scholarly journals Copro-Antigenic Sandwich ELISA based Epidemiological Survey on Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus Infection in Dogs: First Insight from Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (04) ◽  
pp. 881-887
Author(s):  
Mughees Aizaz Alvi
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
Feral Dogs ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Dog Breed

Echinococcus granulosus (Eg) infection is a neglected tropical disease of humans and livestock with serious economic losses. Dogs as the definitive hosts are responsible for contaminating the environment through feces containing eggs. Using coproantigen ELISA, we tested 368 dogs randomly sampled from three Pakistani cities for infection with Eg. The highest prevalence was found in Lahore (9.80%) with an overall prevalence of 6.79%. Prevalence was higher in females (8.72%, odds ratio OR 1.71), young dogs (≤ 3 years) (6.93%, OR 1.06), stray/feral dogs (9.72%, OR 1.60), dogs fed with raw offal (8.28%, OR 2.63) and dogs with no anthelmintics treatment history (8.98%, OR 1.90). Prevalence was also higher in dogs with Body Condition Score (BCS) of 1–3 (10.86%; OR 5.75) and Grey Hound breed (15.62%; OR 6.94). Statistically significant association (P < 0.05) was found between copro-positivity and different variables investigated except for sex, dog breed and history for anthelmintic treatment (P > 0.05). Significant statistical differences (Binary logistic regression) were observed for age, companionship, feed type, BCS and previous intestinal illness. Since dogs are responsible for contaminating the environment, the Eg prevalence in this study indicates a potential risk for human and livestock populations in the study areas and suggests a proactive approach in CE management. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Tylosin injectable for the treatment of porcine proliferative enteropathy in experimentally inoculated pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Luisa V.A. Otoni ◽  
Michelle P. Gabardo ◽  
Núbia R. Macêdo ◽  
Mariane M. Wagatsuma ◽  
Marina M. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lawsonia Intracellularis ◽  
Medication Group ◽  
Proliferative Enteropathy ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT: Porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) is one of the most common enteric diseases in growing and finishing pigs. PPE is characterized by reduced growth performance, accompanied or not by diarrhea. PPE is highly prevalent in several countries of the Americas, Europe and Asia, causing high economic losses in swine herds. The most common form of PPE control in pigs is antibiotic therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new product based on tylosin injectable (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.) to control PPE in experimentally inoculated animals. Sixty 5-week-old pigs with mean weight of 9.5kg were divided into two experimental groups of 30 animals: medication and control. All pigs were challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis, the etiologic agent of PPE, on day zero. Fecal score, body condition score, and behavior were daily evaluated. Pigs were weighted on days -2, 13 and 21 of the experiment. Pigs in the Medication Group received tylosin injectable 13 days after inoculation, in three doses with a 12-hour interval between them. Pigs in the Control Group received injectable saline solution following the same protocol. In the Control Group, 23pigs presented with diarrhea before day 13. After day 13, the number of diarrheic animals in this group was reduced to 17. In the Medication Group, 26 pigs presented with diarrhea in the initial period, and in the period after medication, only 11 animals had diarrhea. The score of gross intestinal PPE lesions in the Medication Group was lower than that in the Control Group (p=0.031). The Medication Group also showed lower score for Lawsonia intracellularis antigen-labeling by immunohistochemistry compared with that of the Control Group (p=0.032), showing lower level of infection. These results demonstrate that tylosin injectable (Eurofarma Laboratórios S.A.), administrated in three doses (1mL/20kg) every 12 hours, was effective for the control of PPE in experimentally inoculated pigs.

scholarly journals Prevalence and distribution of feet lesions in dairy cows raised in the freestall

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Costa Ebling ◽  
Amanda Krummenauer ◽  
Gustavo Machado ◽  
Diego Zeni ◽  
Luis Paulo Carazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
Foot Diseases ◽  
Infectious Origin ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Foot Lesions ◽  
Sole Ulcers

Foot lesions are one of the main causes of productivity losses in the dairy industry. In this study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of claudication and distribution of hoof lesions by associating them with preventive hoof trimming, as well as list the main causes of involuntary discarding and the main health problems reported in dairy farms. The study included 10 farms distributed in 7 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul state. The body condition score (BCS) and locomotion score (LS) of the cows were assessed. Hoof examination, lesion classification, and hoof trimming of the animals were performed. Of the 492 animals, 38.4% presented lameness and 36% had foot lesions, 81.4% of which were observed in the pelvic limbs and 19.6% in the thoracic limbs. Of the lesions in the limbs, 47.1% were of infectious origin and 52.9% were noninfectious. The main lesions were sole ulcers (31.6%), digital dermatitis (30.3%), thin soles (12%), and interdigital dermatitis (11.2%). Cows aged 4 to 6 years had a higher number of lesions and a higher LS. Preventive hoof trimming reduced the chances of lameness by 55% as the locomotive system was the main sanitary problem and the first reason for involuntary disposal of the farms. The results show that dairy cows raised in a free stall system have a high prevalence of claudication and foot diseases. These data should be taken into account when altering the livestock management of these animals in order to reduce significant economic losses in the herd.

scholarly journals Coprological Detection of Bovine Fasciolosis in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Z Abubakar ◽  
R J Ombugadu ◽  
J D C Tongjura ◽  
G A Amuga ◽  
A B Yako
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Body Condition Scoring ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Liver Flukes

Bovine Fasciolosis is a vector – borne zoonosis and one of the most neglected tropical diseases that cause huge economic losses and poor animal conditions in Nigeria. The prevalence of Fasciolosis in Cattle slaughtered in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja was investigated. Faecal samples were collected from the cattle antemortem and analysed using copro ELISA test-kits and gross lesions were inspected at postmortem. Out of one hundred and eighty six (186) faecal samples analysed, over-all prevalence was 98(52.7%). From each abattoir was 38 (38.8%), 36 (36.7%) and 24 (24.5%) at Karu, Dei-Dei and Gwagwalada abattoirs respectively. Based on body condition scoring, infection rates were 39 (58.2%), 45 (58.4%) and 20 (47.6%) from cattle with poor, moderate and good body conditions accordingly. Males had a higher prevalence rate of 48 (50%) than females with 40 (44.4%). Based on the breed of cattle, infection rate of the diseases was 41 (66.1%), 39 (62.9%) and 20 (32.3%) in White fulani, Sokotogudali and Red bororo accordingly. Out of 186 cattle inspected at postmortem, 47 livers were condemned totally due to the presence of liver flukes (Fasciola species) in the hepatic parenchyma, fluke tracts, livers were friable and chirrotic. This led to an estimated loss of about three million, one hundred and two thousand naira (3,102,000.00). There was no statistically significant association between the infection and breed, sex and body condition score (p>0.05). Treatment of all cattle with an effective flukicides, vector control, enlightening of cattle farmers for proper intervention against fasciolosis are recommended.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum spp Infection in Aceh Cattle

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 01025
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hambal ◽  
Rizka Ayuni ◽  
Henni Vanda ◽  
Amiruddin Amiruddin ◽  
Farida Athaillah
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
The Body ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Cattle Farming ◽  
Banda Aceh

Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum spp. are trematode helminth causing severe economic losses in cattle farming in Aceh Province, Indonesia. This study was conducted to examine the correlation between the prevalence of F. gigantica and Paramphistomum spp infections with the body condition and sex of Aceh cattle. In total, 103 cattle (50 males and 53 females) from an abattoir in Banda Aceh were used. The body condition score was recorded and the number of fluke eggs in feces was examined coproscopically. The results showed that F. gigantica prevalence was 41% and 72% in females and males, respectively, whereas, the prevalence of Paramphistomum spp in females and males was 81% and 72%, respectively. The average number of fasciola eggs was 2.55 eggs/ g feces and 2.75 eggs/ g feces in females and males, respectively, The average number of Paramphistomum spp eggs was 127.6 eggs/g feces and 36.8 eggs/ g feces in males, and female respectively. Based on the Body Condition Score (BCS), the prevalence of both trematodes was higher in the skinny cattle (BSC 2 and 3). This study established that the infection of Fasciola in BCS 3 was higher than BCS 2 and 4. Male cattle were more susceptible to infection than females.

scholarly journals Serologic evidence of Echinococcus granulosus in slaughterhouses in Pakistan: global alarm for butchers in developing countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 861-869
Author(s):  
Mughees Aizaz Alvi ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Muhammad Saqib ◽  
John Asekhaen Ohiolei ◽  
Muhammad Waqar Younas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Feral Dogs

Introduction: Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a neglected zoonosis that affects humans and livestock. This sero-survey was designed for the first time in Pakistan to assess the exposure of butchers to E. granulosus as there was no previous report in the country for this occupational group. Methodology: Blood samples were collected from registered butchers (n = 364) in five different slaughterhouses in Faisalabad and Bahawalnagar Districts. Sera were tested for anti-Echinococcus granulosus IgG with a commercially available ELISA kit (specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 97%). Results: Overall, seroprevalence was 9.61% (35/364). Butchers >30 years of age (10.34%), those involved in small ruminants butchery (11.70%), >10 years’ experience (10.04%), formal education level up to middle standard (10.28%), contact with dogs (12.71%), improper/unhygienic disposal of dog feces (11.87%), and those unaware of the consequences of eating with unwashed hands (13.80%) were more seropositive with significant statistical differences (p < 0.05). Variables like previous cyst encounter, no knowledge of zoonoses and/or cystic echinococcosis, living in rural areas and the presence of stray/feral dogs in surroundings did not show any significant association (p > 0.05) with seroprevalence in butchers. The binary logistic regression model also showed a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) for all risk factors found statistically significant (p < 0.05) in the univariate analysis. Conclusions: This study shows high prevalence of cystic echinococcosis among butchers in Pakistan and underscores the need for educating native slaughterhouse personnel on cystic echinococcosis. It also serves as a global warning, especially in developing countries.

scholarly journals Coprological Detection of Bovine Fasciolosis in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
Z Abubakar ◽  
R J Ombugadu ◽  
J D C Tongjura ◽  
G A Amuga ◽  
A B Yako
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Body Condition Scoring ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Liver Flukes

Bovine Fasciolosis is a vector – borne zoonosis and one of the most neglected tropical diseases that cause huge economic losses and poor animal conditions in Nigeria. The prevalence of Fasciolosis in Cattle slaughtered in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja was investigated. Faecal samples were collected from the cattle antemortem and analysed using copro ELISA test-kits and gross lesions were inspected at postmortem. Out of one hundred and eighty six (186) faecal samples analysed, over-all prevalence was 98(52.7%). From each abattoir was 38 (38.8%), 36 (36.7%) and 24 (24.5%) at Karu, Dei-Dei and Gwagwalada abattoirs respectively. Based on body condition scoring, infection rates were 39 (58.2%), 45 (58.4%) and 20 (47.6%) from cattle with poor, moderate and good body conditions accordingly. Males had a higher prevalence rate of 48 (50%) than females with 40 (44.4%). Based on the breed of cattle, infection rate of the diseases was 41 (66.1%), 39 (62.9%) and 20 (32.3%) in White fulani, Sokotogudali and Red bororo accordingly. Out of 186 cattle inspected at postmortem, 47 livers were condemned totally due to the presence of liver flukes (Fasciola species) in the hepatic parenchyma, fluke tracts, livers were friable and chirrotic. This led to an estimated loss of about three million, one hundred and two thousand naira (3,102,000.00). There was no statistically significant association between the infection and breed, sex and body condition score (p>0.05). Treatment of all cattle with an effective flukicides, vector control, enlightening of cattle farmers for proper intervention against fasciolosis are recommended.

scholarly journals Readily usable strategies to control mastitis for production augmentation in dairy cattle: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2364-2370
Author(s):  
Champak Bhakat ◽  
A. Mohammad ◽  
D. K. Mandal ◽  
A. Mandal ◽  
S. Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Herd Structure

Mastitis in dairy cattle is the most common management disorder that causes higher economic losses by lowering production and quality of milk leads to substantial economical loss. The aim of this article was to review worldwide important advances in strategies to control mastitis for production augmentation in dairy cattle. Many scientists worked to identify effective strategies to control mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and others. It is necessary to identify mechanisms of infection, define clinical and subclinical states of disease, determine exposure time, and identify pathogen-specific characteristics. Evolvement of management strategies that incorporated hygienic procedures (animal, floor, and milkman), post milking standing period of animal and strategic use of antibiotic or herbal therapy at dry-off, nutritional supplementation, fly control, body condition score optimization, etc., resulted in widespread control of mastitis. The udder, teat of animal, scientific management of milking, automatic milking procedure, genetic selection are considered as important factors to control mastitis. As farm management changed, scientists were directed to redefine control of mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens of environmental sources and have sought to explore management strategies which will maintain animal well-being in a judicial way. Although significant advances in mastitis management have been made changing herd structure, changing climatic scenario and more rigorous milk processing standards ensure that mastitis will remain important issue for future research.

scholarly journals Repeat breeding syndrome in crossbred dairy cows of Bangladesh: some important characteristics and influential factors

2019 ◽  
pp. Jayonta-Bhattacharjee
Author(s):  
Jayonta Bhattacharjee ◽  
Jayonta Bhattacharjee ◽  
Jayonta Bhattacharjee ◽  
Jayonta Bhattacharjee ◽  
J. Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Repeat Breeder

Background: Repeat breeding syndrome (RBS), an important reproductive disorder of dairy cattle, results in high economic losses in the dairy industry. The study was conducted to determine the factors of repeat breeding in crossbred dairy cows at selected areas of Bangladesh. Methods: A total of 592 breedable cows from 34 farms were examined from Mymensingh and Chittagong district. Seventy cows were identified as repeat breeder cows and another 23 cows were randomly selected as healthy control cows for the study. Results: The number of calving, the interval between first post-partum heat and last service date, number of services failed and consecutive services failed, the number of medications given, and number of suckling were found significantly higher in repeat breeder cows compared to normal healthy cows. Body weight and Body condition score (BCS) were significantly lower in repeat breeder cows compared to normal healthy cows. There were no significant differences in the estrus cycle length and concentrate feeding in both repeat breeder and healthy cows. The lowest occurrence of repeat breeder was recorded in cows fed with a larger amount of green grass. Remarkably, the highest occurrence of repeat breeder was recorded in cows fed with a significant amount of straw. Conclusion: The identified features of repeat breeding syndrome will help in disseminating awareness on factors affecting the occurrence of repeat breeding syndrome in crossbred cows.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Fascioliasis and Associated Economic Losses in Cattle Slaughtered at Lira Municipality Abattoir in Northern Uganda

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 681
Author(s):  
Lawrence George Opio ◽  
Essam M. Abdelfattah ◽  
Joshua Terry ◽  
Steven Odongo ◽  
Emmanuel Okello
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Slaughter Cattle ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Liver Flukes ◽  
Fasciola Spp ◽  
Financial Losses

Fascioliasis (liver fluke infestation) is one of the most important parasitic diseases affecting cattle, other ruminant animals and humans. Fascioliasis causes large, but usually neglected, economic losses to cattle farmers and traders. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence and associated risks for fascioliasis in slaughter cattle and estimate the financial losses due to liver condemnation at the Lira Municipal abattoir in Uganda. A total of 216 cattle were sampled during the study period. Animal breed and sex were determined by observing the phenotypic characteristics of the animals. Age was determined by assessing the eruption and wearing of permanent teeth. After slaughter, the liver was examined for presence of Fasciola spp (liver flukes) by visual inspection, palpation, and incisions. The bile ducts and gall bladder were similarly examined for presence of mature Fasciola spp. The gross weight and amount of liver trimmed-off due to fluke infestation were determined. Of the 216 liver examined, 65.7% (n = 142) were infested with Fasciola spp. Cattle that were aged 4–5 years old at the time of slaughter had significantly greater odds (OR = 5.84; CI [2.79–12.22]) of being infested with Fasciola spp. compared to those that were younger than 3.5 years old. In contrast, cattle that had a body condition score of 3.5 or 4 had lower odds (OR= 0.42; CI [0.21–0.88] and OR = 0.22; CI [0.04–1.10]) of fascioliasis than those with a BCS of 3. Other tested variables including animal origin, breed, sex, and gross weight of the liver had no significant effect on the prevalence of fascioliasis. This study also revealed that the abattoir loses an estimated 38 million UGX annually due to condemnation of Fasciola-infested liver (one UGX= 0.00027 USD; July 2016). Our study showed that the prevalence of fascioliasis was high in Lira District, Uganda, which results in a large amount of liver being condemned and destroyed, leading to financial losses for affected farmers in the area. Therefore, there is a need to take the necessary preventive measures to control the disease and increase awareness among farmers and medical personnel in the area due to the zoonotic nature of fascioliasis.

Energieaufnahme und Körpermasseentwicklung von Warmblutfohlen, die beim Absetzen den Betrieb wechseln

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (04) ◽  
pp. 220-224
Author(s):  
J. K. Mack ◽  
H. P. Remler ◽  
E. Senckenberg ◽  
E. Kienzle
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Klinische Relevanz ◽  
Condition Score

Zusammenfassung Ziel der Studie war, den Energiebedarf von Warmblutfohlen zu überprüfen, die durch einen Betriebswechsel beim Absetzen erhöhtem Stress ausgesetzt sind. Material und Methoden: Neun Hengstfohlen, die als Absetzer von verschiedenen Züchtern gekauft und gemeinsam aufgestallt wurden, nahmen an der Studie vom Absetzen im Alter von etwa 6 Monaten bis zu einem Alter von etwa 1 Jahr teil. Das Absetzen erfolgte im heimischen Betrieb oder nach gemeinsamem Transport von Stute und Fohlen bei Ankunft im neuen Bestand. Die Fohlen erhielten Heulage (später erster Schnitt), Hafer und Fohlenaufzuchtfutter. Um eine individuelle Kraftfutterzuteilung zu ermöglichen, wurden die Fohlen zweimal täglich separat angebunden. Erhoben wurden die Gesamtaufnahme der Heulage aller Fohlen gemeinsam pro Tag, die tägliche individuelle Kraftfutteraufnahme sowie in 4-wöchigen Abständen Körpermasse und Body Condition Score (BCS). Ergebnisse: Die tägliche Energieaufnahme der Fohlen betrug 74 MJ verdauliche Energie (68 MJ umsetzbare Energie) pro Tier. Die Fohlen wurden mit vergleichsweise niedrigem BCS von 4,2 ± 0,4 (Skala von 1 bis 9) und einer durchschnittlichen Körpermasse von 285 ± 30 kg aufgestallt. Sie erreichten am Ende der Studie im Alter von 319 ± 22 Tagen eine Körpermasse von 326 ± 24 kg und einen BCS von 4,2 ± 0,4. Die Energieaufnahme der Fohlen war höher und ihre Gewichtsentwicklung langsamer als in einer parallel laufenden Studie mit Fohlen, die im Gestüt geboren und aufgewachsen und dementsprechend beim Absetzen weniger Stress ausgesetzt waren. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Fohlen mit relativ niedriger Körpermasse und BCS und erheblichem Stress zum Zeitpunkt des Absetzens benötigen deutlich mehr Energie als Fohlen, die beim Absetzen in ihrer gewohnten Umgebung verbleiben und dadurch weniger Stressoren unterliegen.

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