scholarly journals Interaction of two memory enhancing herbal drugs memory plus and mentat with morphine and imipramine in mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 427
Author(s):  
Neera R. Gupta ◽  
Varsha J. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Acute Treatment ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Subchronic Treatment ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Background: The non-medical self-administration of memory enhancing drugs is a common practice. Present study was designed to evaluate interactions of two such herbal drugs- Memory plus (MP) and Mentat, with other central nervous system active drugs.Methods: Two activities-analgesic activity and antidepressant activity were performed using adult albino mice of both sexes weighing 25-30g to observe the interactions of the herbal drugs with morphine and imipramine respectively. For each activity animals were divided into seven groups of six mice each. Group-I was control group receiving 0.2ml of 1% Tween 80 ip/ 0.2 ml saline p.o, Group II, III and IV acute treatment groups; received single dose of herbal (2mg/kg ip MP or 200mg/kg po Mentat) CNS active drugs alone in subeffective doses. Group II received morphine 2mg/kg ip, group III imipramine 2mg/kg ip and group IV-received MP/Mentat+ morphine or imipramine respectively. Groups V, VI and VII were subchronic treatment groups, received drugs once daily for eight days in same dose as acute treatment groups II, III and IV respectively. Analgesic activity was measured as prolongation of reaction time by hot plate method and antidepressant activity by reduction in despair time using Porsolt’s forced swimming test.Results: When administered for 8 days, both MP and Mentat potentiated the effect of morphine preventing the development of tolerance to analgesic effect (P< 0.05). However the antidepressant effect of imipramine was not modified by any in subchronic treatment groups.Conclusions: Two herbal memory enhancing preparations Memory plus and Mentat potentiate analgesic effect of morphine but not the antidepressant action of imipramine in mice.

scholarly journals Management of patients with rectocele, multiple pelvic floor dysfunctions and obstructed defecation syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sthela Maria Murad-Regadas ◽  
Francisco Sergio P. Regadas ◽  
Lusmar Veras Rodrigues ◽  
Graziela Olivia da Silva Fernandes ◽  
Guilherme Buchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructed Defecation ◽  
Mucosal Prolapse ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Obstructed Defecation Syndrome ◽  
Group I ◽  
Grade Ii ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Grade Iii

CONTEXT: Management of patients with obstructed defecation syndrome is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of clinical, clinical treatment followed by biofeedback, and surgical treatment in patients with obstructed defecation, rectocele and multiple dysfunctions evaluated with echodefecography. METHODS: The study included 103 females aged 26-84 years with obstructed defecation, grade-II/III rectocele and multiple dysfunctions on echodefecography. Patients were distributed into three treatment groups and constipation scores were assigned. Group I: 34 (33%) patients with significant improvement of symptoms through clinical management only. Group II: 14 (14%) with improvement through clinical treatment plus biofeedback. Group III: 55 (53%) referred to surgery due to treatment failure. RESULTS: Group I: 20 (59%) patients had grade-II rectocele, 14 (41%) grade-III. Obstructed defecation syndrome was associated with intussusception (41%), mucosal prolapse (41%), anismus (29%), enterocele (9%) or 2 dysfunctions (23%). The average constipation score decreased significantly from 11 to 5. Group II: 11 (79%) grade-II rectocele, 3 (21%) grade-III, associated with intussusception (7%), mucosal prolapse (43%), anismus (71%) or 2 dysfunctions (29%). There was significant decrease in constipation score from 13 to 6. Group III: 8 (15%) grade-II rectocele, 47 (85%) grade-III, associated with intussusception (42%), mucosal prolapse (40%) or 2 dysfunctions (32%). The constipation score remained unchanged despite clinical treatment and biofeedback. Twenty-three underwent surgery had a significantly decrease in constipation score from 12 to 4. The remaining 32 (31%) patients which 22 refused surgery, 6 had low anal pressure and 4 had slow transit. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 50% of patients with obstructed defecation, rectocele and multiple dysfunctions presented a satisfactory response to clinical treatment and/or biofeedback. Surgical repair was mainly required in patients with grade-III rectocele whose constipation scores remained high despite all efforts.

scholarly journals Impact of environmental temperature to the content of protein on fresh, cold and frozen meat

2021 ◽  
Vol 922 (1) ◽  
pp. 012061
Author(s):  
C D Iskandar ◽  
Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
C Protein ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract This study aims to determine the amount of protein content in Aceh cattle beef in the quadriceps muscle (chuck) and to find out the best storage between cold and frozen to protein levels of beef. This study used 10 samples of Aceh cattle beef parts of the quadriceps (chuck) which were divided into 3 treatment groups, group I meat was treated in fresh condition, Group II meat was treated in cold at 8 °C and Group III meat will be treated in frozen at -19 °C. Protein content in meat was analysed by the Independent Samples Test. The results showed that the amount of Aceh beef protein in the quadriceps (chuck) in fresh; 15, 47%, cold 10, 20% and frozen; 9, 97. It was concluded that storing meat in cold and frozen ways is affect the protein content. Frozen meat storage is better to keep protein content than Cold meat storage.

scholarly journals The Effect of Immersion Time in Three Kinds of Carbonated Beverages on Orthodontic Elastic Latex’s Tensile Strength (In Vitro)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christandi Prana Yuwana ◽  
Christnawati Christnawati ◽  
Cenderawasih Farmasyanti
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Immersion Time ◽  
Artificial Saliva ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Carbonated Beverages ◽  
Group I ◽  
Carbonated Beverage ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Post Hoc

<p class="AbstractContent"><strong>Objective</strong>: To study the effects of immersion time in three kinds of carbonated beverages on orthodontic elastic latex’s tensile strength</p><p class="AbstractContent"><strong>Methods</strong>: Subjects consist of 32 specimens orthodontic elastic latex ¼" and 4.5 oz of power, divided into 8 groups (IA, IB, IC, ID, IIA, IIB, IIC, and IID). Each group are immersed in artificial saliva (pH7) and stored in incubator (37 °C) for 24hrs for group I and 48hrs for group II. Each treatment groups will be immersed in three different carbonated beverages for 90s per day. Elastics being measured its tensile strength for group I at 24th hour, and 48th hour for group II using tension gauge. The data was tested with two way anova and post hoc Tukey.</p><p class="AbstractContent"><strong>Results:</strong> The result shows immersion time decreases elastic latex’s tensile strength (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), and carbonated beverages affect elastic latex’s tensile strength (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05).</p><p class="AbstractContent"><strong>Conclusion:</strong> (1) There is a difference of orthodontic elastic latex tensile strength in the immersion in carbonated beverages for 24 and 48 hours, (2) there is a difference of elastic latex tensile strength orthodontic in the immersion in three kinds of carbonated beverages, and (3) there is interaction between immersion time in carbonated beverages and carbonated beverage brands</p>

EFFECT OF DROTAVERINE, A PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4 INHIBITOR IN SCOPOLAMINE-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN RATS

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
KAYALVIZHI MK
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Group I ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Objective: Cognitive impairment (CI) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and causes significant dementia in the elderly. Intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling has been well established in the mediation of memory. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cAMP and/or cyclic GMP. Drotaverine is a novel non-anticholinergic smooth muscle antispasmodic which acts by inhibiting PDE-4. It is now clinically used in smooth muscle spasms (intestinal, biliary and renal colic, irritable bowel syndrome, uterine spasms, etc.) without anticholinergic side effects. Since Drotaverine has PDE4 inhibition property, its role in learning and memory was evaluated in this study and found that it has memory enhancing effect comparable with donepezil in scopolamine-induced CI in rats. Methods: Learning and memory were assessed with two behavioral models, namely, elevated plus maze (EPM) and Y maze. CI was produced by scopolamine. Rats were divided into five groups, Group I treated with normal saline, Group II treated with scopolamine, and Groups III, IV, and V were treated with donepezil, Drotaverine, and both, respectively. Results: The result analysis revealed significant differences in transfer latency in EPM performance between Groups III, IV, V and Group II (***p<0.001). The results of spontaneous alternation in Y maze show that there was a significant difference among all the treatments groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Drotaverine has promising memory enhancing effect in CI induced by scopolamine in rats. Further clinical trials are needed to prove this finding which has been elicited in animal models.

Bilateral maintenance of rabbit corpora lutea by the feto-placental unit

1986 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-110
Author(s):  
R. A. Nowak ◽  
J. S. Klein ◽  
D. M. Pulido ◽  
J. M. Bahr
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Normal Serum ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Serum Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Pregnancy Failure ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken to determine (1) whether the rabbit feto-placental unit maintains corpora lutea systematically and/or locally and (2) the interrelationships between conceptus number, luteal weight, luteal progesterone concentrations and serum progesterone levels. Thirty-three does were divided into the following treatment groups: (I) bilaterally pregnant, two ovaries; (II) unilaterally pregnant, two ovaries; (III) bilaterally pregnant, one ovary; (IV) unilaterally pregnant, one ovary, contralateral and (V) unilaterally pregnant, one ovary, ipsilateral. Blood samples were obtained from all rabbits on days 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 post coitum. Does were killed on day 21, and the percentage of viable fetuses, fetal weights, and luteal weights recorded. Blood samples and corpora lutea were analysed for progesterone. Serum progesterone levels were similar for all groups until day 9 post coitum. Levels in groups III, IV and V declined significantly between days 9 and 12 following removal of one ovary at day 9. Fetal viability, fetal weights and luteal progesterone concentrations did not differ among any of the groups. Luteal weights did not differ among groups I, III, IV and V, but luteal weights of animals in group II were lower than those of group I (P<0·05). Ratios of viable fetuses to number of corpora lutea ranged from 1:11–10:5. No differences were observed in serum progesterone, luteal weights or luteal progesterone concentrations among animals with two conceptuses and those with seven or more, but serum progesterone levels in does with only one conceptus were lower than those in does with more (P<0·05). These results indicate that the feto-placental unit maintains corpora lutea systemically and that the high rate of pregnancy failure by day 21 in does with only one conceptus is due to the inability of a single conceptus to maintain normal serum progesterone levels even though the corpus luteum weight is not affected. J. Endocr. (1986) 109, 107–110

Effect of biochemical profiles and reproductive performance during internal parasites in Goat and Sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Dinesh Mahto
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group I ◽  
Internal Parasites ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Biochemical Profiles ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Minimum Interval ◽  
And Control

Gastrointestinal parasitic infected ewes and does were kept almost parasite free for about 3 months using Albendazole alone or supplemented with mineral mixture. The Hb (g/dl) level ranged from 8.83±0.08 to 8.96±0.03 in ewes and does was 8.78±0.02 to 8.95±0.24 before treatment. The level of Hb increased significantly (P less than 0.01) in both the treatment groups after treatment on day 20.The Serum level of Ca, P, Cu and Zn in ewes and does increased significantly after treatment on day 20 in both the treatment groups as comparison to control group. Although they did not vary significantly among themselves except the level of Cu which was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher in group II than the group I in ewes and does. The level of Zn was higher in group I than group II in does. The minimum interval from treatment to onset of estrus were recorded in group II , 41 days in ewes and 43 days in does which was followed by group I 44 days in ewes and 46 days in does and control group 55 days in ewes and 52 days in does. The average required number of services per conception in does were 1.33, 1.00 and 2.00 for I, II and control groups, respectively. The corresponding values in ewes were 1.67, 1.17 and 2.17, respectively. The pregnancy rates in the three groups were 66.66, 83.33 and 33.33%, respectively in case of does. The corresponding values in ewes were 50.00, 66.66 and 33.36%, respectively.

scholarly journals 92 BLASTOCYST FORMATION FROM VITRIFIED BOVINE OOCYTES, ZYGOTES, AND TWO-CELL EMBRYOS

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
A. Moisan ◽  
E. Chamberlain ◽  
S. Leibo ◽  
B. Dresser ◽  
K. Bondioli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Blastocyst Development ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group I ◽  
Vitrification Solution ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Bovine Oocytes

The objective of this study was to devise a protocol to preserve bovine oocytes and early cleavage-stage embryos by vitrification and to compare their subsequent embryonic development after in vitro fertilization (IVF). Mature bovine oocytes from a commercial source (BoMed; Madison, WI, USA) were randomly allocated (in four replicates) to four treatment groups. Group I: control oocytes were subjected to IVF and cultured in CR1aa medium in a humidified atmosphere of 5% O2/5% CO2/90% N2 at 38°C. Group II: MII-stage oocytes were subjected to vitrification and then fertilized by IVF. Group III: presumptive zygotes were vitrified after IVF. Group IV: two-cell embryos resulting from IVF that were cultured for ∼28 h before vitrification. The vitrification solution consisted of TCM199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (mTCM) and containing 20% ethylene glycol (EG)/20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/0.65 M trehalose. The oocytes/embryos to be vitrified were rinsed in mTCM, then in 5% EG/5% DMSO, then in 10% EG/10% DMSO, and finally for 45 s in the vitrification solution. For vitrification, groups of 6 to 12 oocytes/embryos were pipetted in <1-μL volume of vitrification medium onto the tip of a CryoTop (Katayama et al. 2003 Fertil. Steril. 80, 223); plunged directly into liquid nitrogen (LN2), and stored for ∼2 h. Vitrified samples were warmed and liquefied by rapidly transferring the Cryotops from LN2 into 0.25 M trehalose in mTCM at 37°C and then sequentially at 1-min intervals into 0.188 M and 0.125 M trehalose. Cleavage was evaluated on Day 3 post-insemination, and blastocyst development was assessed on Days 7 and 9 post-insemination. Of the 251 oocytes in Group I, 71% cleaved by Day 3, 21% formed blastocysts by Day 7, and 29% did so by Day 9; 3% of the total hatched. Of the 116 oocytes in Group II, fewer cleaved (P > 0.05) by Day 3 (54%) and developed into blastocysts by Day 7 (4%) and by Day 9 (8%); none hatched. Group III zygotes (n = 131) responded like Group II oocytes, 53% cleaved, and 5% formed blastocysts on Day 7 and 7% on Day 9; none hatched. In contrast, 19% of the 122 two-cell embryos formed blastocysts by Day 7 and 28% by Day 9, and 3% hatched. Although significantly fewer oocytes/embryos in Groups II and III cleaved compared with Group I, more than 50% of them did so after vitrification. After fertilization and cleavage, the two-cell embryos were much more resistant to the deleterious effects of cryoprotectants and vitrification. Higher survival of two-cell embryos may result from their increased permeability to cryoprotectants, and to water due to their higher surface area to volume ratio.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Screening of Viola odorata L. for Memory-Enhancing Effect via Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzma Saleem ◽  
Sundas Hira ◽  
Fareeha Anwar ◽  
Muhammad Ajmal Shah ◽  
Samia Bashir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Viola Odorata ◽  
Group I ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Purpose: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The present study aimed to characterize and then investigate the memory-enhancing potential of Viola odorata methanolic extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–treated mice.Methods:V. odorata characterization was done by using the GCMS technique. Neuroinflammation was induced by the intracerebroventricular administration of LPS at a dose of 12 µg. Animals were divided randomly into six groups (n = 10). Group I was normal control, which was given vehicle. Group II was disease control, which received LPS (12 µg) via the intracerebroventricular route. Group III was standard, which was administered with donepezil (3 µg) orally for 21 days. Groups IV–VI were the treatment groups, which were administered with the extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg dose levels orally respectively for 21 days. Groups III–VI received LPS (12 µg) on the first day along with their treatments. During the treatment, the animals were assessed for memory retention by employing different behavioral paradigms namely elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, foot shock and open field. Various mediators [endogenous antioxidants, neurotransmitters, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] involved in the pathogenesis of AD were quantified by using the UV spectrophotometric method.Results: Extract-treated groups showed a remarkable improvement in cognitive impairment in all behavioral paradigms. Oxidative stress biomarkers, that is, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione were raised dose-dependently in the treatment groups with a dose-dependent decrease in the malonaldehyde and AChE levels in the brains of the treated animals. The treatment groups showed decreased levels of inflammatory biomarkers, that is, tumor necrosis factor–alpha, nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated β-cells, and cyclo-oxygenase, which supports the therapeutic effectiveness of the treatment.Conclusion: Based on behavioral, oxidative stress biomarker, and neuroinflammatory data, it is concluded that V. odorata possesses memory-enhancing activity and may prove a beneficial role in the management of AD.

scholarly journals Hepatoprotective and Hematological Effects of Solanum melongena (Garden Egg), Solannum lycopersicum (Tomato) and Daucus carrots Subsp. Sativus (Carrot) Extracts against Lead Induced Toxicity in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Dennis Amaechi ◽  
I. P. Ekpe ◽  
E. D. Edet ◽  
M. C. Madu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background of the Study: Lead effects were assessed by analyzing the impacts of the extract on the liver enzyme concentrations and hematology parameters. Materials and Methods: Thirty five male wistar rats weighing 85-110 g were distributed into five groups consisting of seven rats each. Group I served as control group, group II served as the test group, groups III, IV and V served as treatment groups. Lead acetate solution was given to the rats orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight and 200 mg/kg of fruit extracts for 14 days. On day 15, biochemical analysis were carried out. Results: Effects of extracts showed that ALT,AST and ALP concentration in group II was observed to be significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control and treatment groups with values. The hematology results showed that lead did not cause a significant reduction in the packed cell volume, white blood cell and red blood cell counts. However, the group treated with carrot and garden egg showed slight increase in RBC and WBC count when compared with the positive and negative control groups. Conclusion: From the results above, it showed that the fruits extract have hematopoietic potentials and hence aid in the hepatoprotection of the liver of lead induced Wistar rats.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antidepressant activity of tramadol in albino mice using forced swim model

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 415
Author(s):  
Ramachandra K. ◽  
Jayalakshmi M. D.
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
10Mg Dose ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Group I ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Albino Mice ◽  
Group Ii

Background: The fact that tramadol can be used as an antidepressant, has been already proved by some animal studies. The objective of the present study was to evaluate antidepressant activity of tramadol in albino mice using forced swim model.Methods: Forced swimming test (FST) model was used to evaluate the antidepressant effect. Mice in the group "I" were given normal saline. Mice in the group II were given imipramine. Mice in the group III were given tramadol 10mg/kg. Mice in the group IV were given tramadol 20mg/kg. Mice in the group V were given tramadol 40mg/kg. All doses in all groups were given by intra peritoneum route.Results: The average values of immobility in group I were higher significantly compared to group III, IV and V. The values of group I and group II were found to be comparable. It was found that the baseline mean value was 196.33 which reduced to 5.16 with the effect of imipramine where imipramine was given to those mice. But in tramadol 10mg group, it was highest, and it came down to 40.66 and as the dose of tramadol was increased, the immobility time reduced from 40.66 at 10mg dose to 31.33 at 20mg dose and finally to 13.33mg at 40mg dose.Conclusions: Considering the results of two different animal models of depression it can be concluded that Tramadol has antidepressant activity at 10mg, 20mg, 40mg which was almost similar to Imipramine.

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