scholarly journals Pharmacological Screening of Viola odorata L. for Memory-Enhancing Effect via Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Biomarkers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzma Saleem ◽  
Sundas Hira ◽  
Fareeha Anwar ◽  
Muhammad Ajmal Shah ◽  
Samia Bashir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarkers ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Viola Odorata ◽  
Group I ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Purpose: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The present study aimed to characterize and then investigate the memory-enhancing potential of Viola odorata methanolic extract in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)–treated mice.Methods:V. odorata characterization was done by using the GCMS technique. Neuroinflammation was induced by the intracerebroventricular administration of LPS at a dose of 12 µg. Animals were divided randomly into six groups (n = 10). Group I was normal control, which was given vehicle. Group II was disease control, which received LPS (12 µg) via the intracerebroventricular route. Group III was standard, which was administered with donepezil (3 µg) orally for 21 days. Groups IV–VI were the treatment groups, which were administered with the extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg dose levels orally respectively for 21 days. Groups III–VI received LPS (12 µg) on the first day along with their treatments. During the treatment, the animals were assessed for memory retention by employing different behavioral paradigms namely elevated plus maze, passive avoidance, foot shock and open field. Various mediators [endogenous antioxidants, neurotransmitters, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)] involved in the pathogenesis of AD were quantified by using the UV spectrophotometric method.Results: Extract-treated groups showed a remarkable improvement in cognitive impairment in all behavioral paradigms. Oxidative stress biomarkers, that is, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione were raised dose-dependently in the treatment groups with a dose-dependent decrease in the malonaldehyde and AChE levels in the brains of the treated animals. The treatment groups showed decreased levels of inflammatory biomarkers, that is, tumor necrosis factor–alpha, nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated β-cells, and cyclo-oxygenase, which supports the therapeutic effectiveness of the treatment.Conclusion: Based on behavioral, oxidative stress biomarker, and neuroinflammatory data, it is concluded that V. odorata possesses memory-enhancing activity and may prove a beneficial role in the management of AD.

EFFECT OF DROTAVERINE, A PHOSPHODIESTERASE 4 INHIBITOR IN SCOPOLAMINE-INDUCED COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN RATS

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-102
Author(s):  
KAYALVIZHI MK
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Group I ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Objective: Cognitive impairment (CI) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and causes significant dementia in the elderly. Intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling has been well established in the mediation of memory. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of cAMP and/or cyclic GMP. Drotaverine is a novel non-anticholinergic smooth muscle antispasmodic which acts by inhibiting PDE-4. It is now clinically used in smooth muscle spasms (intestinal, biliary and renal colic, irritable bowel syndrome, uterine spasms, etc.) without anticholinergic side effects. Since Drotaverine has PDE4 inhibition property, its role in learning and memory was evaluated in this study and found that it has memory enhancing effect comparable with donepezil in scopolamine-induced CI in rats. Methods: Learning and memory were assessed with two behavioral models, namely, elevated plus maze (EPM) and Y maze. CI was produced by scopolamine. Rats were divided into five groups, Group I treated with normal saline, Group II treated with scopolamine, and Groups III, IV, and V were treated with donepezil, Drotaverine, and both, respectively. Results: The result analysis revealed significant differences in transfer latency in EPM performance between Groups III, IV, V and Group II (***p<0.001). The results of spontaneous alternation in Y maze show that there was a significant difference among all the treatments groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Drotaverine has promising memory enhancing effect in CI induced by scopolamine in rats. Further clinical trials are needed to prove this finding which has been elicited in animal models.

Protective effect of curcumin on diazepam-induced behavioral changes and oxidative stress in rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. s286-s286
Author(s):  
A. Sevastre-Berghian ◽  
V. Făgărăşăn ◽  
N. Decea ◽  
R. Moldovan ◽  
B. Sevastre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Behavioral Tests ◽  
Ambulatory Activity ◽  
Group I ◽  
Y Maze ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

IntroductionCurcumin (CUR), a polyphenolic compound, extracted from Curcuma longa, is known for its neuroprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effect of CUR on ambulatory activity, spatial working memory and on oxidative stress in rats induced by Diazepam (DZP) administration.AimsTo analyze whether CUR may improve the cognitive performance and offer systemic protection from oxidative stress.MethodsThe effect of CUR on DZP-induced memory impairment and oxidative stress was studied on Wistar rats. Group I received a vehicle, group II – vehicle and CUR, group III – vehicle and DZP, group IV – vehicle, CUR and DZP. CUR (150 mg/kg bw) and vehicle were orally administered for five weeks long. DZP (2 mg/kg bw) was administered i.p. 20 minutes before the behavioral tests. Behavioral tests, i.e. Open Field and Y Maze Test, were performed. Malondialdehyde and reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio were determined in the serum and brain tissue homogenate. Hippocampal sections were histologically assessed. The data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by Dunns post-test.ResultsDZP decreased (P < 0.01) the number of spontaneous alternations, as compared to control group, thus suggesting an impairment of spatial working memory. Behavioral tests revealed no enhancing effect of CUR on spontaneous alternation behaviors in Y Maze. CUR reversed (P < 0.01) the inhibitory effect of diazepam (P < 0.05) on the ambulatory activity in OFT and decreased the lipid peroxidation in the serum (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe results show that CUR may offer systemic protection from oxidative stress, thus improving the cognitive performance.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Interaction of two memory enhancing herbal drugs memory plus and mentat with morphine and imipramine in mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 427
Author(s):  
Neera R. Gupta ◽  
Varsha J. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Analgesic Activity ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Acute Treatment ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Subchronic Treatment ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Background: The non-medical self-administration of memory enhancing drugs is a common practice. Present study was designed to evaluate interactions of two such herbal drugs- Memory plus (MP) and Mentat, with other central nervous system active drugs.Methods: Two activities-analgesic activity and antidepressant activity were performed using adult albino mice of both sexes weighing 25-30g to observe the interactions of the herbal drugs with morphine and imipramine respectively. For each activity animals were divided into seven groups of six mice each. Group-I was control group receiving 0.2ml of 1% Tween 80 ip/ 0.2 ml saline p.o, Group II, III and IV acute treatment groups; received single dose of herbal (2mg/kg ip MP or 200mg/kg po Mentat) CNS active drugs alone in subeffective doses. Group II received morphine 2mg/kg ip, group III imipramine 2mg/kg ip and group IV-received MP/Mentat+ morphine or imipramine respectively. Groups V, VI and VII were subchronic treatment groups, received drugs once daily for eight days in same dose as acute treatment groups II, III and IV respectively. Analgesic activity was measured as prolongation of reaction time by hot plate method and antidepressant activity by reduction in despair time using Porsolt’s forced swimming test.Results: When administered for 8 days, both MP and Mentat potentiated the effect of morphine preventing the development of tolerance to analgesic effect (P< 0.05). However the antidepressant effect of imipramine was not modified by any in subchronic treatment groups.Conclusions: Two herbal memory enhancing preparations Memory plus and Mentat potentiate analgesic effect of morphine but not the antidepressant action of imipramine in mice.

scholarly journals Salvia miltiorrhiza hydroalcoholic extract inhibits postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Raisi ◽  
Omid Dezfoulian ◽  
Farshid Davoodi ◽  
Shayan Taheri ◽  
Soroush Afshar Ghahremani
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Salvia Miltiorrhiza ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Peritoneal Adhesions ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Stress Biomarkers ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Background One of the most prevalent postoperative complications is believed to be intra-abdominal peritoneal adhesions, which is followed by several complications. Several adhesion prevention products have been examined, yet none of them were found to be completely effective. The current research is conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza hydroalcoholic extract in inhibiting postoperative peritoneal adhesions in rats. Methods Forty rats were randomly classified into five equal groups (n = 8): 1) the normal group did not undergo surgical operations, 2) the control group in which the adhesion was induced, and which did not receive any treatment, 3) distilled water group that received distilled water, and 4,5) treatment groups treated with 1 and 5% of Salvia miltiorrhiza hydroalcoholic extract. The rats were euthanized 14 days following the surgery and the macroscopic score, the microscopic score of granulomatous inflammation and granulation tissue formation, IHC markers (vimentin, CD31, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS), and oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA, GPx, CAT, and TAC) were assessed in the experimental groups of the study. Results The difference between the control group and other groups for the adhesions macroscopic score, microscopic score, IHC markers, and oxidative stress biomarkers was significant (p < 0.05). Distilled water had no protective effect on the formation of peritoneal adhesions. Salvia miltiorrhiza treatment in two different doses significantly reduced macroscopic and microscopic scores, MDA concentration, Vimentin, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The levels of GPx, CAT, and TAC in the treatment groups increased significantly compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Our findings revealed that a higher dose of Salvia miltiorrhiza was more effective in reducing peritoneal adhesions, proinflammatory and mesenchymal cell markers, and oxidative stress. Conclusions Salvia miltiorrhiza extract, owing to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, could effectively reduce peritoneal adhesions. Therefore, Salvia miltiorrhiza is recommended to be used as an effective anti-peritoneal post-operative adhesive agent.

scholarly journals Memory Enhancing Activity of Saraswatarishta in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2033-2039
Author(s):  
Bhagyashri D. Rajopadhye ◽  
Ranjana A. Sahasrabudhe
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group I ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a gradual decline in memory. Incidence of Alzheimer's disease increases with age. The disease incidence is 1% in 60 year olds & increases to 30 % at 85 years age. Hence this disease is already having enormous magnitude in today's graying world. Current treatment of Alzheimer’s disease includes- cholinesterase inhibitors& N-methyl- D-aspartate antagonists, but the benefit observed is modest. In traditional medicine Saraswatarishta is being used as memory enhancer for centuries. Brahmi, one of its major ingredients, is also being used to treat Alzheimer’s. So present study was undertaken for authentication of traditional claims of Saraswatarishta as a memory-enhancing agent. Five groups of mice (6 mice in each) were used for this study. Control group (group I) received distilled water, Group II received Saraswatarishta (2.5ml/kg) single dose and Group III received Saraswatarishta (2.5ml/kg) for 2wks. Group IV was given Diazepam (1mg/kg) to produce amnesia. For Group V, Saraswatarishta (2.5ml/kg) was given for 2wks followed by Diazepam (1mg/kg). Effect of Saraswatarishta on learning and memory of mice was studied using elevated plus maze model (EPM). Reduction in TL (Transfer Latency) indicates improvement in learning or memory and prolongation indicates impairment. Diazepam induced prolongation of TL is an accepted model of dementia. In our study, 2 weeks daily treatment of Saraswatarishta completely prevented impairment of learning and memory by Diazepam, corroborating the Ayurvdic use of Saraswatarishta and Brahmi, its major ingredient in the management of dementia. Saraswatarishta can be used as preventive measure to overcome demensia in Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF LEARNING AND MEMORY ENHANCING ACTIVITY OF COCCINIA GRANDIS FRUITS IN RATS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 430-436
Author(s):  
YC Yashashwini
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Acetylcholine Esterase ◽  
Vehicle Group ◽  
Coccinia Grandis ◽  
Group I ◽  
Brain Acetylcholine ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Objectives: To assess the learning and memory enhancing activity of the Coccinia grandis fruits in rats using Elevated plus maze (EPM), Hebb-William maze (HWM) and Morris water maze (MWM ) and to evaluate brain Acetylcholine esterase activity, lipid peroxidation, Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione.  Materials and methods: Wistar rats (100-150 gm) of either sex, were divided into 5 groups (n=6). Group-I (control) animals received vehicle, Group-II animals received diazepam(1 mg/kg i.p), Groups III ,IV  and V animals received Coccinia grandis- 500 mg/kg p.o, 1000 mg/kg p.o and Piracetam (400 mg/kg i.p) respectively for 27 days, followed by diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p) single dose on 19th and 27th day. Assessment of transfer latency (TL), time taken to reach reward chamber (TRC) and swim latency (SL) was done on 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 27th day using EPM, HWM and MWM respectively. Rats were sacrificed on 28th day, brain acetylcholine esterase activity, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase levels were estimated. The data was analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test. P ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Result: Coccinia grandis decreased TL, TRC and SL in comparison to diazepam treated rats, decreased acetylcholine esterase activity and lipid peroxidation, and increased superoxide dismutase, glutathione and catalase in brain. Conclusion: The Coccinia grandis enhanced learning and memory activity. This nootropic effect can be attributed to their antioxidant and neuroprotective property. Keywords: Memory, EPM, HWM, MWM, Piracetam, Diazepam.

Influence of eugenol on oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver of carrageenan-induced arthritis rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Adeniyi Adefegha ◽  
Sunday I. Oyeleye ◽  
Bathlomew M. Okeke ◽  
Ganiyu Oboh
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Group I ◽  
Elevated Lipid

Abstract Background Eugenol is the foremost constituent of clove oil and widely distributed in many plants. It possesses many pharmaceutical applications, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic properties, among others. This study evaluates the influence of eugenol on oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver of carrageenan-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. Methods Sixty albino rats were randomly divided into 10 (n=6) groups. Group I is the control group that received saline solution orally. Groups II and VII rats received 2.5 mg/kg of eugenol orally (EUG-2.5). Rats in groups III/VIII and IV/IX received 5 and 10 mg/kg of eugenol orally (EUG-5 and EUG-10), respectively. Groups V and X received 0.2 mg/kg of dexamethasone (DEX-0.2) orally. Groups VI to X were injected with 1% carrageenan intra-articularly. Behavioral studies were conducted after 21 days of treatment. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed, and the livers were isolated and used for biochemical analysis. Results Reduced body weight in arthritic rats was recorded compared to normal controls. Reduced tibiofemoral joint edema and increased spontaneous movement were observed in CIA rats with decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase, and GSH S-transferase activities compared with the normal control group. Increased endogenous enzyme activities and decreased elevated lipid peroxidation were also observed after eugenol treatment. Conclusion Eugenol ameliorates carrageenan-induced oxidative stress in the liver of arthritic rats.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress Induced DNA Damage and Reproductive Toxicity in Male Albino Mice Orally Exposed to Sorbitol

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okunola A. Alabi ◽  
Lanre R. Oladimeji ◽  
Adewale A. Sorungbe ◽  
Yetunde M. Adeoluwa
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Polychromatic Erythrocytes ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractIn this study, the potential DNA damage and reproductive toxicity of sorbitol was investigated using bone marrow micronucleus (MN), sperm morphology, and sperm count in mice. Five doses of 90, 45, 20, 10 and 1 mg/kg/day, defined by allometry, and approximately corresponding to 1.5g, 750mg, 330mg, 165mg and 16mg of sorbitol daily consumption by a 70kg human, respectively, were used. MN analysis showed a dose-dependent induction of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and other nuclear abnormalities across the treatment groups. Assessment of sperm shape showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in sperm abnormalities with significant (p < 0.05) decrease in mean sperm count in treated groups. The result of the oxidative stress biomarkers showed induction of significant (p < 0.05) increase in liver catalase, MDA and serum ALT and AST activities with concomitant decrease in SOD activities in exposed mice. A significant increase in weight of exposed mice were recorded when compared with the negative control. The results of this study showed the genotoxicity and reproductive effects of sorbitol.

scholarly journals CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF HERBAL FORMULATION IN REDUCING OXIDATIVE STRESS CAUSING SPERMATOGENETIC DISORDERS USING THE ROS, D- ROMS AND MDA TESTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mradu Gupta ◽  
A. K. Mondal
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Glycyrrhiza Glabra ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Group I ◽  
Sida Cordifolia

Background: Several Ayurvedic textbooks describe Sida cordifolia Linn. and Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. for their anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antioxidant and sexual properties. After obtaining good results in treatment of male sexual disorders during pre-clinical studies, this clinical trial was taken up to assess the antioxidant properties responsible for spermatogenetic activity of aqueous extract of roots of these two plants.  Methods: The study uses subjective evaluation of primary symptoms, estimation of Testosterone levels, sperm analysis and evaluation of oxidative stress levels for assessing the therapeutic efficacy of research formulation through placebo controlled clinical trials on 80 males having lack of sexual desire and non-satisfactory sexual life divided in four study groups. Group I was the control group while Group II received Sida cordifolia Linn., Group III Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. and Group IV was administered both these plants mixed equally. The tests for assessment of oxidative stress levels include the d-ROMs test, ROS determination by ELISA Sandwich kit and the determination of MDA level by ELISA method test. Results:                The three drug treated groups (II, III and IV) showed significantly higher therapeutic efficacy in respect of primary symptoms, Testosterone levels and sperm morphology 7 motility as compared to the control group. The decrease in d-ROM value was 2.01% in Group I while it was 16.61%, 12.56% and 20.87% respectively in Groups II, III and IV. Similarly, % decrease in ROS concentration was 4.15, 4.71 and 4.23 in case of Groups II, III and IV while % decrease in oxidative stress marker MDA was 13.58, 12.65 and 13.89 in these treatment groups as compared to very nominal changes in Group I. Conclusions: During clinical trial, the three drug treatment groups showed significantly higher therapeutic efficacy as compared to the control group. Among these three groups, Group IV containing both Sida cordifolia Linn. and Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. exhibited the highest improvement, followed by Group II containing Sida cordifolia Linn. and then Group III containing Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. The results of the clinical study confirm the antioxidant and spermatogenetic action of the research formulations. Key words: Ayurvedic formulation, Sida cordifolia Linn., Glycyrrhiza Glabra Linn., clinical trial, antioxidant

Evaluation of unconventional poultry feed in broilers

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
Group I ◽  
Unconventional Feed

Background: Commercial broiler is a rapidly growing sector in Bangladesh. The broilers are supplied with the balanced ration prepared from a number of ingredients which are not available uniformly throughout the years. On the other hands, manufactured feeds are costly and inconvenient for the rural farmers. This study is undertaken to use unconventional feed ingredients aiming to decrease the broiler production cost. Method: A total of ninety-nine day- old broiler chicks (Hubbard) of either sex were used in this study in 3 treatment groups to assess processed unconventional feed item (shoti, blood meal, poultry dropping and molasses) on growth and profitability upon rearing for 60 days. Broilers were reared in dip litter system and were fed ad libitum on conventional and unconventional diet dividing into 3 treatment diets namely, treatment diet 1 (T1: Conventional as control), treatment diet 2 (T2: unconventional with blood meal and shoti), and treatment diet 3 (T3: unconventional with blood meal, shoti, poultry droppings and molasses) throughout the trial period. Treatment group 1 (T1) was used as control. Results: Broilers fed on control diet (conventional feed) achieved higher (P<0.01) body weight, while the broilers offered diets with the highest amount of unconventional feed had the lowest body weight. Increased (P<0.01) feed intake was observed during 21days and 49 days of age when broilers fed diets with the supplementation, but no significant differences were found among the groups in terms of feed consumption during 33 day of age. FCR differed significantly (P<.01) throughout the trial period with the broilers fed diets without supplementation of unconventional feed item had the superior FCR than the others. Mortality rate was 6.06%,9.09%, and 9.09% in treatment group I, treatment group II, and treatment group III respectively while live weights, feed conversion and feed consumption was unaffected by all the dietary groups with/without incorporation of unconventional feed item up to day 60 days of age. Statistically significant (P<0.01) decreased live weight was observed among the treatment groups in 60-day-old birds. Productivity and cost-benefit analysis were performed. Conclusion: Use of unconventional feed ingredients in broiler production greatly reduces the feed cost with little hampering the growth rate and hence, it is profitable for the farmers.

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