Bioactivity and Tablet Formulation from Spirulina and Collagen Hydrolysate of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Skin

Spirulina is a microalga known as a superfood which contains high protein and is used in cosmetics, foods, and supplements industry. Collagen hydrolysate is the result of hydrolysis of collagen by protease. This study was aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and inhibition of tyrosynase from Spirulina, collagen hydrolysate and tablet formulated by combination of Spirulina and collagen hydrolysate. This research was conducted in three stages. The first stage was the extraction and hydrolysis of tilapia skin collagen, while the second stage was culturing and harvesting of Spirulina, and the third stage was determination of tablet formulation based on Spirulina and collagen hydrolysate followed by analysis of the antioxidant activity and inhibition of tyrosinase by selected tablet. Three formula with different ratio between Spirulina and collagen hydrolysates namely formula A (25%:53.75%), formula B (28.125%:50.625%), formula C (31.25%:47.5%) and additive such as vitamin C (12.5%), talk (1.25%), magnesium stearate (0.625%), aerosil (1.875%), avicel (5%) were developed. The result showed that formula A was the selected formula meeting the requirements of Ministry of Health based on the physical characteristics. The antioxidant activity of tablet A was 843 ppm and the tyrosinase inhibition was 163.56 ppm.

Download Full-text

Theoretical justification of pedagogical situations cognitive modeling

Samara Journal of Science ◽

10.17816/snv201872306 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 245-247

Author(s):

Alsu Raufovna Kamaleeva ◽

Svetlana Yurevna Gruzkova

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Modeling ◽

Cognitive Model ◽

Cognitive Map ◽

Educational Process ◽

Theoretical Justification ◽

Second Stage ◽

The Third ◽

Third Stage ◽

Major Factors

The following paper deals with the application of methodology of pedagogical situations cognitive modeling, which is considered by the authors as a process consisting of six consecutive and interconnected stages. The first stage is a formulation of the purpose and the corresponding tasks. The second stage provides collecting, systematization and analysis of a pedagogical situation with the subsequent allocation of the major factors influencing development of the situation and determination of interrelation between them, i.e. creation of a cognitive map. At the third stage a focused count is created as a result of accounting of the cause and effect chains reflecting the system of interaction between the educational process subjects and allowing to form a pedagogical theory on the basis of basic person study categories: consciousness, thinking, knowledge, understanding, etc. The fourth stage assumes combination of the cognitive map and the focused count in a uniform cognitive model of the studied pedagogical situation. The fifth stage is focused on a real pedagogical situation cognitive model adequacy check i.e. on its verification. The last sixth stage allows to define possible options of a pedagogical situation development by a cognitive model, to find ways and mechanisms of a situation impact.

Download Full-text

Investigation of Complex Structural Designing of Mobile Facilities for Shipbuilding in Lithuanian Sea Region

Mechanika ◽

10.5755/j02.mech.28740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 237-243

Author(s):

Tadas ASTRAUSKAS ◽

Michail SAMOFALOV

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Analysis ◽

Longitudinal Direction ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Climatological Data ◽

Second Stage ◽

Third Stage ◽

Calculation Results ◽

Complex Structural ◽

Mobile Facilities

In the paper, it is proposed to cover by a mobile moving facility the shipyard open site, in Klaipeda, Lithuania (the EU). The facility of 40 m span consists of transversal frames, which are arranged by the step of 6.0 m, and a system of braces. Two types of steel frames have been considered: trussed and continuous. The actions are specified according to the design codes (Eurocode 3) and climatological data. In dynamic analysis, the longitudinal direction is defined for an inertia action, simulating braking. For calculating, a special algorithm of three stages has been prepared. At the first stage, three calculation schemes of one transversal frame were created. For the proposed schemes of the mobile moving facility, the calculation of only a transversal frame is effective in the preliminary determination of the cross-sectional areas and of the total structural weight. At the second stage, the frames were joined by braces. A preliminary comparison of the calculation results of the models was carried out after the first and second stages of the analysis. At the third stage, the dynamic analysis was performed and the influence of the dynamic impact was estimated. Finally, we compared the calculation results of three different FEM models and chose the most appropriate one. To sum up the investigations, conclusions and recommendations are presented.

Download Full-text

PROBABILITY ESTIMATION DEGREE OF DANGER VESSELS RAPPROCHEMENT

Shipping & Navigation ◽

10.31653/2306-5761.30.2020.27-33 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 27-33

Author(s):

I. A. Burmaka ◽

◽

A.V. Yanchetskyy ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Process Control ◽

Relative Position ◽

Mobile Objects ◽

Second Stage ◽

Third Stage ◽

Independent Process ◽

Three Stages ◽

The Moment

In the article is specified, that a decision-making process contains the following stages: control of environment, including relative position and parameters of relative motion, the exposure of situation of rapprochement of vessels, in the case of rapprochement of vessels it is necessary to produce estimation of degree of his danger, at dangerous rapprochement is needed to define the type of co-operation, depending on the degree of danger of situation of rapprochement the choice of strategy of divergence is produced. On the first stage of process of decision-making surrounding mobile objects come to light by ARPA or AIS, for which is measured parameters of motion and relative position. It is shown that on the second stage of process of decision-making, using the measured parameters, it is necessary to expect the value of speed of change of distance between vessels, taking into account that at its negative value ships are drawn together. On the third stage of process of decision-making at rapprochement of vessels estimation of degree of his danger is produced, what development of situation of rapprochement to the moment of time of their shortest rapprochement is forecast for. On the fourth stage of decision-making it is necessary to define the type of cooperation of the drawn together vessels, taking into account principle their process control of divergence. It is especially substantial for principle of locally-independent management by the process of divergence, when coordination of co-operation of vessels at dangerous rapprochement is needed. The fifth stage of decision-making is characterized by the choice of strategy of divergence, thus at the locally-independent process control of divergence the choice of strategy of divergence is produced depending on the degree of danger of situation of rapprochement, by the standard maneuver of divergence or for excessive rapprochement of vessels it is necessary to use the maneuver of urgent divergence. In work as the index of efficiency of the analytical collision avoidance systems vessels probability of safe completion of process of divergence, which is work of probabilities of successful end of stages of process of decision-making on the choice of strategy of divergence, is offered. It is shown that first three stages of decision-making on the choice of strategy of divergence are characterized by general probability of absence of danger of collision on condition that distance of the shortest rapprochement is equal to the set minimum-possible distance of rapprochement. For determination of the mentioned probability the error of distance of the shortest rapprochement is considered and expression is got for the closeness of its distributing. To that end collected dependence of error of distance of the shortest rapprochement from the errors of measuring of distance and bearing. By the got expression for the closeness of distributing of error of distance of the shortest rapprochement probability is certain of that at equality of distance of the shortest rapprochement with limit-possible distance of rapprochement there will not be the collision.

Download Full-text

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SELECTED FORMULA Spirulina platensis TROCHES BASED ON PYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis ◽

10.29244/jitkt.v6i2.9019 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ria Fahleny ◽

Wini Trilaksani ◽

Iriani Setyaningsih

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Spirulina Platensis ◽

Physical Characteristics ◽

Bioactive Components ◽

Corn Flour ◽

Health Ministry ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Second Stage ◽

Third Stage ◽

Three Stages

ABSTRACT Spirulina contains complete nutrition and bioactive components as a source of antioxidants. The aims of this research were to determine a formula of troche from Spirulina platensis according to the physical characteristic standard of the Indonesian Health Ministry, and to determine the antioxidant activity of the selected troche from Spirulina platensis. This research was conducted in three stages. The first stage was troches formulation. The second stage was troches physical analyses, including weight uniformity, friability, hardnes, and disintegration time. The third stage was to determine the antioxidant activity of the selected formula of troche from Spirulina platensis. There were five formulas of troches i.e., FTS 1, FTS 2, FTS 3, FTS 4, and FTS 5. The troche consisted of Spirulina platensis powder, carrageenan, gelatin, corn flour, sugarleaf, and mint powder. Based on the weight uniformity of the troche, all formulas met the standard. However, according to friability aspect, the best formula was FTS 1 with rate of 1.7%. The hardness of five formula ranged from 0.65 to 2.3 Kp, and none met the standard. The best formula based on disintegration time measurement was FTS 1 (24:47 minutes). Based on the physical characteristics of the troches, the selected formula was FTS 1. The antioxidant activity (IC50 of the selected formula (FTS 1) was 288,68 ppm. Keywords: antioxidant, troches, physical characteristics of troches, Spirulina platensis

Download Full-text

Valorization of Cyprinus Carpio skin for biocompatible collagen hydrolysates with potential application in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals

10.21203/rs.3.rs-227096/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elena Danila ◽

Raluca Stan ◽

Mădălina ALBU KAYA ◽

Georgeta VOICU ◽

Maria Minodora MARIN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cyprinus Carpio ◽

Ph Value ◽

Human Keratinocytes ◽

Cd Spectroscopy ◽

Random Coil ◽

Collagen Hydrolysate ◽

Bovine Collagen ◽

Fish Collagen ◽

Collagen Hydrolysates ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Abstract Fish collagen is the safest source of collagen at present, the extraction being performed on secondary sources as skin, bones, scales or fins resulted after fish processing. The aim of the present study was to obtain biocompatible collagen hydrolysates from waste Cyprinus carpio skin, the main aquaculture species in Romania using an inexpensive and “green” neutral hydrolysis process. Neutral hydrolysis of pretreated fish skins performed for 6 hours at a temperature of 135°C and a pressure of 315 kPa produced collagen hydrolysates in 24.6-35.5% yields depending on the adopted pretreatment procedure. The extensive characterization of hydrolysate samples revealed a high purity degree (98% protein content, undetected ash content, pH value in the range 6-7), also confirmed by the absence of undesired aggregates in the characteristic fibril structure as determined by electronic microscopy. A specific collagen hydrolysate random coil structure and the absence of triple helix was determined by FTIR analysis and sustained by CD spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The biocompatibility assessment for the obtained fish collagen hydrolysates revealed no cytotoxic effect on Human keratinocytes, with an 80% cell viability, superior as compared to conventional bovine collagen hydrolysate.Neutral hydrolysis of waste Cyprinus carpio skin yielded collagen hydrolysates with determined characteristics and biocompatibility superior to bovine collagen, suitable for application in foods, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry.

Download Full-text

Análise da Estrutura Espacial do Sistema Administrativo do Estado do Espírito Santo

Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ ◽

10.11137/1977_0_47-77 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 47-77

Author(s):

Liane Maria Monteiro ◽

Marina Sant'Anna ◽

Lucy A. R Freire

Keyword(s):

Spatial Structure ◽

Efficiency Index ◽

The State ◽

Administrative System ◽

Espírito Santo ◽

Spatial Efficiency ◽

Second Stage ◽

Third Stage ◽

Espirito Santo

A spatial structure model for the administrative system of the State of Espirito Santo presenting maximum spatial efficienty, is the purpose of this study. Therefore, it was necessary to identify and evaluate the existing administrative structure and reformulate it relatively to the limits of each division. The methodology employed was developed through five different stages.The first one consisted in the identification of the spatial structure of tht administrative system of State of Espirito Santo. Thus, the politic-administrative poles of transmission of decision were indicated through a survey of all cities of the State, and the areas of influence of each commanding regional pole were determined through the matrices of functional subordination. The second stage involved an evaluation of the spatial efficiency of these regions through the efficiency index. The third stage comprised the elaboration of a new spatial structure for the administrative system of the State, considering the accessibility factor and the evaluation of the spatial efficiency of each new region. The fourth stage consisted in the determination of the administrative regionalization hich presented the best spatial efficiency index. Finally, the fifth stage included analysis on the elaborated regionalization.

Download Full-text

EVALUATION OF SUITABILITY TRANSFER OF SMART AGRICULTURE IN IRAQI AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v51ispecial.890 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (Special) ◽

Author(s):

Naji & Taha

Keyword(s):

Evaluation Process ◽

Agricultural Systems ◽

Fourth Stage ◽

Second Stage ◽

Work Area ◽

Third Stage ◽

Smart Agriculture ◽

Made In

The current research was aimed to evaluation of suitability the transfer of smart agriculture in Iraqi agricultural systems so. identifying weaknesses and reasons Identifying proposals for improvement. The input evaluation process consisted of four stages: First Stage: Determination of the set of criteria which the dissemination of the smart agriculture method should be made in the light.. Second Stage: Presentation of evaluation suitable criteria the transfer of the smart agriculture method in the agricultural systems of Iraq in its preliminary form to a group of experts . to express their opinion in the field and items of the proposed criteria and the required amendments for the purpose of finalizing those criteria. Third stage: Surveying of within the work area . Fourth stage: Compare between criteria and surveying , and Judgment .The research concluded that most evaluation suitable criteria are compatible with the transfer of smart agriculture in Iraqi agricultural systems as being partially applied.

Download Full-text

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SELECTED FORMULA Spirulina platensis TROCHES BASED ON PYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis ◽

10.28930/jitkt.v6i2.9019 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ria Fahleny ◽

Wini Trilaksani ◽

Iriani Setyaningsih

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Spirulina Platensis ◽

Bioactive Components ◽

Corn Flour ◽

Health Ministry ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Second Stage ◽

The Third ◽

Third Stage ◽

Three Stages

ABSTRACT Spirulina contains complete nutrition and bioactive components as a source of antioxidants. The aims of this research were to determine a formula of troche from Spirulina platensis according to the physical characteristic standard of the Indonesian Health Ministry, and to determine the antioxidant activity of the selected troche from Spirulina platensis. This research was conducted in three stages. The first stage was troches formulation. The second stage was troches physical analyses, including weight uniformity, friability, hardnes, and disintegration time. The third stage was to determine the antioxidant activity of the selected formula of troche from Spirulina platensis. There were five formulas of troches i.e., FTS 1, FTS 2, FTS 3, FTS 4, and FTS 5. The troche consisted of Spirulina platensis powder, carrageenan, gelatin, corn flour, sugarleaf, and mint powder. Based on the weight uniformity of the troche, all formulas met the standard. However, according to friability aspect, the best formula was FTS 1 with rate of 1.7%. The hardness of five formula ranged from 0.65 to 2.3 Kp, and none met the standard. The best formula based on disintegration time measurement was FTS 1 (24:47 minutes). Based on the physical characteristics of the troches, the selected formula was FTS 1. The antioxidant activity (IC50 of the selected formula (FTS 1) was 288,68 ppm. Keywords: antioxidant, troches, physical characteristics of troches, Spirulina platensis

Download Full-text

Analysis of fuel rejuvenation times in a fusion breeder reactor fuelled with a mixture of uranium-thorium oxides for the CANDU reactor

Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection ◽

10.2298/ntrp1703193b ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 193-203

Author(s):

Gizem Bakir ◽

Huseyin Yapici

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Fuel Mixture ◽

Thermal Reactor ◽

Fusion Breeder ◽

Fusion Neutron ◽

Second Stage ◽

Third Stage ◽

Three Stages ◽

Fuel Mixtures

This study presents the determination of fuel rejuvenation times in a D-T fusion breeder reactor fuelled with a mixture of natUO2 and ThO2 for multi-reuse of nuclear fuels in CANDU-37 reactors. To determine the effect of thorium on the fuel enrichment and rejuvenation times, neutronic analyses are performed by increasing the percentage of ThO2 in the fuel mixture from 10 to 35. The time-dependent neutronic calculations are carried out in three stages. In the first stage, which is the fuel enrichment or rejuvenation process in the fusion breeder reactor, the subcritical calculations of the fusion breeder reactor fuelled with the fuel mixtures are performed by using the MCNPX 2.7/CINDER under a fusion neutron wall loading of 1 MWm-2, corresponding to neutron flux of 4.444?1013 cm-2s-1 (energy of every fusion neutron is 14.1 MeV). In the second stage, which is the thermal reactor analysis, the fuel rods enriched at the end of the first stage are placed in the CANDU-37 reactor, and the critical calculations of this reactor are performed by using MCNPX 2.7 and MONTEBURNS codes separately. The numerical results show that the neutronic values obtained from both codes are very near each other. The third stage is the two-year cooling process of CANDU spent fuels. The values obtained by numerical calculations show that this fusion breeder reactor is self-sufficient in terms of tritium and has a high performance in terms of energy multiplication as well as fuel rejuvenation and thorium utilization.

Download Full-text

Dynamics of the network of evacuation hospitals in Novosibirsk Region during the Great Patriotic War

Исторический журнал научные исследования ◽

10.7256/2454-0609.2021.6.37147 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 36-46

Author(s):

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Semenov

Keyword(s):

Second Stage ◽

Novosibirsk Region ◽

Local Literature ◽

Third Stage ◽

Great Patriotic War ◽

The Subject ◽

Available Information ◽

The Military ◽

Gradual Stabilization

The subject of this research is the dynamics of the network of evacuation hospitals that were formed and operated in Novosibirsk Region. The relevance of this topic is substantiated. Analysis is conducted on the available information on this topic in the scientific and local literature. Leaning on the archival materials, the author traces the formation, displacement, and dissolution of evacuation hospitals located on the territory of Novosibirsk Region in its modern borders. Description is given to the fundamental changes in the network of evacuation hospitals: dynamics in the number of hospital beds, and specialization of the evacuation hospitals. The dependence of changes in the network of evacuation hospitals in the region on the role and place assigned by the highest military sanitary administration to homefront hospitals overall. The novelty of this work lies in determination of the key stages in the dynamics of the network of evacuation hospitals based on the detailed tracking of changes. The first stage (July – October 1941) is characterized by expansion of the network of evacuation hospitals due to the local formations. The second stage (October 1941 – April 1942) is associated with violent fluctuations, substantiated by the rapidly changing situation at the front and, and thus, transformation of the views of the military medical administration upon on the role and place of the homefront hospitals, including Novosibirsk Region. The third stage covers the period from April 1942 up until Victory, marking gradual stabilization of the network of evacuation hospitals in Novosibirsk Region. They filled their niche by rendering medical aid to the wounded with long treatment periods, which justified the evacuation of the wounded from the front to remote Siberian hospitals.

Download Full-text