scholarly journals Enfermedades cardiovasculares: problema de salud en las mujeres

Author(s):  
María José Cao Torija ◽  
María José Castro Alija ◽  
Magdalena Santo Tomás Pérez

Planteamos en el presente artículo una revisión de la incidencia, los principales factores de riesgo cardiovascular, y manifestaciones diferenciales de estas enfermedades entre mujeres y hombres por una parte desde el punto de vista biológico y por otra, y generalmente más olvidada desde el punto de vista del género, entendido como construcción social de lo femenino y lo masculino y poder así elaborar algunas conclusiones respecto a la prevención en general y específicamente en las mujeres.<br /><br />We propose in this article a review of the incidence, major cardiovascular risk factors, and differential signs of these diseases between women and men, on the one hand from the biological point of view and, on the other hand, and more generally neglected, from the point of view of the gender, understood as a social construction of the feminine and the masculine, and thus be able to draw some conclusions about prevention in general and specifically in women.<br /><br />

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaneth Erazo Beltrán ◽  
Mirary Mantilla Morrón ◽  
Miguel alberto Urina Triana

Objetivo: Determinar cuáles son los factores de riesgo asociados al género. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 566 personas afiliadas a una institución prestadora de salud en la ciudad de Barranquilla e inscritas  en el programa “Muévete Corazón” en el periodo comprendido de marzo a diciembre del 2011. Se indagó sobre la edad, sexo y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, sedentarismo, consumo de tabaco, hipertensión, índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro abdominal y diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Se estimaron los odds ratios (OR) de tener más de 3 y ≥4 factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en comparación con no tener factores de riesgo según el sexo. Resultados: De las 566 personas, el 73,1% fueron mujeres, con una media de edad de 63,4±13,6 años. El 62,7% tenía entre dos y tres factores de riesgo. Se encontró que las mujeres tienen mayor probabilidad de presentar de 1 a 3 y más de cuatro a factores de riesgo cardiovascular [OR 6,81 (IC 95% 2,2-22,1)] y [OR 17,0 (IC 95% 5,0-61,9)], respectivamente. Conclusión: Fue mayor la presencia de tres o más factores de riesgo en el sexo femenino, animando a implementar intervenciones eficaces para la prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.Objective: To determinate what are the risk factors related to the gender. Materialsand methods: It was made a cross sectional study with 566 people affiliated to ahealth provider institution in Barranquilla city and registered in the “Muévete Corazón”program, in the period from March to December of 2011. It was inquired about the age,sex and the cardiovascular risk factors, sedentarism, snuff use, hypertension, bodymass index (BMI), abdominal perimeter, and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2. It


1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (01) ◽  
pp. 058-064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goya Wannamethee ◽  
A Gerald Shaper

SummaryThe relationship between haematocrit and cardiovascular risk factors, particularly blood pressure and blood lipids, has been examined in detail in a large prospective study of 7735 middle-aged men drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. The analyses are restricted to the 5494 men free of any evidence of ischaemic heart disease at screening.Smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake and lung function (FEV1) were factors strongly associated with haematocrit levels independent of each other. Age showed a significant but small independent association with haematocrit. Non-manual workers had slightly higher haematocrit levels than manual workers; this difference increased considerably and became significant after adjustment for the other risk factors. Diabetics showed significantly lower levels of haematocrit than non-diabetics. In the univariate analysis, haematocrit was significantly associated with total serum protein (r = 0*18), cholesterol (r = 0.16), triglyceride (r = 0.15), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.17) and heart rate (r = 0.14); all at p <0.0001. A weaker but significant association was seen with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.09, p <0.001). These relationships remained significant even after adjustment for age, smoking, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, lung function, presence of diabetes, social class and for each of the other biological variables; the relationship with systolic blood pressure was considerably weakened. No association was seen with blood glucose and HDL-cholesterol. This study has shown significant associations between several lifestyle characteristics and the haematocrit and supports the findings of a significant relationship between the haematocrit and blood lipids and blood pressure. It emphasises the role of the haematocrit in assessing the risk of ischaemic heart disease and stroke in individuals, and the need to take haematocrit levels into account in determining the importance of other cardiovascular risk factors.


Author(s):  
Lino Arturo Rojas Pérez ◽  
Lino Arturo Rojas Cruz ◽  
María Daniela Villagómez Vega ◽  
Augusto Ernesto Rojas Cruz ◽  
Andrés Eduardo Rojas Cruz

Introduction: The risk factors play a fundamental role in the prevention of Gestational Diabetes, and an early and timely diagnosis will considerably reduce the risk of complications of said pathology. Methodology: Virtual scientific libraries have been used as Cochane, BVS, Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, EBSCO, and searchers of scientific information as Mendeley, UptoDate, Taylor & Francis, to find the best available evidence, subsequently the highest quality scientific bibliography has been selected, from which all those that meet the inclusion criteria and do not meet any criteria have been chosen exclusion, subsequently all scientific articles have been reviewed to acquire from them the most relevant and solid information for the creation of this systematic review. Results: We found 33 scientific articles that meet all the inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria. Discussion: Gestational Diabetes is characterized from the pathophysiological point of view as a state of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion by beta-pancreatic cells, it is known that risk factors influence the genesis of disease and its prevention. Currently two diagnostic strategies are used, but the most recommended is the one-step strategy with an oral glucose load of 75 grams, which has shown better results for its diagnosis. Conclusions: Due to the complications that Gestational Diabetes can produce in both the mother and the fetus, it is important to create early diagnosis programs, active search for pregnant women and awareness of self-care during pregnancy. Keywords: diabetes, gestational diabetes, risk factors, diagnosis. RESUMEN Introducción: Los factores de riesgo juegan un papel fundamental en la prevención de la Diabetes Gestacional, y un diagnóstico temprano y oportuno reducirá considerablemente el riesgo de las complicaciones de dicha patología. Metodología: Se ha utilizado bibliotecas científicas virtuales como Cochane, BVS, Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, EBSCO, además de buscadores de información científica como Mendeley, UptoDate, Taylor & Francis, para encontrar la mejor evidencia disponible, posteriormente se ha seleccionado la bibliografía científica de más alta calidad, de los cuales se han elegido todos los que cumplas los criterios de inclusión y no cumplan ningún criterio de exclusión, posteriormente se han revisado todos los artículos científicos para adquirir de ellos la información más relevante y sólida para la creación de esta revisión. Resultados: Se han encontrado 33 artículos científicos que cumplen con todos los criterios de inclusión y ningún criterio de exclusión. Discusión: La Diabetes Gestacional se caracteriza desde el punto de vista fisiopatológico como un estado de hiperglicemia, resistencia a la insulina y disminución de la secreción de insulina por parte de las células beta-pancreáticas, se conoce que los factores de riesgo influyen en la génesis de la enfermedad y de su prevención. Actualmente se utiliza dos estrategias diagnósticas, pero la más recomendada es la estrategia de un paso con carga oral de glucosa de 75 gramos, que ha demostrado mejores resultados para su diagnóstico. Conclusiones: Debido a las complicaciones que la Diabetes Gestacional puede producir tanto en la madre como el en feto, es importante crear programas de diagnóstico temprano, búsqueda activa de gestantes y generación de conciencia del autocuidado durante el embarazo. Palabras clave: diabetes, diabetes gestacional, factores de riesgo, diagnóstico.


2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 2374
Author(s):  
Adriana Arruda Barbosa ◽  
Giselle Pinheiro Lima Aires Gomes ◽  
Ivandra Mari Roieski ◽  
Elizângela Sofia Ribeiro Rodrigues ◽  
Sávia Denise Silva Carlotto Herrera

ABSTRACTObjective: to verify the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in hypertensive military police officers. Method: this is a transversal, descriptive, and exploratory research, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Centro Universitario Unirg under the Protocol 0142/2010, in which the 22 military police officers identified as hypertensive subjects underwent the assessment of vital signs and anthropometric measurements. After this, they answered to the questionnaires on physical activity level, smoking habit, pattern of alcohol intake, inventory of stress symptoms, and dietary interview. The data underwent a statistical analysis using the chi-square test with Yates' correction. Results: with regard to the body mass index (BMI), only 5% were normal. In the waist/hip ratio (WHR), it was found that 36.36% presented cardiac risk factors. In the physical activity level, 22.73% were sedentary, and 36.36% were insufficiently active. Considering the smoking habit, only 9.09% were smokers. In the pattern of alcohol intake, 4.55% fit into the zone III and 9.09% fit into the zone IV. Through the stress questionnaire it was found that 54.55% did not fit into any phase. In the feeding pattern assessment, 40.91% had the adequate number of daily meals and only 18.18% consumed adequate amounts of macronutrients. Conclusion: the cardiovascular risk factors evaluated, such as WHR, smoking habit, stress, and alcohol intake, presented a low prevalence among military police officers, however, with regard to BMI, those evaluated were mostly classified as subjects with overweight or obesity, insufficiently active or sedentary, and with a reduced number of daily meals. Descriptors: hypertension; cardiovascular diseases; prevalence.RESUMOObjetivo: verificar a prevalência dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares em policiais militares hipertensos. Método: trata-se de pesquisa transversal, descritiva e exploratória, aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Centro Universitário Unirg sob o Protocolo n. 0142/2010, na qual os 22 policiais militares identificados como hipertensos foram submetidos à aferição dos sinais vitais e das medidas antropométricas. Após isso, responderam aos questionários sobre nível de atividade física, hábito tabagístico, padrão do uso do álcool, inventário de sintomas de stress e inquérito dietético. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística utilizando o teste de Qui-quadrado com correção de Yates. Resultados: em se tratando do índice de massa corpórea (IMC), apenas 5% encontrava-se dentro da normalidade. Na relação cintura-quadril (RCQ), constatou-se que 36,36% apresentavam fatores de risco cardíaco. No nível de atividade física, 22,73% eram sedentários e 36,36% insuficientemente ativos. Sobre hábito tabagístico, apenas 9,09% eram fumantes. No padrão do uso de álcool, 4,55% encontravam-se na zona III e 9,09% na zona IV. Por meio do questionário de estresse constatou-se 54,55% não estavam em nenhuma fase. Na avaliação do hábito alimentar, 40,91% faziam o número adequado de refeições diárias e apenas 18,18% alimentavam-se com quantidades adequadas de macronutrientes. Conclusão: os fatores de riscos cardiovasculares avaliados, como RCQ, hábito tabagístico, estresse e ingestão de álcool, apresentaram baixa prevalência nos policiais militares, porém, em relação ao IMC, os avaliados foram classificados, em sua maioria, com sobrepeso ou obesidade, insuficientemente ativos ou sedentários e com número reduzido de refeições diárias. Descritores: hipertensão; doenças cardiovasculares; prevalência.RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en policías militares hipertensos. Método: esta investigación fue transversal, descriptiva y exploratoria y aprobado por el  Comité de Ética en Investigación del Centro Universitario Unirg bajo Protocolo nº 0142/2010, en el que 22 policías militares identificados como hipertensos se sometieron al contraste de signos vitales y a medidas antropométricas. Tras ello, respondieron a los cuestionarios sobre nivel de actividad física, hábitos tabaquistas, estándar de empleo de alcohol, inventario de síntomas de estrés y hábitos dietéticos. Los datos se sometieron a un análisis estadístico empleando el test de qui-cuadrado con corrección de Yates. Resultados: tratándose del índice de masa corporal (IMC), apenas el 5% se encontraba dentro de la normalidad. En la relación cintura-caderas (RCC), se constató que el 36,36% presentaban riesgo cardíaco. En el nivel de actividad física, el 22,73% eran sedentarios y el 36,36% insuficientemente activos. Sobre hábitos tabaquistas, apenas el 9,09% eran fumadores. En el estándar de consumo de alcohol, el 4,55% se encontraba en la zona III y el 9,09% en la zona IV. Por medio de cuestionario de estrés se constató que un 54,4% no estaba en ninguna fase. En la evaluación de hábitos alimenticios, el 40,91% efectuaba el número adecuado de comidas diarias y apenas el 18,18% se alimentaba con cantidades adecuadas de macro-nutrientes. Conclusión: los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares evaluados, como RCC, hábitos tabaquistas, estrés e consumo de alcohol, estos presentaron baja prevalencia en los policías militares, aunque en relación al IMC, los evaluados se clasificaron, en su mayoría, con sobrepeso y obesidad, insuficientemente activos o sedentarios y con número reducido de comidas diarias. Descriptores: hipertensión; enfermedades cardiovasculares; prevalencia.


2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Vélez Álvarez ◽  
José Armando Vidarte Claros ◽  
Rosa Elvira Álvarez Rosero ◽  
Jully Andrea García Navarro

ResumenEl propósito de esta revisión, es identificar la evidencia científica sobre el uso de estrategias de salud electrónica en las intervenciones dirigidas a mejorar el autocuidado de pacientes con factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociado con la presencia de síndrome metabólico. Los artículos analizados fueron identificados en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, Elsevier, Scielo, Adicional a esto se revisaron publicaciones estadísticas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, La Federación Internacional de Diabetes, Guía de Síndrome Metabólico 2009 y ICT Facts and Figures World in 2013. Se tuvieron en cuenta 51 publicaciones realizadas entre los años 2009 y 2015, encontrándose mayor información en la intervención basada en el control del sobrepeso y la obesidad, como principal factor de riesgo para el desarrollo del síndrome metabólico. La evidencia encontrada en la literatura científica muestra la utilidad de la salud electrónica en el manejo de los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares asociados al síndrome metabólico, y el impacto de esta en la calidad de vida cuando son aplicadas con un adecuado protocolo.  AbstractThe purpose of this review is to identify the scientific evidence on the use of electronic health strategies in interventions aimed at improving self-care of patients with cardiovascular risk factors associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome. The articles analyzed were identified in the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, Elsevier and Scielo. In addition, statistical publications from the World Health Organization, the International Diabetes Federation, Metabolic Syndrome Guide 2009 and ICT Facts and Figures World in 2013 were reviewed. 51 publications between the years 2009 and 2015 were considered, where there were more information about the intervention based on the control of overweight and obesity as a major risk factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome. The evidence found in the scientific literature shows the usefulness of e-health in the management of cardiovascular risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome, and its impact on the quality of life when they are applied with a suitable protocol.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Pogodina ◽  
Larisa R. Kolesnikova ◽  
Olga V. Valyavskaya ◽  
Liliya V. Zurbanova ◽  
Lyubov V. Rychkova

Objective — To establish significant associations between periodontium status, circadian blood pressure (BP) profile and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with high BP. Material and Methods — The cross-sectional study involved 113 adolescents (78 boys) aged 10 to 17 years, with a BP level (during repeated office measurements) of ≥95 percentile for age, height and sex, or ≥140/90 mmHg in adolescents older than 16 years. All adolescents were subjected to 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, anthropometric measurements, laboratory blood tests (lipids, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, fasting glucose), echocardiography (left ventricular myocardial mass index, relative wall thickness), assessment of the stage of puberty, dental examination (complex periodontal index (CPI), oral hygiene index). The association between the periodontium status and cardiovascular risk factors was assessed using univariant and multiple regression analysis, adjusted by sex, age, Tanner stage, body mass index, and oral hygiene index. Results — Clinical features of periodontitis were found in 32.7% of adolescents. Multiple regression analysis showed the presence of significant associations of CPI with the levels of systolic, mean and pulse BP during 24 hours (β=0.42, р=0.0001; β=0.31, р=0.003 and β=0.26, р=0.018, respectively), diastolic BP in the daytime (β=0.23, р=0.019), as well as the indices of load with high systolic BP within 24 hours (β=0.42, р=0.0001) and diastolic BP in the daytime (β=0.25, р=0.006). None of the other cardiovascular risk factors showed meaningful relationships with periodontium status in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion — The relationship between periodontium status and blood pressure level exists already in adolescence. That may, on the one hand, justify assessment of periodontium status and (if necessary) timely implementation of prophylactic measures in adolescents with high blood pressure and, on the other hand, recommend BP assessment in adolescents with diagnosed periodontitis.


2020 ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
J. Gómez-de-Oña ◽  
C. De-la-Hoz-García ◽  
N. Utrilla-Cid ◽  
A. Cárdenas-Cruz

Objective: To analyze, from a qualitative and quantitative point of view, the different complications directly related to critically ill patients under invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) as well as the main associated risk factors. Material and methods: It is a descriptive longitudinal study, which has as study population all patients under IMV program in the Intensive Medicine Unit (UMI) of Poniente Hospital in Almería throughout 2019, regardless of the cause that conditioned the use of this therapeutic resource. Results: 76% of patients were male. The mean age was 55.12 years. Cardiovascular risk factors were the most frequent (64.63%), followed by toxic habits (31%) and respiratory and infectious diseases (17.07% each) needing mechanical ventilation. The duration of the IMV was highly variable, its average was 8.63 days (51% less than 3 days). The most frequent complications found were adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and refractory hypoxemia (10.98% each). Conclusion: patients under IMV in the ICU of Poniente Hospital do not have a higher complication rate than those reported by other published series. ARDS and refractory hypoxemia are the main complications associated with IMV. Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) were the most frequent antecedents. The differences found with other series can be explained by differences in the methodology used to carry out the different studies and in the epidemiological characteristics of the studied population.


Author(s):  
Alder Senior Grant

El principal propósito de este breve artículo es presentar a las mujeres como los textos de la novela Como agua para chocolate de Laura Esquivel. Siendo el "otro" y no el "uno" en una sociedad patriarcal, los textos femeninos en esta novela se desarrollan dentro del reino de la ambigüedad. Sin embargo, en la interacción dinámica donde lo simbólico y los elementos semióticos cumplen, las mujeres de este mundo tienden a reproducir los patrones simbólicos en lugar de los semióticos; de este modo, en un nivel superficial, perpetúan y refuerzan su imagen como seres inferiores, mientras que, en un nivel mucho más profundo, el discurso de doble voz les permite subvertir a la ideología dominante. The main purpose of this brief article is to present women as texts in Laura Esquivel's novel Como Agua para Chocolate. Being the "other" and not the "one" in a patriarchal society, the feminine texts in this novel evolve within the realm of ambiguity. However, in the dynamic interplay where the symbolic and the semiotic elements meet, women in this world tend to reproduce symbolic patterns rather than the semiotic ones; by so doing, on a surface level, they perpetuate and reinforce their image as inferior beings, whereas, on a much deeper level, double-voiced discourse enables them to subvert the ruling ideology.


Bioderecho.es ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvio Galati

El trabajo analiza algunos fallos españoles del tribunal supremo y del tribunal constitucional referidos al cannabis para dar cuenta del grado de juridización de la salud presente en ellos. También se los analiza desde la Teoría General del Derecho, para comprobar si elaboran o aplican normas. Y se relacionan estos dos aspectos: la juridización y el funcionamiento de las normas. En la Medicina la medicalización y en el Derecho la juridización implican la intervención indebida de una disciplina, transformando situaciones de la vida cotidiana o factores de riesgo en enfermedades o en delitos o ilicitudes, respectivamente. La juridización es judicial cuando quienes intervienen indebidamente son los jueces. La juridización puede ser baja, media o alta, según la intensidad de la intervención, que es valorada negativamente, si la justicia es la libertad del individuo para que, según su cosmovisión, desarrolle su personalidad. La metodología es cualitativa y cuantitativa, en tanto, por un lado, aúna el rigor numérico de la regularidad, y la comprobación empírica de las afirmaciones y, por el otro, comprende el sentido -interpretación- de las conductas apreciadas a través del estudio de casos. Se concluye provisoriamente en la juridización judicial a nivel de los tribunales superiores españoles. The paper analyzes some Spanish judgements of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court as regards cannabis to account for the degree of juridization of health included in them. They are also analyzed from the General Theory of Law, to check whether they elaborate or apply rules. And these two aspects are related: the juridization and the operation of the rules. In medicine, medicalization, and in law, juridization imply the improper intervention of a discipline, transforming situations of everyday life or risk factors into diseases, or into crimes or illegality, respectively. Juridization is judicial when those who are inappropriately involved are judges. The juridization can be low, medium or high, depending on the intensity of the intervention, which is negatively assessed, if justice is the freedom of the individual so that, according to their worldview, individuals can develop their personality. The methodology is qualitative and quantitative because, on the one hand, it combines the numerical rigor of regularity and the empirical verification of the statements and, on the other hand, it comprises the sense -interpretation-of the behaviors appreciated through the study of cases. It is provisionally concluded in the judicial juridization at the level of the Spanish superior courts.


2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larkin Feeney ◽  
Fiona Kelly ◽  
Judy Lee ◽  
Elizabeth Kelly ◽  
Sheila McLaughlin ◽  
...  

AbstractObjectives: Patients with schizophrenia are known to be at higher risk than the general population of cardiovascular disease. Clozapine has been associated in the literature with high levels of cardiovascular risk factors such as weight gain, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension. We set out to determine the prevalence of these risk factors in a population of Irish psychiatric patients.Method: In February 2006 we measured body mass index, fasting blood glucose, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid levels, mean blood pressure and smoking rates among all outpatients prescribed clozapine attending an urban, community based mental health service.Results: There were 50 outpatients (33 male; 17 female) on clozapine and they had been taking it for a mean of 5.4 years (mean daily dose 428.8mg). The mean body mass index was 28.3. Patients had gained a mean of 8kg since commencing clozapine. One patient had been diagnosed with diabetes. Of the other 49 none met diagnostic criteria for diabetes. The mean fasting blood glucose was 5.5mmol/l and the mean HbA1c was 5.7%. One patient was on treatment for hyperlipidaemia. The mean fasting cholesterol among the other 49 patients was 5.4mmol/l, while the mean fasting triglycerides was 2.1 mmol/l. Thirty (61.2%) had a fasting cholesterol greater than 5.0mmol/l, while 18 (36.7%) had triglycerides of greater than 2.0mmol/l. Three patients were on treatment for hypertension. Thirty-six of the 50 (72%) smoked (mean 13 cigarettes per day).Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension in this population was high but lower than might have been expected from US studies. It is important that cardiovascular risk factors are closely monitored and actively addressed in this at risk population.


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