scholarly journals Characteristics of Pure Oils from Belly Fat (Pangasius hypophthalmus) with Bentonite Purification

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorde Sembiring ◽  
Mirna Ilza ◽  
Andarini Diharmi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Peroxide Value ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Catfish Oil ◽  
By Products

Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) processing industry produces by products of abdoment fat containing unsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) which are the essential fatty acids needs to maintain health. Catfish belly fat can be processed into coarse fish oil through a purification process, with the addition of the adsorbent used, one of which is bentonite. This study was aimed to determine the<br />effect of bentonite application on the characteristics of refined catfish oil. Fish oil was extracted from belly fat then purified by adding bentonite adsorbent at a concentration of 1; 4 and 7%. The design used in this<br />study was a complete factorial of one factor. The parameters of analysis were the number of free fatty acids, peroxide value, anisidine, and totox. The results showed that bentonite had significant effect on free fatty<br />acid, peroxide, anisidine and totox values. The use of 7% bentonite decreased content of free fatty acid, peroxide value, anisidine, peroxide and totox from 1.72 to 0.85%, 5.18 to 0 meq/kg, 27.51 to 2.28 meq/kg,<br />and 37.88 to 2.28 meq/kg respectively.

EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Siwitri Kadarsih
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords : 

scholarly journals Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Fish Oil from Whole Fish and by-Products of Baltic Herring (Clupea harengus membras)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1811
Author(s):  
Ella Aitta ◽  
Alexis Marsol-Vall ◽  
Annelie Damerau ◽  
Baoru Yang
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Baltic Herring ◽  
By Products

Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) is one of the most abundant commercially caught fish species from the Baltic Sea. Despite the high content of fat and omega-3 fatty acids, the consumption of Baltic herring has decreased dramatically over the last four decades, mostly due to the small sizes and difficulty in processing. At the same time there is an increasing global demand for fish and fish oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids. This study aimed to investigate enzyme-assisted oil extraction as an environmentally friendly process for valorizing the underutilized fish species and by-products to high quality fish oil for human consumption. Three different commercially available proteolytic enzymes (Alcalase®, Neutrase® and Protamex®) and two treatment times (35 and 70 min) were investigated in the extraction of fish oil from whole fish and by-products from filleting of Baltic herring. The oil quality and stability were studied with peroxide- and p-anisidine value analyses, fatty acid analysis with GC-FID, and volatile compounds with HS-SPME-GC-MS. Overall, longer extraction times led to better oil yields but also increased oxidation of the oil. For whole fish, the highest oil yields were from the 70-min extractions with Neutrase and Protamex. Protamex extraction with 35 min resulted in the best fatty acid composition with the highest content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) but also increased oxidation compared to treatment with other enzymes. For by-products, the highest oil yield was obtained from the 70-min extraction with Protamex without significant differences in EPA and DHA contents among the oils extracted with different enzymes. Oxidation was lowest in the oil produced with 35-min treatment using Neutrase and Protamex. This study showed the potential of using proteolytic enzymes in the extraction of crude oil from Baltic herring and its by-products. However, further research is needed to optimize enzymatic processing of Baltic herring and its by-products to improve yield and quality of crude oil.

scholarly journals Acute postprandial effect of hydrogenated fish oil, palm oil and lard on plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid metabolism in normocholesterolaemic males

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 787-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie M. Cantwell ◽  
Mary A.T. Flynn ◽  
Michael J. Gibney
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Postprandial Response ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The majority of research has focused on the association betweentransunsaturated fatty acids (TUFA) from hydrogenated vegetable oils and heart disease even though TUFA are also produced from hydrogenated fish oil. We compared the acute effect of three solid fats on postprandial cholesterol, triacylglycerol (TAG) and NEFA concentrations in normocholesterolaemic males. Eight healthy male volunteers consumed each of the three 40g fat meals (partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO), palm oil and lard) in random order and blood samples were drawn at 2, 4, 6 and 8h thereafter for lipid analysis. The postprandial response in plasma TAG, TAG-rich lipoprotein-TAG (TRL-TAG), total cholesterol and plasma NEFA, measured as the area under the postprandial curve, was not significantly different between the three meals (p>0·05), which varied in MUFA, PUFA and TUFA content. There was no marked elevation of longer-chain fatty acids (C20–22,cisortransisomers) into the TRL-TAG fraction following the PHFO meal even though they provided 40% of the total fatty acids in the PHFO meal. The postprandial TRL-TAG response to PHFO was expected to be higher, as it is higher in TUFA, lower in PUFA and similar in saturated fatty acid composition compared with the lard and palm oil test meals. The absence of a higher postprandial response following ingestion of PHFO could be as a result of reduced absorption and increased oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (bothcisandtransisomers)

scholarly journals Karakteristik dan Profil Asam Lemak Minyak Ikan dari Kepala dan Tulang Ikan Tuna (Thunnus albacares)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Daniel A N Apituley ◽  
Raja Bonan Dolok Sormin ◽  
Esterlina E E M Nanlohy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Acid Number ◽  
Thunnus Albacares

This study was aimed to determine the physical and chemical quality as well as the fatty acid profile of fish oil from the waste of the head and the bones of Thunnus albacares. An experimental method was applied in this research. Observed variables included yield, density, acid number, saponification value, iodine number, TBA value, as well as fatty acid profile. The results showed that the physical characteristics of the oil from the head and bone of the fish, i.e., yield 12,11% and 9.85%, density 0.92 mg/mL, and 0.90 mg/mL, respectively. The chemical characteristics of the oil from head and bones of tuna were acid number 2.10 mg KOH/g and 2.88 mg KOH/g, iodine number 88.80 mg KOH/g and 77.67 mg KOH/g; saponification number 178.80 mg KOH/g and 145.50 mg KOH/g, TBA values 1.80 mg KOH/kg and 1.29 mg KOH/kg, subsequently. Unsaturated fatty acids were found to dominate oil from the head and bones of tuna. Tuna head contained 25 types of fatty acids consisting of 10 types of saturated fatty acids (SFA) 20.8% w/w, seven types of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) 11.92% w/w, eight polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 35.98% w/w. In comparison, tuna bones contained 26 types of fatty acids consisting of 11 SFA 19.69% w/w, seven MUFA 10.80% w/w, and 8 PUFA 26.21% w/w. Keywords: fatty acid, fish oil, Thunnus albacares, waste of head and bone   ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas fisik maupun kimiawi serta profil asam lemak minyak limbah ikan dari kepala dan tulang ikan tuna (Thunnus albacares). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen. Parameter yang diamati yaitu: rendemen, berat jenis minyak, bilangan penyabunan, bilangan iodin, bilangan Tiobarbituric Acid (TBA) serta profil asam lemak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karakteristik fisik dari kepala dan tulang ikan berturut-turut adalah: rendemen 12,11 dan 9,85%; berat jenis minyak 0,92 mg/mL dan 0,90 mg/mL. Karakteristik kimia dari kepala dan tulang ikan tuna adalah berturut-turut: bilangan asam 2,10 mg KOH/g dan 2,88 mg KOH/g; bilangan iod 88,80 mg KOH/g dan 77,67 mg KOH/g; bilangan penyabunan 178,80 mg KOH/g dan 145,50 mg KOH/g; nilai TBA 1,80 mg KOH/kg dan 1,29 mg KOH/kg. Asam lemak tidak jenuh mendominasi minyak dari kepala maupun tulang ikan Tuna. Kepala ikan tuna mengandung 25 jenis asam lemak terdiri dari 10 jenis asam lemak jenuh (SFA) 20,8% w/w, 7 jenis lemak tak jenuh tunggal (MUFA) 11,92% w/w, 8 asam lemak tak jenuh jamak (PUFA) 35,98% w/w; sedangkan tulang ikan Tuna mengandung 26 jenis asam lemak terdiri dari 11 SFA 19,69% w/w, 7 MUFA 10,80% w/w, dan 8 PUFA 26,21% w/w. Kata kunci: asam lemak, minyak ikan, Thunnus albacares, limbah tulang dan kepala

Biohydrogenation and digestion of long chain fatty acids in steers fed on different sources of lipid

2001 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. SCOLLAN ◽  
M. S. DHANOA ◽  
N. J. CHOI ◽  
W. J. MAENG ◽  
M. ENSER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Dietary Oil ◽  
Different Sources

Rumen biohydrogenation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is a significant limitation on any attempt to manipulate the PUFA content of ruminant products (meat or milk). This study examined rumen biohydrogenation of PUFA, the effects of PUFA on other aspects of rumen metabolism and fatty acid flow to and digestion in the small intestine of steers fed on different sources of lipid. Animals were fed ad libitum on grass silage and one of four concentrates (60:40 forage:concentrate on a dry matter basis) containing differing sources of lipid: megalac (rich in C16:0; M), linseed (rich in C18:3n-3; L), fish oil (rich in C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3; FO) and a mixture of linseed/fish oil (LFO). Diets were formulated so that total dietary oil intake was approximately 60 g/kg of the DM intake, approximately half of which was from the experimental test oil. Rumen NH3-N (P = 0·09) and total VFA concentrations (P = 0·007) were higher on L, FO and LFO compared to M. Dry matter intakes did not differ across treatments and averaged 7·2 kg/day. Intake and flow of fatty acids to the duodenum was 323, 438, 344 and 381 (S.E.M. 9·1; P < 0·001) and 432, 489, 412 and 465 (S.E.M. 18·5; P < 0·1) g/day for M, L, FO and LFO, respectively. Biohydrogenation of C18:1n-9 was lower than all the other unsaturated fatty acids and it was lower of FO and LFO compared to M and L, on average 66·1 and 72·2 %, respectively. Biohydrogenation of C18:2n-6 averaged 89·8 % across treatments and was lower (P < 0·05) on M compared to L and FO. Biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 averaged 92·1 % across treatments and was lowest on M (88·8 %) and highest on L and LFO (94·3 %). Biohydrogenation of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 averaged approximately 91 and 89 % across the treatments, respectively. Small intestinal digestibilities of all fatty acids were high. In conclusion, feeding different sources of lipid with different fatty acid composition had significant effects on rumen function. The PUFA in whole linseed were only partially protected from biohydrogenation by the seed coat and in contrast to previous reports the C20 PUFA in fish oil were biohydrogenated to a large extent.

scholarly journals The fatty acid compositions of erythrocyte and plasma polar lipids in children with autism, developmental delay or typically developing controls and the effect of fish oil intake

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1160-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Gordon Bell ◽  
Deborah Miller ◽  
Donald J. MacDonald ◽  
Elizabeth E. MacKinlay ◽  
James R. Dick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Developmental Delay ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

The erythrocyte and plasma fatty acid compositions of children with autism were compared in a case–control study with typically developing (TD) children and with children showing developmental delay (DD). Forty-five autism subjects were age-matched with TD controls and thirty-eight with DD controls. Fatty acid data were compared using paired t tests. In addition, blood fatty acids from treatment-naive autism subjects were compared with autism subjects who had consumed fish oil supplements by two-sample t tests. Relatively few differences were seen between erythrocyte fatty acids in autism and TD subjects although the former had an increased arachidonic acid (ARA):EPA ratio. This ratio was also increased in plasma samples from the same children. No changes in n-3 fatty acids or ARA:EPA ratio were seen when comparing autism with DD subjects but some SFA and MUFA were decreased in the DD subjects, most notably 24 : 0 and 24 : 1, which are essential components of axonal myelin sheaths. However, if multiple comparisons are taken into account, and a stricter level of significance applied, most of these values would not be significant. Autism subjects consuming fish oil showed reduced erythrocyte ARA, 22 : 4n-6, 22 : 5n-6 and total n-6 fatty acids and increased EPA, 22 : 5n-3, 22 : 6n-3 and total n-3 fatty acids along with reduced n-6:n-3 and ARA:EPA ratios. Collectively, the autism subjects did not have an underlying phospholipid disorder, based on erythrocyte fatty acid compositions, although the increased ARA:EPA ratio observed suggested that an imbalance of essential highly unsaturated fatty acids may be present in a cohort of autism subjects.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS SENYAWA BIOAKTIF SELADA LAUT (Ulva lactuca) SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN PADA MINYAK IKAN The Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Sea Lettuce (Ulva lactuca) as Antioxidant in Fish Oil

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Basyrowi Arbi ◽  
Widodo Farid Ma’ruf ◽  
Romadhon Romadhon
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Peroxide Value ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Thiobarbituric Acid ◽  
Ulva Lactuca ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Significant Difference

ABSTRAK Minyak ikan adalah produk perikanan yang mempunyai asam lemak tak jenuh tinggi yang rentan akan oksidasi. Penghambatan oksidasi dilakukan dengan penambahan antioksidan pada minyak. Penggunaan bahan alami sebagai antioksidan dari U. lactuca mampu menghambat oksidasi tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektifitas antioksidan selada laut (U. lactuca) dalam menghambat oksidasi.  Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ekstrak U. lactuca, dan minyak ikan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah experimental laboratories dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial yaitu faktor konsentrasi ekstrak U. lactuca (0%; 0,1%; 0,2% dan 0,3%) dan faktor lama penyimpanan (hari ke-0, hari ke-5 dan hari ke-10). Data peroxide value (PV) dan thiobarbituric acid (TBA) dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA, dilakukan uji lanjut Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ), jika ada interaksi perlakuan. Hasil penelitian pendahuluan didapatkan rendemen ekstrak U. lactuca dengan pelarut etanol 96% sebesar 13,549%, nilai fenol 4,59%, flavonoid 0,59% dan aktivitas antioksidan IC50 sebesar 60,975 ppm (kuat). Hasil uji asam lemak pada minyak ikan dengan GC-MS menunjukkan kandungan asam lemak yang paling banyak adalah asam lemak tak jenuh (asam linoleat (omega -6) dan (omega-3)). Hasil penelitian utama didapatkan nilai PV berkisar antara 20,141 sampai 38,196 mEq/kg, dan nilai TBA berkisar antara 10,794 sampai 32,592 mg malonaldehid/kg pada hari ke-0. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa adanya interaksi antara konsentrasi ekstrak U. lactuca dan lama penyimpanan berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05).  Ekstrak U. lactuca 0,2% menghasilkan angka peroksida  terendah  yaitu 25,606±0,116 mEq/kg, dan  0,1% menghasilkan angka TBA terendah yaitu 26,802  ±0,309 malonaldehide/kg pada hari ke-10. Kata kunci: Ekstrak U. lactuca, Oksidasi, Minyak Ikan,  Antioksidan  ABSTRACT Fish oil is a fishery product that contains  high amount of unsaturated fatty acids, which was easily  oxidated. This oxidation process can be inhibited by adding antioxidants. The use of natural antioxidants from U. lactuca known  can inhibits the oxidation. The aim of this research was  examinated the effectiveness of antioxidants from sea lettuce (U. lactuca) in inhibiting oxidation. Materials used in this research were U. lactuca extract, and fish oil. The methods used are experimental laboratories, and analyzed using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial pattern is divided by a factor of U. lactuca extract concentrations (0%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3%) and factor storage time (days 0, day 5 and day 10). The peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were analyzed using ANOVA test, then further carried test Honestly Significant Difference (HSD), a treatment interaction. Preliminary results obtained were the yield of U. lactuca extract with 96% ethanol was 13.549%, the phenol content  was 4.59%, flavonoids was 0.59%, and the antioxidant activity of IC50 was 60.975 ppm (strong). The results analyzing of fatty acids in fish oil by GC-MS showed that the fatty acid content is at most unsaturated fatty acids. The main research results were PV values obtained were range from 20.141 to 38.196 mEq/kg, and TBA values were ranged from 10.794 to 32.592 mg/kg. Based on the research results show that the interaction between U. lactuca extract concentration and storage time significantly (P<0,05) . The result of 0,2% U. lactuca exctract  contain peroxide value 25,606±0,116 mEq/kg, and  0,1 % exctract containt TBA value 26,802±0,309 malonaldehide/kg  in  the tenth day. Keywords: U. lactuca, Oxidation, Fish Oil, Antioxidant

Criteria for essential fatty acid deficiency in plasma as assessed by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography.

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1869-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
E N Siguel ◽  
K M Chee ◽  
J X Gong ◽  
E J Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Capillary Column ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Vaccenic Acid ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Mead Acid ◽  
Total Fatty Acids

Abstract To develop criteria for deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFA), we used capillary-column gas-liquid chromatography to determine fatty acids (percentage of total fatty acids) in plasma obtained in the fasting state from 56 reference subjects and from 10 patients with intestinal fat malabsorption and suspected EFA deficiency. Fatty acid evaluations (percentage of total fatty acids) that allowed for a clear distinction (P less than 0.01) between reference subjects and patients, based on values two standard deviations below or above the reference mean, included values for linoleic acid (18:2w6) below 27%, and values for palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1w7), oleic acid (18:1w9), vaccenic acid (18:1w7), and Mead acid (20:3w9) exceeding 21%, 2.6%, 23.3%, 2.1%, and 0.21%, respectively. Ratios of total EFA to total non-EFA of less than 0.60 and of Mead acid to arachidonic acid of greater than 0.025 also served to identify patients, and were not found in reference subjects. Significant inverse correlations between percentages of plasma EFA and plasma mono-unsaturated fatty acids were noted. Our reference-interval data can be used to assess normality of plasma EFA status.

scholarly journals Production of Omega-3 Fatty Acids by Enzymatic Hydrolysis from Lemuru Fish By-Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 2271-2282
Author(s):  
Wawan Kosasih ◽  
Tina Rosmalina R. ◽  
Chandra Risdian ◽  
Endang Saepudin ◽  
Sri Priatni Sri Priatni
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
Hydrolysis Temperature ◽  
By Products

Production of omega-3 fatty acids from lemuru fish by-products was studied by enzymatic hydrolysis using a lipase enzyme in one liter of the batch reactor. The hydrolysis temperature of fish oil was set at 45 to 55 ℃ for 0 to 24 h, whereas agitation from 50 to 150 rpm. RSM-Box Bhenken was used to study the effect of these parameters on omega-3 (EPA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA)) content. The % free fatty acid (FFA), acid index, peroxide index, iodine index, and saponification index of lemuru fish oil was 0.925, 2.52, 42.5, 97.28, and 160.11%, respectively. GC-MS analysis results showed that unsaturated fatty acids content (62.34%), which are consisted of omega-3 (EPA, DHA, and ALA), omega-6 and omega-9, was much higher than saturated acids (12.97%). The experiment data showed that the highest EPA (1.221%) and DHA (0.312%) content were reached at 50 ℃ and 24 h with 150 rpm of agitation. However, through the RSM-Box Bhenken analysis and 3D surface plot, it was suggested that the optimum condition was obtained at 45 ℃ and 24 h with 150 rpm of agitation with the content of EPA, DHA, and ALA were 1.709, 0.49, and 1.237%, respectively.

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