of the Department of Health and Human Services that combats fraud and abuse, has begun enforcing a little-used provision that allows the government to exclude owners and managers of sanctioned entities based on their position in the company. The OIG's exclusion authority under 42 USC § 1320a-7(b)(15) is not unique in applying strict liability to individual executives as a tool to halt corporate misconduct, but it represents a startling change for health care executives who could now face exclusion for their company's misdeeds. While the OIG has expanded its use of this statute, it has indicated some hesitancy in exercising the full scope of its statutory power.Pursuant to §1128 and §1156 of the Social Security Act, the OIG can exclude individuals and entities from participating in federal healthcare programs. The OIG has both mandatory and permissive exclusion power, based on the circumstances of the offense.

scholarly journals The symbolic significance of bone, stone and metal in the context of traditional views of the Ob Ugrians on reincarnation

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-44
Author(s):  
Tatyana V. Voldina
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Traditional Practices ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
The Past ◽  
Metal Products ◽  
Needle Knife ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Internal Character ◽  
Vital Forces

The article continues the series of materials devoted to the problem of reincarnation in the traditional culture of the Ob Ugrians (“Finno-Ugric World”, “Bulletin of Ugric Studies” (2014–2018). The theme of reincarnation of the human soul is directly related to the question about the vital forces and their carriers. In traditional practices for determination whose “soul” reincarnated, the leading ones were the traditional divination and prediction of dreams, but also the attention was paid to the internal (character, preferences, etc.) and the external likeliness of a children to the reincarnated ancestor. It is not main, but very important parameter, confirming the correctness of the definition of the reborn “soul”. Part of the mythical traditions of the Khanty and Mansi is the so-called “bodily” magic, where special attention is paid to the bones (skeleton) as the basis of the human body. According to the bone structure, people could determine the fate and qualities of a person. Special attention was paid to the spine (or to the back), because the vitality of the human body depended on its strength. The safety and integrity of the skeleton was considered an important condition for subsequent reincarnation. Echoes of ancient beliefs can be found in the mythological texts about the ancestors and customs related to the bear cult. Relationship between the ideas about the bones with the worship of ancestral guardian spirits is universal. At the same time among the Ob Ugrians bones are also associated with stones. It explains sacralization of natural stone objects, in which “heroes of the past” have “turned”; a stone has generative, protective and deadly functions. The identity of bone and stone can be seen in folklore texts about heroes or miraculous arrows (bone and stone), which appear from the miracle stones, and these arrows are used by the heroes to defeat the supernatural creatures. Metal in its sacred functions is close to bone and stone. Metal products also symboliz a magical protection, ancestral spirits and the human soul (needle, knife, arrow tip).

scholarly journals Cybercrime and Pakistan

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (II) ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Zia UL Islam ◽  
Muhammad Aqeel Khan ◽  
Muhammad Zubair
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
The Past ◽  
Digital Forensic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Electronic Crime ◽  
Exact Definition

Cybercrime or electronic crime is a very diverse and expanding phenomenon. It has no boundaries. For people from different walks of life, its really hard to understand it. No exact definition of cybercrime can be given. Cybercrime in Pakistan has immensely increased in the past two decades. We had no digital forensic and information data experts. No latest system was available. Previously we had no legislation on cybercrimes until when Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016, was passed by the government. This research paper analyzes cybercrime, its meaning and origination, different difficulties, laws of cybercrime and its punishment given under the PECA. Some deficiencies along with few suggestions have been highlighted in the current setup of cybercrime and policy making at the end.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

KEBIJAKAN POLITIK KERUKUNAN ANTARAGAMA DI INDONESIA ERA REFORMASI

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-424
Author(s):  
Jamaluddin Jamaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
New Order ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Accommodation Space ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cultural Reality

Indonesian reformation era begins with the fall of President Suharto. Political transition and democratic transition impact in the religious life. Therefore, understandably, when the politic transition is not yet fully reflects the idealized conditions. In addition to the old paradigm that is still attached to the brain of policy makers, various policies to mirror the complexity of stuttering ruler to answer the challenges of religious life. This challenge cannot be separated from the hegemonic legacy of the past, including the politicization of SARA. Hegemony that took place during the New Order period, adversely affected the subsequent transition period. It seems among other things, with airings various conflicts nuances SARA previously muted, forced repressive. SARA issues arise as a result of the narrowing of the accommodation space of the nation state during the New Order regime. The New Order regime has reduced the definition of nation-states is only part of a group of people loyal to the government to deny the diversity of socio-cultural reality in it. To handle the inheritance, every regime in the reform era responds with a pattern and a different approach. It must be realized, that the post-reform era, Indonesia has had four changes of government. The leaders of every regime in the reform era have a different background and thus also have a vision that is different in treating the problem of racial intolerance, particularly against religious aspect. This treatment causes the accomplishment difference each different regimes of dealing with the diversity of race, religion and class that has become the hallmark of Indonesian society.

Derrida on Pornography: Putting (It) Up for Sale

Derrida Today ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Morris
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
English Translation ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Past ◽  
French Original ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Discourses ◽  
Academic Debate

Over the past thirty years, academic debate over pornography in the discourses of feminism and cultural studies has foundered on questions of the performative and of the word's definition. In the polylogue of Droit de regards, pornography is defined as la mise en vente that is taking place in the act of exegesis in progress. (Wills's idiomatic English translation includes an ‘it’ that is absent in the French original). The definition in Droit de regards alludes to the word's etymology (writing by or about prostitutes) but leaves the referent of the ‘sale’ suspended. Pornography as la mise en vente boldly restates the necessary iterability of the sign and anticipates two of Derrida's late arguments: that there is no ‘the’ body and that performatives may be powerless. Deriving a definition of pornography from a truncated etymology exemplifies the prosthesis of origin and challenges other critical discourses to explain how pornography can be understood as anything more than ‘putting (it) up for sale’.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document