scholarly journals Assessment of Relative Efficiency of Countries in Attaining Human Development Sub Indexes

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 63-76
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mehrara ◽  
Majid Vaziri Duzin ◽  
Abolfazl Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
National Income ◽  
Dea Model ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Input Variables ◽  
Intrinsic Scale

Competitiveness and human development are two major aspects of nations’ performance. However, the main objective of competitiveness should be to improve human development. In the current study, we aimed to examine the relative efficiency of countries in achieving the aforementioned target. In other words, the question is whether competitiveness has led to human development. To this end, we selected 31 countries with the same category in human development (high human development) and also with available data on competitiveness and its components. Due to the nature of the study, we used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The model used in this study employed three subindexes of global competitiveness including basic requirements, efficiency enhancers, and innovation and sophistication factors as input variables and three subindexes of human development including life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, and per capita national income as output variables. Since, as noted, the goal of countries (DMUs) is to improve human development; this study employed an output-oriented DEA model. Though, a DEA model with either constant or variable return to scale could be used, this paper employs DEA with constant return to scale because variable case has extended to accommodate scale effects while in our case (where countries in the role of units under assessment are large enough) intrinsic scale effects do not exist and also CRS models have higher separable power for differentiating efficient and inefficient units. And finally after running the model we found that 9 out of 31 assessed countries are technically efficient which implies that these 9 countries have used competitiveness subindexes to attain expected values of human development sub-indexes. In 2012 Iran is an inefficient unit, having a technical efficiency rank of 19th among the assessed countries. As in this paper there are two kinds of variables, i.e. input and output variables, the most effective subindex which have lowered Iran’s rank are life expectancy at birth for input variables and efficiency enhancers for output variables. Moreover, Albania and Venezuela have been introduced as reference set for Iran in this year.

scholarly journals HUMAN RESOURCES AS A FACTOR OF PROVIDING UKRAINE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN MODERN CONDITIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
N. I. Stavnycha
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Human Development ◽  
National Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth

The purpose of the article is to research and analyze indicators that directly effect on the level of country’s human resources development, and assessment of Ukraine’s rating place among other countries. The following methods of scientific research, such as generalization, comparison and analysis were used to achieve the goal. The attention is focused on the fact that in conditions of post-industrial economy, the role of human and its knowledge increase, resulting in implementing the human development concept. This concept is aimed at forming measures to prevent the population impoverishment, unemployment, loss of health by stimulating human development, increasing its role in society, and, at the same time, increasing responsibility to society. The main task of the concept is to ensure the welfare of the person. The article shows the comparative assessment of Ukraine’s ranking among other countries  according to the human development index and its components. The following indicators such as gross national income per capita, average and expected duration of training, average life expectancy at birth were analyzed. It was agreed that economic ability to create and use human resources to a greater extent determines human well-being and is the main criteria for assessing the social security level. Since the background for well-being is income, education, and human health, social security becomes an integrating link between the modern concept of human development and the state social policy. In this manner, everything that reduces welfare, harms a particular person and society as a whole are factors that threaten social security. In this context human resources emerged as a key resource to the state development.

scholarly journals Impact of Migrant Populations on National Wellbeing: A Mixed Methods Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Ahmed Zouhair ◽  
Ryan Lunsford
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
National Income ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Human Happiness ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Development Levels

The topic of human happiness is important to economic policy because life satisfaction (wellbeing) should be one of the main goals of national and international policymakers (Becchetti, Trovato, and Londono Bedoya (2011). The Human Development Index (HDI) is a tool the United Nations (UN) uses to measure and rank the social and economic development levels of countries (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2016). It targets four main areas: average number of years of education, expected years of education, life expectancy at birth, and gross national income per capita. However, it does not provide statistics related to migrant and refugee levels of wellbeing. Furthermore, there is limited scholarly research on current refugee and migrant populations in relation to measures of socioeconomic progress. The aim of this research is to determine the effect, if any, these populations have on the HDI of countries around the world. This study is based on a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design, first using quantitative research to analyze already published HDI results and then utilizing qualitative research methods, interviews, and surveys to explain the results in more detail (Creswell, 2014). The findings of this research will address a gap in the literature that relates to an important topic, how refugee and migrant populations affect the human development and level of wellbeing of the world’s countries.

scholarly journals Geographical distribution of incidence and mortality of breast cancer and their association with Human Development Index in Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2174-2186
Author(s):  
Mahdi Mohammadian ◽  
Khadijah Allah Bakeshei ◽  
Hamid Salehiniya ◽  
Fatemeh Allah Bakeshei ◽  
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
National Income ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Average Education ◽  
Per Capita

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer malignancy and the important reason for cancer-related mortality in females. The aim of this study was to evaluate the geographical distribution of occurrence and mortality of BC and their association with Human Development Index (HDI) in Europe in 2012. Methods: This was an ecologic study to evaluate the relation between Age-Standardized Incidence Rate (ASIR) and Age Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) of BC with HDI, using data of GLOBOCAN project and the HDI report. Using SPSS18 statistical analysis software the data of the study was analyzed; the significance level of the tests was considered as P 0.05. Results: The highest ASIR of BC was observed in Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and the highest ASMR was found in the FYR Macedonia, Serbia, Belgium, respectively. A positive correlation was found between the ASIR of BC and HDI (r= 0.611, p≤ 0.001), life expectancy in birth (r= 0.706, p≤0.001), average education years (r=0.038, p=0.815) and gross national income per capita (r= 0.719, p≤0.001). Moreover, there was negative correlation between the ASMR of BC and HDI (r= 0.464, p= 0.003), life expectancy at birth (r= 0.416, p=0.008), average education years (r= 0.277, p= 0.083) and gross national income per capita (r= 0.255, p= 0.112). Moreover, it is expected that the number of incidence and mortality from BC is increased within 2012-2035 in European countries. Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the ASIR of BC and HDI. Moreover, there is a negative correlation between ASMR of BC with HDI. Therefore, the results of this study indicate the importance of using HDI as factors affecting the ASIR and ASMR of BC.

scholarly journals The incidence and mortality of lip and oral cavity cancer and its relationship to the 2012 Human Development Index of Asia

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Tiyuri ◽  
Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani ◽  
Elham Iziy ◽  
Hamidreza Sadeghi Gandomani ◽  
Hamid Salehiniya
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Oral Cavity Cancer ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Years Of Schooling

Introduction: Lip and oral cavity cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in Asia and considered to be a major public health problem due to the low survival rate. Because of the importance of access to information about this cancer (including incidence, mortality rate and relation to socioeconomic indicators), this study aims at investigating the incidence and mortality of lip and oral cavity cancer and its relationship with the Human Development Index (HDI) of Asia (from 2012). Method: This study was an ecological study in Asia for assessment of the correlation between age-specific incidence rate (ASIR) and age-specific mortality rate (ASMR) with the HDI and its components which include: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling and gross national income (GNI) per capita. Data on the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for every Asian country for the year 2012 were obtained from the global cancer project and data on the HDI and its components were extracted from the World bank site.  We used a bivariate method for assessment of the correlation between the SIR and SMR with the HDI and its individual components. Statistical significance was assumed if P<0.05. All reported P-values were two-sided. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (Version 15.0, SPSS Inc.). Results: A total incidence of 162,506 cases and 95,005 deaths were recorded in Asian countries in 2012. Countries with the highest SIR (per 100,000) were the following: Maldives (11), Sri Lanka (10.3), Pakistan (9.8), Bangladesh (9.4), and India (7.2). The highest SMR was observed in the following countries: Pakistan (5.9), Bangladesh (5.6), Afghanistan (5.1), India (4.9), and Maldives (4.1). The correlation between SIR of lip and oral cavity cancer and HDI was -0.378 (p=0.010), with life expectancy at birth at -0.324 (p=0.028), mean years of schooling at -0.283 (p=0.057), and level of income per each person of the population at -0.279 (p=0.060). Moreover, the correlation was -0.664 (p≤0.001) between SMR and HDI. Conclusion: A significant reverse correlation was seen between the incidence and mortality rate of lip and oral cavity cancer and the HDI in Asia. The incidence and mortality of this type of cancer was high in developing or less developed countries.   

scholarly journals Variations in the Incidence and Mortality of Ovarian Cancer and Their Relationship with the Human Development Index in European Countries in 2012

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (08) ◽  
pp. 1541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahdi Mohammadian ◽  
Mahin Ghafari ◽  
Bahman Khosravi ◽  
Hamid Salehiniya ◽  
Mohammad Aryaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
National Income ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) has high incidence and mortality rates among the reproductive system cancers. This study investigated the relationship between the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) of OC and Human Development Index (HDI) in European countries in 2012. Methods: This ecological study assessed the correlation between the ASIR and ASMR of OC and HDI and its components including life expectancy at birth, average years of schooling, and gross national income (GNI) per capita. Bivariate correlation analysis was used for assessing the correlation between the ASIR and ASMR of OC and HDI and its components. All reported P values were two-sided. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (Version 15.0, SPSS Inc.). Results: The maximum ASIR of OC was observed in Latvia, Bulgaria, and Poland. The highest ASMR of OC was observed in Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland. The incidence and mortality rates of OC are expected to increase between 2012 and 2035. This increase will be more pronounced in women ≥ 65 years. HDI had a weak negative correlation with the ASIR of OC (r=- 0.213; P=0.186) and a weak positive correlation with the ASMR of OC (r=0.072; P=0.659). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, health policy makers must make appropriate decisions to deal with the increasing morbidity and mortality of OC, especially in women over 65 years of age, in regions with lower access to prevention and treatment services.

scholarly journals HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF UKRAINE: INDICATORS AND RATINGS

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Victor Teleshman
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
National Income ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World

The main purpose of the proposed paper is analysis of the current status and general trends of human development of Ukraine and selected indicators characterizing it. The methodology of the research draws upon the system-structural analysis and the methods of comparison, analysis, generalization and synthesis. The descriptive method and the method of scientific systematization were also used. Results. The four main components of the human development paradigm according to the 1995 Human Development Report are described, namely: productivity, equity, sustainability and empowerment. The essence of key indicators included in the system of measuring and monitoring human development is generalized, namely: average life expectancy at birth; the level of knowledge, measured by the average number of years spent on adult education and the expected years of study for first-graders; gross national income per capita in US dollars. The current state of human development in the world is analyzed, a rating of countries with the highest and lowest human development index during 1990-2018 is developed and the main causes of disparities in the level of human development between countries are identified. The countries with the largest increase and decrease in the human development index during the studied years are selected. The place of Ukraine in regional and global rankings is described. The dynamics of the human development index of Ukraine and neighboring countries during 1990-2018 is analyzed. The key issues that led to the economic, financial and political crisis and, consequently, the decline of the human development index in Ukraine since independence, including the global financial crisis of 2008 and the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the occupation of the territory of the eastern regions of the state (Donetsk and Luhansk regions) are highlighted. The scientific novelty consists in the revelation of the actual features of human potential development and its individual indicators in Ukraine and in the world. The dynamics and the current state of development of the components of the human development index of Ukraine are determined. A comparative assessment of the dynamics of human development of Ukraine and neighboring countries is given. The practical significance lies in the fact that the main provisions and conclusions of the paper can be used in further in-depth studies of the problems and prospects of human development in Ukraine.

scholarly journals The Association Between COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality with Socioeconomic Development - A Global Ecological Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samaneh Torkian ◽  
Samira Kazemi ◽  
Marzieh Eslahi ◽  
Elham Khatooni ◽  
Reza Etesami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Abstract Background: There is some evidence about the role of human development in the incidence and mortality of some diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between COVID-19 incidence and mortality with development indexes in different regions of the world.Methods: This ecological study was conducted on data from January 11 to August 23, 2020. The development indexes included were Human development index (HDI), Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI), the Gini Coefficient, Gender Development Index (GDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII) and their components. The development indexes was obtained from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). COVID-19 cases and mortality data of the countries involved in the pandemic were obtained from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Data was analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficients and negative binomial regression through SPSS26. Results: The highest and lowest incidence and mortality rates were in the AMRO and WPRO regions, respectively. The development indexes had no a significant linear correlation with COVID-19 incidence and mortality except in WPRO, where there was direct significant correlation between life expectancy at birth and inequality adjusted life expectancy with COVID-19 incidence and mortality (P<0.05).Conclusions: Our findings suggests limited evidence that countries level of development may directly influence morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. However, with regard to the ecological nature of this study, the reason for this association is difficult to determine.

scholarly journals The impact of human development on the economy of Saudi Arabia in view of the vision 2030 during (1990 – 2016): أثر التنمية البشرية على اقتصاد المملكة العربية السعودية في ضوء رؤية 2030 للفترة (1990 – 2016م)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nada Shadad Al- Abdullah, Reem Saeed Al- Ghamdi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Price Level ◽  
General Level ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Economic Openness ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
The Impact

The study examined the effect of human development in Saudi Arabia within the vision 2030 during the period (1990- 2016) relationship between the sexes, where the variable GDP of both (labor force, life expectancy at birth, average income, economic openness) According to UNDP, overall price level (human development (life expectancy at birth, expenditure on education, average income) and economic growth. Among the results of the annual non- significant study (manpower, economic openness, the general level of prices), and in the light of these results, we reached a set of the most important: expansion and intensification of investment in education, training and rehabilitation, and activation to the Saudization of the economy, and rationalize government spending in line with development needs Economic.

scholarly journals Leadership, social determinants of health and health equity: the case of Costa Rica

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Epsy Campbell Barr ◽  
Michael Marmot
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Social Determinants Of Health ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
National Income ◽  
Good Health ◽  
High Group ◽  
Development Group ◽  
Very High

Costa Rica has long been a country of special interest in the Americas and in global health because of its good health. The United Nations Development Programme ranks countries according to their level of human development based on life expectancy, education and national income. Although Costa Rica is ranked at 63 and classified as ‘High’, in terms of health it belongs in the ‘Very High’ group. In 2018 mean life expectancy for the ‘Very High’ countries was 79.5, while in Costa Rica it was 80. In 2018, under five mortality was 8.8/1000 live births, lower than countries ranked in the ‘Very High’ human development group. Expected years of schooling in Costa Rica is 15.4, closer to the average, 16.4 years, of the ‘Very High’ human development group than the average of the ‘High’ group. The country is much healthier than would be predicted by its national income; rather, other features of society’s development are likely to have played a key role in the development of good health. These include (i) the decision to cease investment in national defence, which freed up money to invest in health, education and the welfare of the population; (ii) the decision to create a universal health system financed by the State, employers and workers in the 1940s; and (iii) the educational system, that generated opportunities to lift important sectors of the population out of poverty, allowing them to have basic sanitary conditions that increase their possibilities to live longer and in better conditions. Despite these advances, inequalities in terms of income and social conditions persist, presenting challenges in the field of health, particularly for lower-income populations and those of African and indigenous descent. These inequalities must be addressed using decisions based on scientific evidence, a greater use of disaggregated data to reveal progress in addressing these inequalities, and with a broader articulation of the health sector with policies that act on the social determinants of health.

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